担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1007/s12542-023-00656-8

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（大学，研究機関等紀要）  

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その他リンク： http://www.gmnh.pref.gunma.jp/research_no27

担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.5575/geosoc.2022.0027

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担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.5575/geosoc.2022.0023

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担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（大学，研究機関等紀要）   出版者・発行元：Faculty of Science, Ehime University  

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その他リンク： http://earth.sci.ehime-u.ac.jp/~tsubamoto/TBM_Papers/Tsubamoto_etal_2022_Mem_Fac_Sci_Ehime_Univ_24.pdf

担当区分：最終著者,　責任著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

添付ファイル： Handa_Tsubamoto_2021_JFR.pdf

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担当区分：最終著者   記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（大学，研究機関等紀要）  

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その他リンク： https://nh.kanagawa-museum.jp/www/contents/1612424788504/index.html

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1080/02724634.2021.1879100

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1080/08912963.2021.1876042

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1016/j.jseaes.2021.104884

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担当区分：筆頭著者,　最終著者,　責任著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（大学，研究機関等紀要）  

添付ファイル： Tsubamoto 2020 MFSEU 23_01_11.pdf

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担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.2517/2019PR004

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担当区分：責任著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.4202/app.00633.2019

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1127/pala/2019/0088

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担当区分：筆頭著者,　最終著者,　責任著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（大学，研究機関等紀要）  

添付ファイル： Tsubamoto_2019_Mem_Fac_Sci_Ehime_Univ_22_01_17_1.pdf

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担当区分：筆頭著者,　最終著者,　責任著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1537/ase.190221

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

添付ファイル： Murakami_Tsubamoto_2018_JFR.pdf

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担当区分：筆頭著者,　責任著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Palaeontological Society of Japan  

Two rare artiodactyl mammals from the basal upper Miocene Nakali Formation (ca. 10 Ma) of central Kenya are described. They are cf. Listriodon sp. (Suidae, Listriodontinae) and Dorcatherium cf. pigotti (Ruminantia, Tragulidae), which are the first discoveries of a listriodontine and a tragulid in the formation. Cf. Listriodon sp. is represented by a talonid of a lower molar that has a strongly lophodont hypolophid. Although this listriodontine material is fragmentary, it is comparable in morphology and size to large and fully lophodont species of the genus Listriodon, such as L. splendens and L. pentapotamiae theobaldi. If the Nakali specimen proves to be phyletically closely related to these two species, it indicates that a highly derived lineage of Listriodon existed in East Africa around 10 Ma, implying a possible migration of this lineage from Europe/Asia to East Africa during the middle or earliest late Miocene. Dorcatherium cf. pigotti is represented by DP4 (or M1) and a mandible with p3-m3, which are comparable in size to those of D. pigotti among the African species of the genus. Although the genus Dorcatherium and species D. pigotti are common taxa in the early to middle Miocene of Africa, they are rarely found in the late Miocene. This is the second record of the genus in the late Miocene of Africa, reinforcing evidence that Dorcatherium existed until the basal late Miocene in East Africa.

DOI： 10.2517/2016PR034

Scopus

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Magnolia Press  

We redescribe an extinct river shark, Glyphis pagoda (Noetling), on the basis of 20 teeth newly collected from three dif-ferent Miocene localities in Myanmar. One locality is a nearshore marine deposit (Obogon Formation) whereas the other two localities represent terrestrial freshwater deposits (Irrawaddy sediments), suggesting that G. pagoda from the Irrawad-dy sediments was capable of tolerating low salinity like the extant Glyphis. Glyphis pagoda likely reached up to at least 185 cm in total body length and was probably piscivorous. The fossil species occurs in rocks of Myanmar and eastern and western India and stratigraphically ranges at least from the Lower Miocene (Aquitanian) to the lower Upper Miocene (mid-Tortonian). It has been classified under at least eight other genera to date, along with numerous taxonomic synonyms largely stemming from the lack of understanding of the heterodonty in extant Glyphis in the original description. Our lit-erature review suggests that known Miocene shark faunas, particularly those in India, are manifested with unreliable tax-onomic identifications and outdated classifications that warrant the need for a comprehensive taxonomic review in order to evaluate the evolutionary history and diversity pattern of Miocene shark faunas. The genus Glyphis has a roughly 23- million-year-long history, and its success may be related to the evolution of its low salinity tolerance. While extant Glyphis spp. are considered to be particularly vulnerable to habitat degradation and overfishing, the fossil record of G. pa-goda provides renewed perspective on the natural history of the genus that can be taken into further consideration for con-servation biology of the extant forms.

DOI： 10.11646/zootaxa.4161.2.6

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Scopus

PubMed

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD  

The relationship between talar size and body mass in extant primates is examined to provide the regression equations for estimating the body mass of extinct primate species based on the talar size. The results indicate that, among the linear talar dimensions, the whole talar size and the tibial trochlear size are good body mass estimators for primates. As an example, the regression equations presented here were applied to the body mass estimates of the fossil tali (NMMP-39 and NMMP-82) of the amphipithecid primates from the middle Eocene Pondaung Formation of Myanmar. Based on the estimated body masses determined by this study, NMMP-39 (estimated body mass: ca. 2.7kg) should likely be assigned to Ganlea megacanina or Myanmarpithecus yarshensis, while NMMP-82 (estimated body mass: ca. 4.9kg) should likely be assigned to Amphipithecus' mogaungensis or Pondaungia cotteri.

DOI： 10.1080/08912963.2014.971783

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD  

We here describe a new fossil species of Asian colobine monkey, Semnopithecus gwebinensissp. nov. from the Late Pliocene Irrawaddy sediments of the Gwebin area in central Myanmar. Extant Semnopithecus (Hanuman langur) is a relatively large, terrestrial colobine monkey known as one of the most adaptable non-human primates. It is widely distributed, mainly in the Indian subcontinent, from Pakistan in the west to Bangladesh in the east. However, in Myanmar Semnopithecus is not distributed but Trachypihtecus is, which is the closest relative to Semnopithecus. It is presumed that extant Trachypithecus pileatus, which is considered to be a hybrid of Semnopithecus and Trachypithecus from molecular biological studies, appeared in the Early Pleistocene as the result of hybridisation between the two genera. On the other hand, no fossil specimens of other cercopithecid monkeys, such as Macaca, Trachypithecus or Rhinopithecus, all of which are commonly discovered from the Pleistocene cave sediments of South China, have been found from the Pliocene sediments in central Myanmar to date. The dissimilarity in the primate fauna between central Myanmar and South China suggests little faunal interchange between the two regions probably because of geographical barriers such as large rivers and high mountain ranges in the area.

DOI： 10.1080/08912963.2015.1018018

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD  

This study reports occurrences of feliform carnivorans from the Upper Eocene Ergilin Dzo Formation and Alag Tsav locality of southeastern Mongolia. Nimravus mongoliensis (Nimravidae) is distinguished from other species in having a deep mandible, a longer p/1-2 and m/2 relative to p/4, and relatively wider P3/. Eofelis sp. (Nimravidae), a genus previously known only from the Oligocene of France is found in the Ergilin Dzo Formation. Alagtsavbaatar indigenus comb. nov. (Alagtsavbaatar gen. nov.; Feliformia) is established for new specimens from the Ergilin Dzo Formation and the previously known Stenoplesictis specimen from the Alag Tsav locality based on its characteristics such as moderately developed buccal cingulid and cingular and accessory cuspids on p/3-4, wide m/1 trigonid and double-rooted m/2 with a trenchant talonid. Stenoplesictis simplex from the Ergilin Dzo Formation is revised to Asiavorator gracilis, extending its chronological range back to the Late Eocene. Geographical and chronological distributions and morphological comparisons suggest that the Nimravidae originated by the Middle Eocene in southern East Asia and migrated northward in the Late Eocene, whereas the early small feliforms immigrated to northern East Asia in the Late Eocene and stayed within the middle-to-high-latitude area.

DOI： 10.1080/08912963.2015.1012508

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：日本霊長類学会  

<p>【背景】距骨・踵骨は適度に扱い易いサイズで、よい状態で化石として発見される確率が高い。さらに、容易に同定できる特徴的な形態で、また行動形態をよく反映している。また、化石霊長類の体重は、古生態の研究に重要な要素である。これまで発表者は、距骨・踵骨サイズと体重との関連性を調べてきた。【問題点】しかし、距骨サイズと踵骨サイズとの対応関係やその関係を考慮した体重との関連性について考慮しないと、骨サイズ間の関係と体重・行動様式との関連性にまで発展させるのは難しい。【目的】そこで、霊長類と様々な哺乳類の距骨・踵骨サイズを計測して、これらのサイズ間の関連性および体重との関係を比較検討した。【資料と方法】標本は霊長類を含む哺乳類の成獣48種80個体で、体重は18グラム～3.4トンまでのものである。自然対数変換したそれぞれの計測値と動物の体重との相関関係を、ステップワイズ重回帰分析および単回帰分析により検討した。【結果・考察】距骨からの体重推定においては、霊長類に対しておよび様々な哺乳類に対して共に「距骨の滑車の幅」が非常に適していることがわかった。距骨からの体重推定においては、霊長類に対しておよび様々な哺乳類に対して共に「後距骨関節面の幅」が非常に適していることがわかった。脛骨・腓骨からの体重を主に受け止める距骨では主に脛骨との接触面が広い滑車の幅が、踵骨ではその距骨との関節面との幅が、哺乳類全体の体重推定においては適しているようである。つまり、この二つの「幅」は、行動様式よりも体サイズにより制約されている可能性がある。この二つの「幅」と他の部分のサイズとを比較していくことによって、行動様式を推定する新たな要素が得られる可能性があるかもしれない。</p>

DOI： 10.14907/primate.32.0_68

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：COQUINA PRESS  

Two new avian specimens from the Pliocene part of the Irrawaddy sediments of central Myanmar represent the youngest known fossil records of birds from Myanmar (Burma) that previously was restricted to one specimen of an ibis from the middle Eocene. The age of the Sulegon-1 fossil locality is likely from the later part of the Pliocene based on the presence of the suid Sivachoerus prior, the anthracotheriid Merycopotamus dissimilis, and the Sumatran rhinoceros Dicerorhinus sp. cf. D. sumatrensis. The distal tarsometatarsus is from a night heron (Ardeidae: Nycticoracini) and exhibits derived (and primitive) features consistent with night herons, but not other groups of ardeids, including the absence of a lateral deflection of trochlea III and a trochlear furrow extending to the proximal plantar end of trochlea III. The night heron fossil is not distinguishable from some species of Gorsachius and Nycticorax and may derive from one of the extant species in Southeast Asia. The other specimen (a distal tibiotarsus) represents a taxon of stork (Ciconiidae: cf. Leptoptilini) and displays many characters associated with that group (incuding a large centrally positioned intercondylar tubercle, a rounded intercondylar fossa, and distally notched trochlear rims). This stork is smaller than the 'giant' storks known from the Plio-Pleistocene of Asia and Africa, and may represent a relative of one of the large extant Asian storks. The inferred paleohabitat of the Sulegon locality as a tidal deltaic habitat is consistent with the lifestyle of both the extant night herons and large storks that occur in southeastern Asia today.

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：PALAEONTOLOGICAL SOC JAPAN  

A trigonid of a lower molar of a primitive, large hippopotamus from the upper lower Miocene of Mfwangano Island in southwestern Kenya is described. The molar trigonid is similar in size to that of living hippopotamuses, and is comparable in morphology to that of kenyapotamine hippopotamids (Mammalia, Cetartiodactyla) in having a brachyodont crown, bunodont cusps, an M-like structure on the distal trigonid wall, a single-ridged premetacristid, and a buccolingually bifurcate mesial root, and in lacking a paraconid. On the basis of its size and morphology, the specimen appears to be assignable to Kulutherium, which is a putative kenyapotamine previously known from the upper lower Miocene of Kenya and is so far represented only by the upper dentition. The present specimen provides additional evidence that a hippopotamus-sized, large hippopotamid was already living during the early Miocene. If it proves to be Kulutherium, it provides additional evidence that Kulutherium should be assigned to the Kenyapotaminae.

DOI： 10.2517/2015PR015

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

The mammalian fauna and geologic age of the lwaki Formation of the Paleogene Shiramizu Group (lwaki, southern Fukushima, northeastern Japan) are reviewed and previously undescribed specimens are described. The Maki mammalian fauna consists of three artiodactyl species: Bothriogenys sp. cf. B. hui (Anthracotheriidae), Entelodon gobiensis (Entelodontidae), and cf. Notomeryx sp. (Ruminantia). These three genera indicate an Ergilian Asian Land Mamma Age (=late Eocene [Priabonian] equivalent) correlation for the Iwaki Formation, demonstrating that the Eocene-Oligocene boundary exists within the Shiramizu Group. These three genera have never co-occurred in a single formation, although in Asia they have been recorded only in the late Eocene. In Asia, Bothriogenys has been recorded in the southern and middle regions, Entelodon has been mostly recorded in the northern and middle regions with one exception from the southern region, and Notomeryx has been recorded in the southern region. The co-occurrence of these three genera in the lwaki Formation implies that Bothriogenys, Entelodon, and perhaps also Notommyx can be useful late Eocene indicators in terrestrial eastern Asia. It also suggests that the lwaki mammalian fauna is paleobiogeographically located between the northern and southern late Eocene faunas of eastern Asia, showing some faunal mixture. The lwaki fauna is also unique in comprising diverse faunas of marine sharks and seashore birds together with terrestrial mammals. The lwaki vertebrate fauna is key for reconstructing the faunas of the eastern coastal margin of the Asian Continent during the late Eocene. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jseaes.2015.03.049

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：PALAEONTOLOGICAL SOC JAPAN  

Rhinocerotid fossils from the lower upper Miocene Namurungule and Nakali Formations, northern Kenya, are described. These materials reveal the following diagnostic characters of Chilotheridium pattersoni: a strongly constricted protocone with a flattened lingual wall, a hypocone groove, a developed crochet, and an antecrochet curved toward the entrance of the medisinus. Specimens previously described from the Namurungule Formation as rhinocerotids are re-identified as C. pattersoni. The Nakali Formation specimens presented in this study are the first discovery of C. pattersoni from this locality. In addition, deciduous teeth of C. pattersoni, which were unknown previously, are reported for the first time. This discovery of C. pattersoni extends its temporal range to the early late Miocene.

DOI： 10.2517/2014PR035

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

Here we report two kinds of colobine fossils discovered from the latest Miocene/Early Pliocene Irrawaddy sediments of the Chaingzauk area, central Myanmar. A left mandibular corpus fragment preserving M1-3 is named as a new genus and species, Myanmarcolobus yawensis. Isolated upper (M-1?) and lower (M-2) molars are tentatively identified as Colobinae gen. et sp. indet. Although both forms are medium-sized colobines, they are quite different from each other in M-2 morphology. The isolated teeth of the latter show typical colobine-type features, so it is difficult to identify their taxonomic position, whereas lower molars of Myanmarcolobus have unique features, such as a trapezoid-shaped long median lingual notch, a deeply concave median buccal cleft, a strongly developed mesiobuccal notch, and rather obliquely running transverse lophids. Compared with fossil and living Eurasian colobine genera, Myanmarcolobus is most similar in lower molar morphology to the Pliocene Dolichopithecus of Europe rather than to any Asian forms. In Dolichopithecus, however, the tooth size is much larger and the median lingual notch is mesiodistally much shorter than that of Myanmarcolobus. The discovery of Myanmarcolobus in central Myanmar is the oldest fossil record in Southeast Asia not only of colobine but also of cercopithecid monkeys and raises many questions regarding the evolutionary history of Asian colobine monkeys. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.04.003

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：The Geological Society of Japan  

Two rare anomalous dental morphologies were observed in living Japanese raccoon dogs (<i>Nyctereutes procyonoides viverrinus</i>). One specimen exhibits an extra third root on P3, and the other exhibits a mesiodistally shortened, buccally swelled, and occlusally triangular P4. Analogous morphologies also occur in two Eocene mammalian species, <i>Brachyhyops viensis</i> and <i>Brachyhyops trofimovi</i> (Artiodactyla; Entelodontidae). <i>Brachyhyops viensis</i> has a third root on P3, and <i>B. trofimovi</i> has a mesiodistally shortened, buccally swelled, and occlusally triangular p4. These morphologies of the Eocene species have been considered as diagnostic at the species level. However, the presence of analogous dental morphologies in the anomalous teeth of the raccoon dog imply a possibility that a part of the species diagnoses of <i>B. viensis</i> and <i>B. trofimovi</i> may be not diagnostic characters but anomalous morphologies.

DOI： 10.5575/geosoc.2015.0015

CiNii Books

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その他リンク： https://jlc.jst.go.jp/DN/JLC/20013366818?from=CiNii

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：The Geological Society of Japan  

New dental and astragalar specimens of a primitive hippopotamus, <i>Kenyapotamus coryndonae</i> (Mammalia, Cetartiodactyla, Hippopotamidae, Kenyapotaminae) from the lower Upper Miocene Nakali Formation at the Nakali locality, central Kenya, are described and illustrated. The new specimens increase the known morphological and size variations of the dentition and astragalus in this primitive hippopotamid species, which is important to understand the origin and early evolution of the Hippopotamidae.

DOI： 10.5575/geosoc.2015.0004

CiNii Books

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その他リンク： https://jlc.jst.go.jp/DN/JLC/20011105099?from=CiNii

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD  

The Upper Pliocene Irrawaddy sediments in the Gwebin area of central Myanmar recently yielded a rodent assemblage that contains nine species belonging to four families: four species of Muridae, three of Hystricidae, one of Spalacidae, and one of Sciuridae. The murids consist of Hapalomys cf. longicaudatus, Maxomys pliosurifer sp. nov., Rattus jaegeri and cf. Rattus sp. indet., which include both extinct and extant forms. Maxomys pliosurifer is relatively similar to Maxomys surifer that lives in South-East Asia in terms of tooth morphology but retains plesiomorphic features shared with the ancestral rat, Karnimata, and possible sister genera of Maxomys, such as Ratchaburimys and Millardia. The three hystricids belong to the genus Hystrix and consist of two extinct brachydont species (Hystrix paukensis and Hystrix sp. indet.) and one hypsodont species similar to living form (Hystrix cf. brachyura). This finding indicates that primitive brachydont species and derived hypsodont species of Hystrix had likely coexisted in the locality, but the brachydont species are significantly more common amongst specimens collected from the Gwebin area. The spalacid species is Cannomys cf. badius and the sciurid species is Menetes sp. indet. These two rodents are similar to living species in continental South-East Asia although they show minor differences in tooth characteristics compared to the living forms. Some species and genera of the fossil rodent assemblage from the Gwebin area also occur in Upper Pliocene localities of Thailand, suggesting chronological correlation between these two faunas. Moreover, these fossil rodent assemblages are composed primarily of the species distributed endemically in continental South-East Asia. Late Pliocene rodents of continental South-East Asia were affected by river barriers that formed during the Mio-Pliocene, and they were probably not able to disperse from South-East Asia into South and East Asia.
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DOI： 10.1080/14772019.2014.909537

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：日本霊長類学会  

【背景】踵骨は適度に扱い易いサイズで，よい状態で化石として発見される確率が高い．また，容易に同定できる特徴的な形態をしていて，行動形態をよく反映している．そのため，霊長類の骨格化石の中では比較的よく研究されている．また，化石霊長類の体重は，古生態の研究に重要な要素である．【問題点】しかし，距骨サイズと化石動物の体重との関連性を調べた研究は，歯牙のそれと比べるとまだ少ない．【目的・着眼点】踵骨化石からその化石霊長類の体重を推定するために，現生霊長類・ツパイ類の距骨サイズの計測をおこなって，距骨サイズと体重との関係を検討した．【資料と方法】標本は霊長類14種24個体およびツパイ類1種2個体，すべて大人の個体．体重値は個々の標本の体重データを使用．計測部位は12箇所．自然対数変換したそれぞれの計測値と動物の体重との相関関係を，ステップワイズ重回帰分析および単回帰分析により検討．【結果・考察】ステップワイズ重回帰分析の結果，「後距骨関節面の幅」と「後距骨関節面の部分の高さ」の二つのパラメーターを使用するのが最も妥当であった．単回帰分析では，予測値の標準誤差（SEE）を基準として用いたところ，「後距骨関節面の幅」を使用するのが一番妥当であり，二番目に妥当なのが「後距骨関節面の部分の高さ」である，という結果になった．つまり，距骨との関節面の部分が体重と最も相関があることがわかった．霊長類を対象とした場合の距骨を用いた同様の研究では距骨全体の大きさと体重との相関が良かったが，踵骨では踵骨全体の大きさと体重との相関はあまり良くなかった．

DOI： 10.14907/primate.31.0_101_2

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

The Late Middle Eocene Pondaung Formation, central Myanmar hosts the richest deposit of terrestrial mammals in SE Asia. The Pondaung Formation contains anthropoid primates, such as Eosimiidae, Amphipithecidae and the new Afrotarsiidae, plus adapiform primates and is a critical locality in discussions on anthropoid origins and biogeography. The sands of the Pondaung Formation were derived from the erosional unroofing of a dissected andesitic volcanic arc and deposited on the forested floodplains of a large tropical river. Previously, the age of the Pondaung Formation was estimated to be Middle to Late Eocene based on stratigraphic evidence, Late Middle Eocene (Bartonian) based on comparisons with mammals from North America and Europe, 372 +/- 1.3 Ma and 38.8 +/- 1.4 Ma based on fission track dating and 37.4-37.0 Ma based on questionable magnetostratigraphic correlations. Here, we report a new LA-ICP-MS, U-Pb age for zircons from a tuffaceous bed in the Pondaung Formation of 40.31 +/- 0.65 Ma and 40.22 +/- 0.86 Ma which is slightly older than the debatable magnetostratigraphic ages of 37-36 Ma and 38-39 Ma for the anthropoids from Egypt and Libya. Pending the acquisition of similarly reliable radiometric dates from all the North African and Asian sites, this new date provides support for an Asian origin for the anthropoids. Our new dates are dose to the molecular clock date for the origin of the anthropoid primates and may provide a reliable calibration point for the molecular phylogenetic method. (C) 2013 International Association for Gondwana Research. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.gr.2013.04.007

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：INST PALEOBIOLOGII PAN  

Astragalar fossils have been intensively studied as an indicator of the functional morphology and phylogenetic relationships of mammals. However, relatively few studies have investigated the relationship between astragalar size and body mass, usually with a focus on a particular taxonomic group. Here, univariate and multiple regression models are used to analyze the relationship between astragalar size and body mass based on an extensive sample of extant land mammals (11 orders, 48 species, 80 individuals; body mass ranging from 18 g to 3.4 t). The analyses revealed the size of the tibial trochlea to be a better predictor of body mass than the total size of the astragalus. Based on these results, estimates of the body mass of several Paleogene land mammals were calculated and compared to those of previous studies. Thus, for example, the body mass of "Baluchitherium", the largest terrestrial mammal known to date, was estimated at about 10-15 t.

DOI： 10.4202/app.2011.0067

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：PALAEONTOLOGICAL SOC JAPAN  

A new genus and species of small bunodont artiodactyl (Mammalia), Myanmarius chitseini, is established on the basis of molar specimens from the upper middle Eocene Pondaung Formation, Myanmar. The specimens consist of upper molars and one m3. The m3 is provisionally referred to this species. Myanmarius is characterized by a low crown, bunodont cusps, a wide crushing trigon basin, a large metaconule, a reduced paraconule, a protocone distinctly larger than the other main cusps, an obtuse angled and inverted V-shaped centrocrista, a mesiodistally oriented postprotocrista and premetacristule, a buccally shifted and almost mesiodistally oriented cristid obliqua, no hypocone, no styles, and no lingual separation into two (mesial and distal) lobes of the upper molars. Our cladistic analysis supports the raoellid affinity of Myanmarius, which is nested with Khirtharia. However, if the m3 is excluded from the hypodigm of Myanmarius, the cladistic analysis rather supports the suoid affinity of Myanmarius. Therefore, the phyletic position of Myanmarius is still unclear.

DOI： 10.2517/1342-8144-17.4.297

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記述言語：英語  

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記述言語：英語  

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：化石研究会  

CiNii Books

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記述言語：英語  

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：化石研究会  

CiNii Books

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：PALAEONTOLOGICAL SOC JAPAN  

DOI： 10.2517/1342-8144-16.2.171

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：SOC VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY  

Gnatho-dental specimens of the anthracotheres (Mammalia; Artiodactyla) from the four Neogene localities of central Myanmar are described. Four species of anthracotheres are recognized in the Neogene of central Myanmar: Microbunodon silistrensis and a small bothriodontine from the middle Miocene; and Microbunodon milaensis and Merycopotamus dissimilis from the latest Miocene to Pliocene. This discovery extends the temporal range of Microbunodon up to the Pliocene. The co-occurrence of forest-dwelling Microbunodon and grass-eating and semi-aquatic Me. dissimilis reinforces that central Myanmar was less arid and had a wider range of habitats than the northern Indian Subcontinent during the Pliocene. This implies the possibility that Pliocene Southeast Asia might have been a refugium for some late Miocene forest-dwelling ungulates.

DOI： 10.1080/02724634.2012.670176

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：PALAEONTOLOGICAL SOC JAPAN  

We review the entelodontid artiodactyl fauna of the upper Eocene Ergilin Do Formation in southeastern Mongolia. Also, we describe new specimens of Brachyhyops trofimovi from the Khoer Dzan locality and review the characteristics and Asian distribution of Brachyhyops. The revised entelodontid fauna of the formation consists of three species: Entelodon gobiensis (from the Khoer Dzan and Ergilin Dzo localities), Brachyhyops trofimovi (from the Khoer Dzan locality), and Brachyhyops? sp. (from the Ergilin Dzo locality). The discovery of p4 and M2 of B. trofimovi demonstrates the definitive diagnostic characteristics of this species within the genus: p4 is buccolingually wide and is triangular in occlusal view; it has a well developed and high cusp (= hypoconid?), which is fused to the posterior part of the protoconid; and M2 has a better-developed pericone. In Asia, Brachyhyops is recorded only in the southern part during the middle Eocene and only in the northern part during the late Eocene, implying that the genus originated in the southern part of Asia and subsequently migrated northward, giving rise to northern Asian and North American Brachyhyops.

DOI： 10.2517/1342-8144-15.4.258

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

A tooth of a mongoose (Mammalia: Carnivora: Herpestidae) was discovered from the Upper Irrawaddy sediments in central Myanmar. The age of the fauna is not older than the mid-Pliocene. It is identified as a right first upper molar of a small species of Urva (formally included in the genus Herpestes) based on its size and shape. The present specimen is the first carnivoran from the Upper Irrawaddy sediments and is the first record of mongooses in the Pliocene and early Pleistocene of Asia. It confirms that mongooses had already dispersed into Southeast Asia by the late Pliocene, being consistent with the previous molecular phylogenetic analyses. The fossil may belong to one of the extant species, but an assignment to a specific species is difficult due to the fragmentary nature of the specimen and the small interspecific differences in dental shape among the Asian mongooses. The size of the tooth suggests that the Irrawaddy specimen is within or close to the clade of Urva auropunctata + javanica + edwardsii, and this taxonomic assignment agrees with the geographical distribution. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jseaes.2011.07.003

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：化石研究会  

CiNii Books

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：PALAEONTOLOGICAL SOC JAPAN  

We reappraise the type and only known specimen of "Brachyodus" japonicus Matsumoto in Tokunaga, which is an anthracothere (Mammalia, Cetartiodactyla) discovered from the Oligocene Nakazato Formation of the Sasebo Group (Japan) in the early 20th Century. The specimen is a mandibular fragment with p4-m2 and is now housed in the National Museum of Japanese History (Sakura, Japan). The geologic age of the species is set at the middle part of the Oligocene on the basis of fission-track datings. Compared to Brachyodus, the present specimen is much smaller in size and has a more mesiodistally elongated p4, indicating that it is not referable to Brachyodus. Instead, it is comparable in dental morphology and size to Elomeryx in having moderately selenodont molars and a mesiodistally elongated p4 with a distinct paraconid and metaconid. Compared to other species of Elomeryx, it is unique in that p4 has a wider talonid and a better developed distobuccal cingulum, suggesting that "Brachyodus" japonicus is a distinct species of the genus Elomeryx. Therefore, we rename this species Elomeryx japonicus. Reconsidered as such, the specimen yields significant information concerning the paleobiogeography of the poorly understood East Asian Oligocene anthracotheres and the origination and early evolution of "advanced bothriodontines" on different landmasses.

DOI： 10.2517/1342-8144-15.3.115

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

The tooth enamel of a mammalian fauna from the uppermost Miocene/lower Pliocene Irrawaddy sediments at Chaingzauk, west-central Myanmar were analyzed using stable carbon and oxygen isotopes. The delta C-13 values of porcupines, tragulids, rhinocerotids, suids and proboscideans show that these mammals preferentially consumed C-3 plants in a wooded environment, whereas the delta C-13 values of bovids and hippopotamids indicate that they were grassland-adapted grazers to mixed feeders. In contrast to the thorn scrub, grassland and shrubland vegetation of present-day central Myanmar, stable carbon isotope results of the Chaingzauk fauna suggest a presence of wooded environment in the Chaingzauk area at that time. Present-day arid conditions are likely to have been caused by the uplift of the Indo-Burman Ranges due to the Himalayan Orogeny during the late Miocene to Pliocene, resulting in a rainshadow effect in central Myanmar. Furthermore, southward marine regression due to the rapid influx of sediments from the Indo-Burman Ranges, Eastern Himalayan Ranges and Sino-Burman Ranges into the Central Myanmar Basin in the Miocene to Pliocene might have played an important role in the aridification of this region since the lower Pliocene. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.11.016

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

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記述言語：英語  

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：SOC VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY  

DOI： 10.1080/02724634.2011.580809

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：SOC VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY  

A juvenile skull of the tyrannosaurid Tarbosaurus bataar found in the Bugin Tsav locality in the Mongolian Gobi Desert is described. With a total length of 290 mm, the present specimen represents one of the smallest skulls known for this species. Not surprisingly, it shows various characteristics common to juvenile tyrannosaurids, such as the rostral margin of the maxillary fenestra not reaching that of the external antorbital fenestra and the postorbital lacking the cornual process. The nasal bears a small lacrimal process, which disappears in adults. Lacking some of the morphological characteristics that are adapted for bearing great feeding forces in adult individuals, this juvenile specimen suggests that T. bataar would have changed its dietary niches during ontogeny. The numbers of alveoli in the maxilla (13) and dentary (14 and 15) are the same as those in adults, suggesting that they do not change ontogenetically in T. bataar and thus are not consistent with the hypothesis that the numbers of alveoli decreases ontogenetically in tyrannosaurids.

DOI： 10.1080/02724634.2011.557116

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：PALAEONTOLOGICAL SOC JAPAN  

DOI： 10.2517/1342-8144-14.2.161

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記述言語：英語  

添付ファイル： 2_023.pdf

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記述言語：英語  

添付ファイル： 2_019.pdf

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記述言語：英語  

添付ファイル： 2_021.pdf

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記述言語：英語  

添付ファイル： 2_020.pdf

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記述言語：英語  

添付ファイル： 2_022.pdf

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記述言語：英語  

添付ファイル： 2_024.pdf

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

Four genera and one indeterminate genus (total eight species) of fossil rhinoceroses (Mammalia: Perissodactyla: Rhinocerotidae) are recognized from the Neogene of central Myanmar. In the early Miocene, most area of central Myanmar were under the shallow marine condition, and no rhinocerotid remain has been documented yet. During the middle to late Miocene, the rhinocerotid remains are commonly found and are represented by "Diceratherium" naricum, Brachypotherium perimense, Brachypotherium fatehjangense and an indeterminate rhinocerotid. In the latest Miocene, these archaic rhinoceroses became extinct. In the late Neogene, the extant genera, Rhinoceros (late Miocene to Pleistocene) and Dicerorhinus (Plio-Pleistocene) first appeared in Myanmar. They appear to have dispersed to the Island Southeast Asia from the continental Asia during the early Pleistocene to middle Pleistocene when the eustatic sea level became low remarkably. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jseaes.2009.08.009

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：PALAEONTOLOGICAL SOC JAPAN  

A mammal tooth discovered from the upper Eocene Ergilin Dzo Formation of southeastern Mongolia is identified as an upper second molar of a small amphicyonid (Mammalia: Carnivora). It is similar to Cynodictis, which is a primitive amphicyonid from the late Eocene to early Oligocene of Europe, in overall size, relative size of the trigon cusps, and smooth lingual cingulum. However, it differs from Cynodictis and other amphicyonids in having an extremely thick lingual cingulum that bulges posterolingually and a parastyle that positions anterior to the paracone, indicating that it belongs to a new genus of the family. Reappraisals of previously reported "Cynodictis" materials from the Paleogene of Asia imply that none of them belong to the Amphicyonidae, and only the present material confirms the existence of an amphicyonid in the Eocene of northern East Asia. This opens questions on the previously proposed existence of Cynodictis and migration of amphicyonids in the Paleogene of Asia.

DOI： 10.2517/1342-8144-13.3.245

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：SOC VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY  

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：PALAEONTOLOGICAL SOC JAPAN  

We describe fossil specimens of two taxa of anthracotheriid artiodactyls (Mammalia) discovered in the upper Eocene Ergilin Dzo Formation of southeastern Mongolia and briefly review the late Eocene anthracotheriids of northern East Asia. The specimens described here are: (1) an upper molar, an astragalus, and a calcaneum of a small bunodont anthracotheriid; and (2) upper and lower postcanine dentitions, an astragalus, and a distal tibia of a Bothriodon/aepinacodon-like selenodont anthracotheriid. This paper provides the first description and figures of the Anthracotheriidae from the formation, which were hitherto poorly understood. The anthracotheriid fauna of the formation currently consists of two species, an indeterminate bunodont anthracotheriid and cf. Bothriodon sp. This is the first discovery of a bunodont anthracotheriid in the late Eocene of the northern part of East Asia. The anthracotheriids are mainly represented by selenodont and bunoselenodont species and are rare faunal elements in the late Eocene of northern East Asia; in contrast, they are mainly represented by bunodont and bunoselenodont species and are predominant faunal elements in the late Eocene of southern East Asia. This implies a paleobiogeographical separation between the northern and the southern parts of East Asia during the late Eocene.

DOI： 10.2517/prpsj.12.371

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：WILEY-BLACKWELL  

A skull and mandible of the new species Dicerorhinus gwebinensis sp. nov. of Rhinocerotidae (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) is described. The material is collected from the upper part of the Irrawaddy sediments (Plio-Pleistocene) in central Myanmar. D. gwebinensis sp. nov. is morphologically more similar to the extant species D. sumatrensis (Sumatran rhinoceros) than to other species of the genus but differs from D. sumatrensis in having the comparatively shorter nasal, the more concave dorsal profile of the skull, the more elevated occiput and presence of molar crista in M3/. This is the first discovery of Dicerorhinus in the upper Miocene to lower Pleistocene of the Indian subcontinent and Mainland Southeast Asia, and fills the chronological and geographical gap of this lineage in Asia. The Dicerorhinus clade probably migrated into Southeast Asia from East Asia by the Pliocene or early Pleistocene. This hypothesis is supported by the scarcity or absence of this clade in the Neogene mammalian fauna of the Indian Subcontinent.

DOI： 10.1111/j.1475-4983.2008.00813.x

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：SOC VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY  

DOI： 10.1671/0272-4634(2008)28[559:HCATHF]2.0.CO;2

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

We describe two new species of Tetraconodon, T. irramagnus sp. nov. and T. irramedius sp. nov., from the late Miocene of Myanmar recognized when reevaluating large Tetraconodon specimens. Tetraconodon had also been recovered from the late Miocene Siwalik sediments of India/Pakistan. However, in the Siwalik specimens, the dimensions of the last two premolars and the third molar with respect to those of the first molar are distinctly greater than those of the Myanmar specimens. In Myanmar species, the relative dental sizes are similar, and the most obvious interspecies distinctions are their dental size differences. Considering the variation in the relative sizes of the last two premolars and third molar with respect to the first molar among the Siwalik and Myanmar Tetraconodon, the enlargement of the last two premolars and the third molar could be regarded as a characteristic of the interspecies distinction. © by the Palaeontological Society of Japan.

DOI： 10.2517/1342-8144(2007)11[307:NSOLTM]2.0.CO;2

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：WILEY-BLACKWELL  

The age of the Yokawa Formation of the Cenozoic Kobe Group distributed in Hyogo Prefecture of western Japan based on mammalian fossils is discussed. Two fossil dental specimens of terrestrial mammals discovered from the lowest part of the Yokawa Formation in the Sanda area are described. These two fossils described here are: (i) a right mandibular fragment with p2-m3 of Bothriodon sandaensis sp. nov. (selenodont anthracotheriid artiodactyl), which appears to be the most primitive among the species of the genus; and (ii) right m1-m3 of cf. Hyrachyus sp. (primitive rhinocerotoid perissodactyl). In the lower part of the Yokawa Formation, Zaisanamynodon (amynodontid perissodactyl) was previously reported. The morphology ('evolutionary stage') of B. sandaensis is indicative of the latest Middle to Late Eocene, that of cf. Hyrachyus sp. is indicative of the Early to Middle Eocene, and Zaisanamynodon is indicative of the Late Middle to Late Eocene. Therefore, the fossil mammals of the Yokawa Formation indicate an latest Middle Eocene (ca. 38 Ma) correlation for the lower part of the formation, as a working hypothesis. Although the resolution of the geological age based on these mammalian fossils is relatively low compared to that based on marine index fossils, this result is concordant with the recent radiometric correlation of the lower part of the Yokawa Formation in the Sanda area.

DOI： 10.1111/j.1440-1738.2007.00577.x

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：PALEONTOLOGICAL SOC INC  

We establish a new genus of a hyaenaelurine hyaenodontid (Creodonta: Mammalia), Orienspterodon for "Pterodon" dahkoensis, which is known from three late middle Eocene localities in central and southern China and Myanmar. This paper provides a full description of the species and a comment on the early evolution of Hyaenaelurinae. Some features of Orienspiterodon (p2-p3 without an anterior accessory cuspulid, lesser reduction of the m3 talonid relative to m1-m2 talonids&apos; double-rooted P3, and better fusion of the paracone and metacone on M1) confirm that O. dahkoensis is distinct from Pterodon. Orienspterodon differs from the other specialized hyaenodontids from the Paleogene of Asia in being a hyaenaelurine, in being unrelated to Hyaenodon, and in having a geographical distribution in the southern part of the continent. Orienspterodon represents the earliest fossil records of Hyaenaelurinae, and some features (small metaconid on m3, basined talonid on all lower molars, a short and more diagonally oriented metastyle, larg size, better fused paracone and metacone) indicate an early branching of this genus from the other hyaenaelurines.

DOI： 10.1666/pleo0022-3360(2007)081[0770:SSOAPA]2.0.CO;2

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：INSTYTUT PALEOBIOLOGII PAN  

The Upper Jurassic Ulaan Malgait Beds in the Shar Teg locality of southwestern Mongolia have yielded remains of a new tritylodontid therapsid (Synapsida), Bienotheroides shartegensis sp. nov. The specimen consists of a fragmentary skull associated with lower jaws. It is assigned to Bienotheroides based on its short snout, a premaxilla-palatine contact, very reduced maxilla, relatively rounded corner of upper postcanine teeth (PC), and PC cusp formula of 2-3-3. It differs from the other species of Bienotheroides in having a much more reduced middle mesial cusp of PC. It further differs from B. zigongensis and B. ultimus in having shorter and wider PC, from B. ultimus in lacking a projection at the middle mesial margin of PC, and from B. wansienensis in lacking the vestigialmost mesiobuccal cusp of PC and in lacking a diastema between upper 11 and 12. This is the first discovery of the Tritylodontidae in Mongolia. This discovery extends the taxonomic (morphological) diversity and geographic range of Bienotheroides and underlies the success of the genus in the Middle to Late Jurassic biota of eastern Eurasia.

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：SOC VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY  

DOI： 10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[491:ARPFTL]2.0.CO;2

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University  

We report dental fossils of Javan rhinoceros, Rhinoceros sondaicus (Mammalia, Perissodactyla, Rhinocerotidae), discovered from the upper part of the Irrawaddy Formation, the lower Pleistocene of central Myanmar. This is the first discovery of R. sondaicus from the Irrawaddy Formation, and these materials are possibly to be the oldest fossil record of this species in the world. The present materials consist of two fragmentary maxillae with M_1-3. They are referable to those of Rhinoceros sondaicus in having the following characteristics on the upper molars: moderately developed molar crochet, subhypsodonty, absence of the molar crista and antecrochet, absence of the protocone fold, absence of the metacone bulge on M_3, sinuosity of the ectoloph, strong molar parastyle fold, and deeper median valley than the posterior valley. The discovery of early Pleistocene Rhinoceros sondaicus in Myanmar fills geographical and chronological gaps between the late Miocene Gaindartherium (a probable ancestor of the genus Rhinoceros) from Indo-Pakistan and middle Pleistocene R. sondaicus from Java and Sumatra. It suggests that this species originated as early as early Pleistocene in continental Asia.

添付ファイル： 2_017.pdf

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University  

The detailed geological survey of the Upper Member of the Eocene Pondaung Formation in the Paukkaung area (Myaing Township, Magway Division, central Myanmar) has been carried out in order to clarify the stratigraphic relationship among the localities of fossil vertebrates (Pkl, Pk2, Pk3, Pk4, Pk5, Pk8, Pk9 and Pk12). Most of the fossilbearing localities (Pkl, Pk2, Pk3, Pk4, Pk5 and Pk8) belong to a single claystone sequence of the Pondaung Formation, named the Ayoedawpon Taung Claystone, which directly lies upon the widely traceable Ayoedawpon Taung Sandstone. Another two localities, Pk9 and Pk12 lie on the horizons underlying and overlying the Ayoedawpon Taung Claystone, respectively.

添付ファイル： 2_011.pdf

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添付ファイル： 2_010.pdf

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University  

Diversity of the Pondaung mammalian fauna (middle Eocene Myanmar) has been explored based on the dental materials. In this paper, we provided photos of skeletal materials of a rodent, carnivores, artiodactyls, and perissodactyls. Postcranial morphology of the endemic Pondaung mammals are compared with those of related fossil species from North America and Europe, revealing additional postcranial diversity in Eocene carnivorans, dichobunid artiodactyls, ruminants, and chalicotherioid perissodactyls. The postcranial materials indicated a presence of an additional taxon, a very small artiodactyl, that has not been known from the dental materials of the Pondaung mammals. The differences in postcranial morphologies suggested a divers locomotory behavior among the mammals of the Pondaung fauna, such that scansors, generalized terrestrialists with cursorial tendency, and generalized terrestrialists with digging adaptations were present among the carnivorous mammals, and that small-sized and medium-sized ungulates distributed on various stages of cursorial adaptations.

添付ファイル： 2_013.pdf

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University  

We provide photos of fish and reptile fossils and several fragmentary mammalian dento-gnathic fossils from the Eocene Pondaung Formation of Myanmar with description of primate-like dento-gnathic fossils. The figured fossils consist of four specimens of fishes, 11 specimens of reptiles (two vertebral specimens of snake-like reptile, six lower jaws of agamid lizard, three jaws of indeterminate lizard, and two teeth of crocodile), and 42 specimens of mammals (24 fragmentary fossils, 12 fossils of the MGW specimens, three unreported primate-like fossils, and three previously reported primate fossils). Although these figured specimens are fragmentary, they add new evidence on the Pondaung vertebrate fauna, contributing to the understanding of the fauna.

添付ファイル： 2_012.pdf

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University  

Dento-gnathic specimens of Propotamochoerus (Mammalia, Artiodactyla, Suidae) were discovered from the upper Miocene and lower Pliocene of the Irrawaddy Group, central Myanmar. These specimens were identified as Propotamochoerus hysudricus and Propotamochoerus sp. cf. P. hysudricus. The discovery of P. cf. hysudricus from the lower Pliocene indicates a younger stratigraphic position of this genus. Small size of the premolars in the lower Pliocene specimens possibly suggests an intermediate stage of dental evolution for this form.

添付ファイル： 2_015.pdf

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University  

We describe fossil dental specimens of a chalicothere (Perissodactyla, Mammalia) and Dorcabune (Tragulidae, Artiodactyla, Mammalia) discovered from the upper part (lower Pleistocene) of the Irrawaddy Formation at Gwebin area, central Myanmar. The specimens described here consist of three molar fossils: a left upper molar and a left M, or M 2 of a chalicothere (cf. Nestoritherium sp.); and a right M3 of Dorcabune sp. Although fragmentally, this is the first discovery of the Chalicotheriidae and Dorcabune from the upper part of the Irrawaddy Formation.

添付ファイル： 2_014.pdf

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University  

New fossil dentitions of a large-sized Tetraconodon (Mammalia, Artiodactyla, Suidae) were discovered from the lower part of the Irrawaddy Formation, Migyaungye Township, Magway Division, central Myanmar. These specimens are the largest among the Tetraconodon specimens ever found in Myanmar. The molar dimensions of these specimens are similar with those of Tetraconodon magnus but are smaller in the dimensions of last two premolars than T. magnus. Therefore, we assigned these specimens as Tetraconodon sp. cf. T. magnus. The occurrence of a large Tetraconodon confirms an Upper Miocene age for the lower part of the Irrawaddy Formation.

添付ファイル： 02_016.pdf

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University  

Three named species and nine indeterminate species of freshwater molluscan fossils are found from the Eocene, Mio-Pleistocene, and Holocene of central Myanmar. The Eocene fossils are found from the Pondaung Formation and consist of an indeterminate viviparid gastropod, indicating a shallow-water environment. The Mio-Pleistocene fossils were found from the Irrawaddy Beds and consists of Melanoides sp. indet., Brotia costula, Indonaia? sp. indet., Radiatula sp. cf. Radiatula lima, Lamellidens sp. indet., Parreysia favidens, and P. pernodulosa. The molluscan fauna of the Irrawaddy Beds is characterized by occurrence of comparative species in Myanmar and in South Asia, indicating that a similar water system with present one in that time. The Holocene fossils were found from the Buddaw Zinaw Cave deposit and consist of Margarya sp. and Brotia costula. Among the Holocene fossils, Margarya is a representative genus of the recent freshwater molluscan fauna of Yunnan (southern China), indicating that a water system extended between Yunnan and central Myanmar in that time.

添付ファイル： 2_018.pdf

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：SPRINGER JAPAN KK  

Myanmarpithecus yarshensis is ail amphipithecid primate from the middle Eocene Pondaung Formation in Myanmar. It was previously known based on maxillary fragments with P-4-M-3 and mandibular fragments with C-P-3 and M2-3. This Study reports new materials for the genus, including a humeral head fragment, a lingual fragment of the right M-2, a lingual fragment of the right M-3, and a left I-1. These new materials were collected from approximately the same point, and likely belonged to the same individual. The upper molar morphology and size of the new materials show similarity to those of the type specimen, indicating that the new materials can be assigned to M. Yarshensis. The humeral head is the first postcranial element that Is associated with dental materials for amphipithecids. The morphological similarity between the previously reported larger humerus and this specimen confirms the assignment of the former specimen to Amphipithecidae and suggests common locomotor adaptations in the family. The upper central incisor is large relative to the molar fragments, but is within the variation among extant platyrrhines. The tooth is spatulate-shaped and high crowned, and lacks the mesial process, indicating similarity to I-1 of haplorhines and clear differences from that of adapoids. It has been suggested that amphipithecids, Including Myanmarpithecits, have affinities with notharctine adapoids, but the morphology of V does not Support the notharctine hypothesis of the Amphipithecidae.

DOI： 10.1007/s10329-005-0159-3

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：日本地質学会  

DOI： 10.5575/geosoc.112.3.V_VI

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD  

Recent expeditions in the Pondaung Formation have revealed an assemblage of hyaenoclontid creodonts from the late middle Eocene of Myanmar. Among the three proviverrines known from the fauna, Kyawdawia lupina gen. et sp. nov. is represented by the most complete dental materials. Kyowdawia is similar to the proviverrines known from the Eocene and middle Miocene of India-Pakistan and from the late Eocene to middle Miocene of Africa, in that it has a short protocone and strong buccal cingulum on M1-2, a small metaconid on m2-3 and a well-basined talonid on p4-m2. In addition, it lacks an anterior accessory cusp on p4 and the distinction between the hypoconulid and entoconic! on the lower molars. it is unique among the Afroasian proviverrines in lacking a protocone lobe on P4 and in having a broader paracone relative to the metacone on M1-2. This species is one of the largest proviverrines and was estimated to be the size of a red wolf. The type specimen includes postcranial materials. The well-developed deltopectoral crest, supracondylar ridge and medial epicondyle of the humerus and the relatively short gracile tibia suggest some digging adaptations, white the two well preserved caudal vertebrae indicate the presence of a long tail. The cladistic analysis Of 14 proviverrines from Europe and Afroasia based on dental morphologies supports the monophyly of proviverrines from Africa and South and Southeast Asia. This group must have originated from the European forms by the early Eocene and dispersed into South and Southeast Asia. Kyawdawia is phylogenetically closest to Masrasector from the [ate Eocene to early Oligocene of Egypt and Oman, and the second closest to Paratritemnodon from the middle Eocene of India-Pakistan. The other two Pondaung proviverrines, Yarshea cruenta and an indeterminate proviverrine, are also close to these genera.

DOI： 10.1017/S1477201905001707

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

We describe five new dento-gnathic specimens of Tetraconodon, a genus of Miocene tetraconodontine suid (Mammalia, Artiodactyla), discovered in Myanmar (= Burma). In Myanmar, we recognized three distinct species of Tetraconodon (T. minor, T. intermedius and T. malensis sp. nov.) and one specifically undetermined specimen, which is here named Tetraconodon sp. cf. T. intermedius. The new species, T. malensis, has characteristics of Tetraconodon, such as extremely enlarged P4 and simple and relatively small M3. It is distinct from the other Tetraconodon species in being much smaller, suggesting that it is the most primitive known Tetraconodon species. The dental size and characteristics of T. malensis suggest that Tetraconodon was derived during the late middle Miocene from the early middle Miocene Conohyus sindiensis, which was discovered in the Siwalik Group of Indo-Pakistan and Nepal and has also been found in the middle Miocene deposits of Thailand, or a close relative. The discovery of the most primitive form in Myanmar suggests that Tetraconodon may have originated in Myanmar. © by the Palaeontological Society of Japan.

DOI： 10.2517/prpsj.9.243

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

Variations in the maxillary sinus anatomy of extant and fossil catarrhine primates have been extensively examined using computed tomography (CT), and have potential utility for phylogenetic analyses. This approach has also been used to demonstrate its anatomical variation in eight of the 16 extant genera of platyrrhines and the absence of the sinus in Samiri and Cacajao. We used this approach to evaluate the three-dimensional anatomy of the maxillary sinus in all extant platyrrhine genera, and here argue the phylogenic implications of this variation. This study confirms, for the most part, previous CT studies and augments them with the six genera not studied previously: Ateles, Lagothrix, Callithrix, Cebuella, Pithecia and Chiropotes. The entire maxilla is pneumatized by the sinus in the atelines, Cebus, and Callicebus, whereas the sinus pneumatizes only the medial part of the maxilla in the callitrichines and Aotus. Pithecia has a unique conformation in which the maxillary sinus and the expanded inferior meatus pneumatize the posteromedial and anterolateral parts of the entire maxilla, respectively. Chiropotes has no sinus, and the inferior meatus possibly expands into the area between the middle meatus and medial surface of the maxilla to disturb sinus formation, as in the case of its close relative Cacajao. Finally, we argue that the sinus that pneumatizes the entire maxilla is a primitive feature in extant platyrrhines and was probably shared by the last common ancestor of the anthropoids. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jhevol.2005.05.001

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1537/ase.04S003

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOC NIPPON  

We report on the stratigraphy of the 'Upper Member' of the middle Eocene Pondaung Formation at Paukkaung area (central Myanmar), with an emphasis on horizons that have yielded primate fossils. Deposits from the Paukkaung area of the Pondaung Formation have yielded many primate fossils at localities Pk1, Pk2, Pk3, and Pk5. The primate-bearing beds of these localities correspond to horizons of almost the same stratigraphic level. This was confirmed by tracking marker tuff and sandstone beds distributed in the Paukkaung area.

DOI： 10.1537/ase.04S002

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOC NIPPON  

A new species of eosimiid primate, cf. Eosimias paukkaungensis sp. nov., from the latest middle Eocene of Pondaung, central Myanmar is described. The specimen consists of left and right mandibular fragments preserving only the M-3, so that its generic status is provisional. The cf. E. paukkaungensis fossil is much larger than homologues of the two Eosimias species from China. It is too large to be a mandible for the taxa represented by the Eosimias-like calcaneus from Pondaung, but smaller than Bahinia pondaungensis, another eosimiid of the Pondaung fauna. The discovery of cf. E. paukkaungensis indicates diversity of eosimiids in East and Southeast Asia during the middle Eocene.

DOI： 10.1537/ase.04S003

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1537/ase.04S002

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：INST PALEOBIOLOGII PAN  

We review an ungulate mammalian fauna of the Eocene Pondaung Formation, central Myanmar, and herein describe new dental specimens. The taxa newly recognized in the Pondaung Formation are two indeterminate bunodont artiodactyls, two small "eomoropid" perissodactyls (Eomoropus sp. cf. E. minimus and an indeterminate "eomoropid"), and a new deperetellid perissodactyl genus, Bahinolophus, which is established for Deperetella birmanica from the Pondaung Formation. The Pondaung ungulate fauna consists of 29 species (14 families and 18 genera): one species of an indeterminate small ungulate, 12 species (six genera in six families) of artiodactyls, and 16 species (11 genera in seven families) of perissodactyls. Although both Pondaung artiodactyls and perissodactyls are abundant and taxonomically diverse, the former are less diversified in generic numbers than the latter, but are nearly equal to the latter in abundance. Anthracotheriid artiodactyls and brontotheriid and amynodontid perissodactyls are the most abundant elements in the fauna. The estimated paleoecologies of the included taxa, the geologic and geographic evidence, and cenogram analysis suggest that the paleoenvironment of the Pondaung fauna was forested/woodland vegetation with humid/subhumid moisture and large rivers, which were located not far from the eastern Tethyan Sea. The age of the Pondaung fauna is independently correlated with the latest middle Eocene only on the basis of the stratigraphic, microfossil, and radiometric evidence, yielding a result consistent with mammalian faunal correlations. On the other hand, the Pondaung fauna includes many artiodactyl taxa compared to other middle Eocene faunas of East Asia and shows relatively high endemism at the generic level, implying that the Pondaung fauna is not formally included in the Eocene Asian Land Mammal "Ages" system.

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：SOC VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY  

The biogeography and faunal evolution of middle to late Eocene mammals throughout East Asia is assessed. Appearance Event Ordination was used to get a reliable temporal ordination of 92 Paleogene faunas from East Asia. Results from this analysis are generally consistent with the faunal sequence of traditional East Asian Land Mammal "Ages" (EALMAs). Exceptions are that the Arshantan Fauna fell within Irdinmanhan EALMA faunas, and three latest middle to late Eocene faunas from southern East Asia are misaligned due to high degrees of endemism. Comparison of 30 major middle/late Eocene mammalian faunas at the generic level, using Simpson&apos;s Faunal Resemblance Index and the ordinal composition of each fauna indicate that: (1) the differentiation in faunal similarity and composition between northern and southern East Asia started near the middle Eocene-late Eocene boundary; (2) this differentiation is reflected by the decline of perissodactyls and radiation of several artiodactyl clades in the later Eocene of southern East Asia; and (3) in southern East Asia, faunal endemism increased in the later Eocene. The latest middle to late Eocene faunas of the southern area do not fit within the EALMA system, which was primarily established with northern faunas, because of their endemism. Mammalian faunal changes actually seem to have begun much earlier in the southern region of East Asia than in the northern part, so the faunal changes toward the end of the Eocene in East Asia were not synchronous. Faunal changes during the Eocene-Oligocene transition in southern East Asia seem not to have been controlled by global climatic changes.

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：INST PALEOBIOLOGII PAN  

We describe a new spalacotheriid (acute-angled) "symmetrodont" (Mammalia, Trechnotheria), Symmetrolestes parvus gen. et sp. nov., from the Lower Cretaceous, likely Barremian, Kitadani Formation of the Tetori Group, central Japan. The specimen consists of a fragmentary right lower jaw with first incisor and five preserved postcanine teeth (interpreted as p5-m4). Symmetrolestes has acute-angled molariforms with complete shearing surfaces on the para- and protocristids, and relatively tall crowns, features that are referable to Spalacotheriidae. Symmetrolestes is more derived than zhangheotheriids in having complete shearing surfaces, taller crowns, and more complete cingulids. It differs from other spalacotheriids in having fewer molariforms (m1-4), higher number of premolariforms (p1-5), and gradual transition between premolariforms and molariforms. Our cladistic analysis of 29 characters shows Symmetrolestes as the sister group of the remaining Spalacotheriidae. This node is supported by only one character (Bremer support: 1) and therefore not particularly stable. The remaining spalacotheriids are arranged in a fully pectinated tree conforming to the topology of the previous researchers, in which Spalacolestinae occupy an apical position. The combination of the occurrences of a primitive spalacotheriid, Symmetrolestes, in Japan and of Zhangheotheriidae, which is the sister taxon of Spalacotheriidae, in China suggests a possibility for an East Asian origin of Spalacotheriidae, although it implies long ghost lineages for the latest Jurassic to Early Cretaceous East Asian "symmetrodonts".

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：SOC VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY  

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

Relative abundance and body size were compared among six primate genera found from the Pondaung Formation (latest middle Eocene, Myanmar). Pondaungia, consisting of two species, is the most common primate in the Pondaung fauna. A high abundance of Pondaungia savagei, the larger species, is recorded at the northern fossil localities (Mogaung area). At the southwestern localities (Bahin area), the primates are taxonomically more diverse than in the other areas, and there are no significant differences in abundance of the amphipithecid genera, Myanmarpithecus, Amphipithecus, and Pondaungia. The body sizes of the three eosimiid taxa (Eosimias-like eosimiid, undescribed eosimiid, and Bahinia) and Myanmarpithecus are distinct from one another, but those of the Amphipithecus and Pondaungia species are inseparable. The postcranial bones of a large-sized primate (NMMP 20) from the Pondaung Formation, consisting of humeral, calcaneal, ulnar, and vertebral fragments, most likely belong to Pondaungia cotteri or Amphipithecus mogaungensis, based on comparisons of body mass estimates of NMMP 20 with those of the taxonomically allocated dentognathic specimens. Although NMMP 20 was previously cited as Pondaungia savagei, we consider the current evidence to be insufficient to resolve its species or generic-level taxonomic assignment.

DOI： 10.1537/ase.00076

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：SPRINGER  

We estimated body masses for middle to late Eocene East Asian eosimiids and amphipithecids from the crown areas of cheek teeth. First, we calculated body mass estimate equations via an extant primate sample of 11 prosimian and 30 anthropoid species, and compared the reliability of the resulting body mass estimate regressions. M1-2 and M1-2 are better body mass estimators, especially for fossils with few samples, because of their low intraspecific variations in dimensions. Moreover, body masses derived from M1-2 tend to indicate lower estimate error than those from other cheek teeth. The relationships between tooth crown areas and body mass differ between prosimians and anthropoids; the estimated body mass from crown area of P-4 or any molar will be larger if anthropoids, instead of prosimians, are used as a reference taxon. Second, We applied the regressions to the fossil primates. The estimated body masses in kg are as follows: Eosimias centennicus, 0.16; E. sinensis, 0.14; Eosimiidae indet. from the Pondaung Formation, less than or equal to0.41; Bahinia pondaungensis, 0.57; Myanmarpithecus yarshensis, 1.8; Amphipithecus mogaungensis, 6.8; Pondaungia cotteri, 5.9; Pondaungia savagei, 8.8; Siamopithecus eocaenus, 5.9. Eosimiids fit the prosimian model better than the anthropoid model. Amphipithecids do not fit one model particularly better than the other, as the estimates vary considerably according to the tooth used and the reference taxon. The anthropoid model gives smaller differences between upper- and lower-molar-based body mass estimates, but premolars are relatively much smaller in amphipithecids than in extant prosimians and anthropoids.

DOI： 10.1023/B:IJOP.0000014651.82525.54

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Palaeontological Society of Japan  

We reevaluate some fossil specimens of ungulate mammals from the uppermost middle Eocene Pondaung Formation (central Myanmar), describing some new materials. The taxa studied in this paper are Hsanotherium parvum (Ungulata), Asiohomacodon myanmarensis gen. et sp. nov. (Artiodactyla
Dichobunidae
Homacodontinae), Indomeryx (Artiodactyla
Ruminantia), Indolophus guptai (Perissodactyla
Tapiromorpha
Indolophidae), and Ceratomorpha fam., gen. et sp. indet. (Perissodactyla). (1) The lower molars of Hsanotherium show a similarity to those of Gobiohyus pressidens (Artiodactyla
Helohyidae), and its mesiodistally elongated and trilobed dP4 morphology recalls that of artiodactyls and macroscelideans. However, the unique molar and P4 morphologies of Hsanotherium indicate that Hsanotherium cannot confidently be classified into any present ungulate order, although it can be identified as belonging to the Ungulata because of its large, elongated, and posteriorly projecting hypoconulid on M3. (2) The molar size and morphology of Asiohomacodon recall primitive protoreodontine agriochoerids (Oreodontoidea) such as Protoreodon parvus and derived and agriochoerid-like homacodontine dichobunids such as Pentacemylus, both of which occur in Eocene North America. Asiohomacodon is classified not into the Protoreodontinae but into the Homacodontinae because of the lack of molar metastylid. The lower molar morphology of Asiohomacodon also resembles that of an unusual and agriochoerid-like anthracotheriid, Atopotherium, from Eocene Thailand, although the affinity between these two genera cannot be tested because of the lack of the P4 material of Asiohomacodon. (3) The Pondaung Indomeryx consists of large and small species, I. cotteri (including I. pilgrimi) and I. arenae (including I. minus). Dental morphology in each species of the Pondaung Indomeryx indicates relatively high variation, and the two species are not separable based on their dental morphology. Indomeryx shows many primitive characteristics among ruminants and lacks any critical derived features referable to any ruminant family. (4) Indolophus is referable to primitive tapiromorphs in having a somewhat lophodont dentition and in lacking lingual and buccal cingula and molar metaconule, paraconule, and metastylid. It differs from other tapiromorphs in having a smaller parastyle on the upper dentition and a unique P2.4 morphology with large protocone, high and acute preprotocristid, and no postprotocristid. (5) Although the material of the indeterminate ceratomorph is poorly preserved, its preserved tooth is not identical to any other ceratomorph from the Pondaung Formation, indicating an occurrence of an additional ceratomorph species in the Pondaung fauna.

DOI： 10.2517/prpsj.7.219

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：CARNEGIE MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY  

Latest middle Eocene deposits in the Pondaung Formation of Myanmar have yielded specimens representing the rodent family Anomaluridae. This is the geologically oldest record of the family. There appear to be two or three species of Pondaung anomalurids. the most completely represented taxon of which is described as a new genus and species, Poadaungimys anomaluropsis. The anomalurids front the Pondaung Formation are characterized by a complex folding pattern on the occlusal surfaces of the check teeth, as well as the basically anomalurid pentalophodont condition. Undescribcd anomalurids have been reported front the late Eocene Of Thailand and Oligocene of Pakistan and the Arabian Peninsula. Their Neogene distribution is only African. This occurrence in the Pondaung Formation adds new evidence to previously reported similarities between Southeast Asian and North Aftican Paleogene mammalian faunas.

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：SPRINGER JAPAN KK  

A detailed endocranial cast of the olfactory bulb of Amphipithecus mogaungensis, a latest middle Eocene primate from the Pondaung Formation (Myanmar), was studied in comparison with some Paleogene primates, the olfactory bulb of which has been reported. The olfactory bulb of Amphipithecus is located just anterior to the postorbital constriction, that is, within the interorbital septum. It is relatively large and pedunculate, not overlapped by the frontal lobe, and consists of two parallell aligned bodies. The relative volume of the olfactory bulb shows the same pattern as in adapiforms, but the location and bilobed form are more similar to those of omomyoids than of adapiforms.

DOI： 10.1007/s10329-002-0027-3

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：日本古生物学会  

We reevaluate the classifications of the anthracotheres (Mammalia; Artiodactyla) from the latest middle Eocene Pondaung Formation (central Myanmar), mentioning other anthracotheres from the Eocene of Asia. The three anthracotheriid genera previously known from the Pondaung Formation, Anthracothema, Anthracokeryx, and Anthracohyus, are synonymized into Anthracotherium. As many as 13 species had been recognized in the Pondaung anthracotheres, but they are summarized into four species (Anthracotherium pangan, Anthracotherium crassum, Anthracotherium birmanicum, and Anthracotherium tenuis), based on the difference of M_1 size (〜 body size). Dental morphology in each species indicates high variation, and the four species are not separable based on their dental morphology. The dental morphology of the Pondaung Anthracotherium species is distinct from that of other species and is the most primitive. In addition, the Pondaung Anthracotherium species are the oldest of the genus. The genus Anthracotherium might have originated and rapidly radiated around the Pondaung area during the latest middle Eocene. Siamotherium pondaungensis described from the Pondaung Formation as an anthracotheriid is synonymized to Pakkokuhyus lahirii (Artiodactyla; Helohyidae).

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

DOI： 10.1006/jhev.2002.0571

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

A specimen of Pondaungia from the late middle Eocene Pondaung Formation in central Myanmar includes maxillary fragments and parts of the dentition, some hitherto undocumented, including the upper central incisor, canine, premolars and molars. Pondaungia has a large spatulate Il closely resembling that of crown anthropoids. It possesses a stout projecting upper canine (like anthropoids) but differs from that tooth of crown anthropoids in lacking a strong mesial groove. There are three upper premolars of which P2 is distinctly smaller than P3 or P4. P3 has a buccolingually oriented mesial profile and an inflated distal profile resembling that of parapithecids and crown anthropoids. The distolingual molar cusp is a hypocone and is not homologus with the "pseudohypocone" of notharctines because the cusp is neither twinned with the protocone nor attached to a Nannopithex-fold.
Pondaungia has a stout zygomatic root with a strongly demarcated muscle scar for the superficial masseter situated well above the occlusal plane. The inferior orbital margin is not preserved but the inflated suborbital region allows for the inference that the orbit was small. This specimen is not sufficiently well preserved to identify if there was postorbital closure. However, a specimen of the frontal bone of Amphipithecus shows that its orbital septum was absent or poorly developed. If, as commonly supposed, Pondaungia and Amphipithecus are sister taxa, postorbital closure was probably absent in Pondaungia.
The large incisors, molars with poorly developed crests and thick enamel, together with the stoutly developed and strong dorsal component of the force vector of the superficial masseter muscle suggest that Pondaungia had a diet low in fiber, but that included hard food objects like nuts or seeds. The present material adds to the structural similarities between Pondaungia and anthropoids, but whether these similarities are due to shared descent or functional and adaptive convergence remains unresolved. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1006/jhev.2002.0567

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Primate Society of Japan  

This study attempted to estimate body masses for the primates from the Pondaung Formation (latest middle Eocene, central Myanmar). Because taxonomically identified materials for these possible early anthropoids are limited to dentitions, this study focused on obtaining body masses based on crown areas of cheek teeth and discussed the reliability of estimated body masses.<br>Body mass estimation equations were calculated using samples of 11 living prosimian species and of 30 living anthropoid species (15 platyrrhines, 13 cercopithecoids, and two <i>Hylobates</i>). M^1-2 and M_1-2 appeared to be better body mass estimators among cheek teeth because of their low intraspecific variations in dimensions. In addition, relatively low estimation errors for body masses derived from M_1-2 were indicated. The crown area relative to body mass differed between prosimians and anthropoids, so the body masses estimated from crown area of such teeth as P⁴ and molars referring living anthropoids became larger than those estimated referring prosimians.<br>The estimated body mass values for the fossils sometimes varied considerably, depending on the choices of teeth and reference taxa. Among the Pondaung primates, <i>Bahinia</i> seemed to better fit to the prosimian model than to the anthropoid model, but the other genera did not fit particularly better to either of the models.<br>The estimated body masses and ranges are as follows: <i>Bahinia</i>, 0.75kg (0.5 to 1.0kg); <i>Myanmarpithecus</i>, 1.81kg (1.5 to 2.1kg); <i>Amphipithecus</i>, 6.04kg (4.3 to 7.4kg); small <i>Pondaungia</i>, 5.33kg (4.0 to 6.6kg); and large <i>Pondaungia</i>, 8.56kg (7.3 to 10.1kg). <i>Pondaungia</i> was separable into two groups based on the size, indicating existences of two species in the sample. <i>Pondaungia "minuta"</i> likely belonged to the small type.

DOI： 10.2354/psj.18.1

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

DOI： 10.1006/jhev.2001.0543

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1126/science.1068700

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：The Geological Society of Japan  

我々は1998年以来, ミャンマー中央部に分布する中部始新統上部のポンダウン層の哺乳類化石発掘調査を続けている. ここでは, この調査と発掘採集した哺乳類化石について紹介する. ポンダウン層からは, 多くの陸生哺乳類化石を産出することが, 1916年から知られていた. 特に, 20世紀前半に報告された二種類の霊長類化石は, 最古の真猿類とみなされており(Pilgrim, 1927; Colbert, 1937), 現在も真猿類の起源という観点で, 霊長類学者・人類学者の注目を集めている. しかし, その哺乳類相の研究は, 1938年以来さまざまな理由により殆ど行われていなかった. 1997年, ミャンマーの研究者らがポンダウン層の化石発掘調査を再開し, 原始的真猿類化石を含む多数の哺乳類化石を発見した. その後も, アメリカ, フランス, 日本の研究者らが発掘調査を行っている. これまでの3回の発掘調査で, 我々も多くの哺乳類化石を採集した. 現在はそれらの化石の記載およびポンダウン哺乳類相の解析を行っている. 現在までに, 約20属の哺乳類の存在を確認している. 今後も, 真猿類の起源・進化の解明と, 新生代前半の東アジアの哺乳類の進化の解明に向けて, 調査を続けていく.

DOI： 10.5575/geosoc.107.XVII

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

A new genus and species of medium-sized fossil primate, Myanmarpithecus yarshensis, is described from the lastest middle Eocene sediments of Pondaung, central Myanmar (Burma). The specimens consist of right maxillary fragments with P(4)-M(3) and a left mandibular corpus with C-P(3) and M(2-3). To date, three purported anthropoids have been discovered from the Pondaung Formation: Pondaungia and Amphipithecus (Amphipithecidae) and Bahinia (Eosimiidae), Myanmarpithecus differs from these other Pondaung primates in having cingular hypocones on upper molars and in lacking paraconids on M(2-3). Although Myanmarpithecus resembles some utahiin omomyines in superficial aspects of the morphology of M(2-3) (i.e., mesiodistally compressed molar trigonid and enamel crenulation), the morphological analysis of upper molars and lower premolars indicates that it is neither an omomyoid nor an adapoid but is more derived than fossil prosimians (such as adapoids, omomyoids, and tarsiers) and more anthropoid-like. On the other hand, it is more primitive (prosimian-like) than early anthropoids from the late Eocene/early Oligocene of the Fayum, Egypt. Myanmarpithecus is likely to be an tarry, primitive anthropoid ("protoanthropoid"). (C) 2001 Academic Press.

DOI： 10.1006/jhev.2001.0463

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記述言語：日本語  

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記述言語：英語  

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：Kyoto University Primate Research Institute  

Some carnivore materials have been discovered from the Pondaung Formatioin in central Myanmar recently. The materials are separable into at least two genera, both of which are hyaenodontid creodonts. One of them is a medium-sized proviverrine. Collected parts include a maxilla, lower molar fragments, and some postcranial fragments. It shows some distinctive dental characters such as small protocone lobe on P_4, anterolingually-placed protocone and posterolingually-placed metacone relative to paracone on M_1 and M_2, and relatively large M_3 with a very reduced metaconid. The other is a much larger form. A maxillary fragment with a M_1 and a mandibular a fragment with P_2 to M_2 have been found for this form. possesses some similarities to Pterodon, but observations on more complete specimens and comparisons with other Pterodon-like hyaenodontids from Asia are necessary to settle a systematic assignment of this form. The two hyaenodontids are the only known mammalian predators from Pondaung fauna (latest Middle Eocene) based on the current knowledge.

添付ファイル： 2_004.pdf

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：Kyoto University Primate Research Institute  

A diverse array of mammalian species is now known from the Pondaung Formation, located in central Myanmar. The new mammals for the Pondaung fauna are: Anthropoidea gen. et sp. nov. (Primates); Hyaenodontidae indet. A, and indet. B (Creodonta); ?Phiomyidae indet. C (Rodentia); Ungulata indet. D; ?Agriochoeridae indet. E (Artiodactyla); cf. Ilianodon (Rhinocerotoidea; Perissodactyla); Amynodontidae indet. F (Perissodactyla). The stratigraphical and microfossil evidences suggest that the Pondaung Formation is referable to the period from the middle to late Eocene. Concerning the dating of the Pondaung mammal fauna, middle middle to late Eocene (most probably late middle Eocene) is suggested based on comparisons of it with other Eocene mammal fauna; however, further information is necessary to identify the date more precisely.

添付ファイル： 2_003.pdf

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：Kyoto University Primate Research Institute  

So far four primate taxa have been discovered from the latest middle Eocene Pondaung Formation, Central Myanmar (=Burma): Pondaungia cotteri, Amphipithecus mogaungensis, Bahinia pondaungensis, and an unnamed new taxon. Especially the phylogenetic positions of Pondaungia and Amphipithecus have been discussed by many researchers since their first discoveries in the early part of this century. Recent new specimens, including maxillary fragments, of Pondaungia and Amphipithecus may reveal then taxonomic status and phylogenetic position in the evolution of early anthropoids in East Asia.

添付ファイル： 2_002.pdf

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添付ファイル： 2_005.pdf

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：日本古生物学会  

Discovery of upper premolar dentitions of Deperetella birmanica (Mammalia : Perissodactyla : Deperetellidae) from the Eocene Pondaung Formation, central Myanmar (=Burma) throws a new light on previously confused species-and genus-level systematics of Deperetella and its related genus Diplolophodon. Clarification of the relationship among the Deperetella species is particularly important for correlation of Eocene mammal faunas in Asia. The newly discovered material show the characteristics of the previously unknown upper premolar dentition of D. birmanica, demonstrating that Deperetella similis (the type species of the genus Diplolophodon) from China is a junior synonym of Deperetella birmanica and that D. birmanica is clearly distinguishable from all other species of Deperetella. The genus Diplolophodon, to which D. birmanica has often been allocated, is regarded conventionally as a junior synonym of Deperetella because this genus is not sufficiently distinct from Deperetella to warrant generic separation. The presence of D. birmanica and its comparable species in several Eocene deposits of Myanmar, China and Mongolia suggests that these deposits are roughly contemporaneous.

DOI： 10.2517/prpsj.4.183

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Primate Society of Japan  

<i>Amphipithecus</i> and <i>Pondaungia</i> are enigmatic fossil primates discovered from the Pondaung district, Central Myanmar (Burma). Since the first discoveries early in this century, many researchers have discussed about their phylogenetic position: some authors regarded them as anthropoid primates (e. g. Pilgrim, 1927; Colbert, 1937), some as a kind of condylarths (Koenigswald, 1965), and others as lemuroid primates (Szalay, 1970; Szalay and Delson, 1979). Even after the second specimens discovered in 1970's, same controversy has been repeated by many researchers (Ba Maw <i>et al.</i>, 1979; Ciochon <i>et al.</i>, 1985; Ciochon and Holroyd, 1994).<br>In 1997 several new specimens of <i>Amphipithecus</i> and <i>Pondaungia</i> were discovered in the Pondaung district by Myanmar researchers (Anonymous, 1997). These new fossils provide us a plenty of information about their mandibular morphology, and suggest a possible plylogenetic relationship among Pondaung primates and <i>Siamopithecus</i>, which was discovered from Krabi, Thailand (Chaimanee <i>et al.</i>, 1997).<br>The geological age of the Pondaung primates and Krabi primate have also been discussed by several workers (e. g. Holroyd and Ciochon, 1994; Ducrocq <i>et al.</i>, 1992; 1995). In this paper we compared the fossil mammal lists of the Pondaung, Krabi, and several Southern Chinese Eocene faunas. Our conclusion is as follows: the Pondaung fauna is most similar to the Naduo fauna in Yunnan Province, China, and probably slightly older than the Krabi fauna in Thailand. The geological age of the Pondaung fauna is likely to be the Late Eocene rather than the late Middle Eocene advocated by Holroyd and Ciochon (1994).<br>More detailed comparisons among Middle to Late Eocene mammal faunas in Myanmar, Thailand, China, and Mongolia will make clear the evolutionary history of the Eocene primates in East Asia.

DOI： 10.2354/psj.15.17

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The morphology of a mandibular fragment with a left lower molar discovered in the &#039;Upper Formation&#039; (upper Cenomanian-lower Turonian) of the Mifune Group in central Kyushu, southwestern Japan, suggests that this fossil should be assigned to a new species of Late Cretaceous mammal, Sorlestes mifunensis sp. nov. (Infraclass Eutheria; Order Proteutheria; Family Zhelestidae). S. mifunensis is the oldest zhelestid yet recorded. Some workers suggest that the Zhelestidae have a close affinity with ungulates. A detailed comparison between the lower molar of the new species and those of ungulates supports this suggestion. The comparison also suggests that the Zhelestidae have a closer affinity with ungulates than the Zalambdalestidae and other contemporary mammals, and that S. mifunensis has a relatively primitive character within the Zhelestidae. This comparison leads us to revise the diagnoses of the family Zhelestidae and of the genus Sorlestes. The unique character of the entoconid-hypoconulid twinning seen in the Zhelestidae was probably caused by the movement of the hypoconid (the presumed first single talonic cusp seen in the first therian Kuehneotherium) to the buccal side, far away from the other talonid cusps. This twinning pattern is distinct from the twinning pattern seen in marsupials.

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記述言語：英語  

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：記事・総説・解説・論説等（大学・研究所紀要）  

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：記事・総説・解説・論説等（学術雑誌）  

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：京都大学霊長類研究所  

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究発表ペーパー・要旨（国際会議）  

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究発表ペーパー・要旨（国際会議）  

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：記事・総説・解説・論説等（大学・研究所紀要）  

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究発表ペーパー・要旨（国際会議）  

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：京都大学霊長類研究所  

CiNii Books

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担当区分：筆頭著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：記事・総説・解説・論説等（その他）  

添付ファイル： 2_008.pdf

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究発表ペーパー・要旨（国際会議）  

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究発表ペーパー・要旨（国際会議）  

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開催年月日： 2004年

記述言語：英語  

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開催年月日： 2003年11月

記述言語：英語  

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開催年月日： 2003年8月

記述言語：日本語  

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開催年月日： 2003年6月

記述言語：日本語  

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開催年月日： 2003年6月

記述言語：英語  

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開催年月日： 2003年6月

記述言語：日本語  

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開催年月日： 2003年1月

記述言語：英語  

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開催年月日： 2003年

記述言語：日本語  

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開催年月日： 2003年

記述言語：英語  

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開催年月日： 2003年

記述言語：英語  

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開催年月日： 2002年7月

記述言語：日本語  

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開催年月日： 2002年1月

記述言語：英語  

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開催年月日： 2002年1月

記述言語：英語  

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開催年月日： 2002年

記述言語：英語  

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開催年月日： 2002年

記述言語：英語  

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開催年月日： 2001年1月

記述言語：英語  

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開催年月日： 2000年9月

記述言語：日本語  

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開催年月日： 2000年7月

記述言語：日本語  

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開催年月日： 2000年7月

記述言語：日本語  

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開催年月日： 2000年

記述言語：英語  

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開催年月日： 1998年

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記述言語：日本語  

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記述言語：日本語  

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記述言語：日本語   会議種別：ポスター発表  

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記述言語：日本語   会議種別：口頭発表（一般）  

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記述言語：英語   会議種別：ポスター発表  

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記述言語：日本語   会議種別：ポスター発表  

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記述言語：英語   会議種別：ポスター発表  

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記述言語：日本語  

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記述言語：日本語  

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記述言語：日本語  

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記述言語：日本語   会議種別：ポスター発表  

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記述言語：日本語  

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記述言語：日本語   会議種別：ポスター発表  

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記述言語：英語   会議種別：ポスター発表  

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記述言語：英語   会議種別：ポスター発表  

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記述言語：日本語   会議種別：ポスター発表  

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記述言語：英語   会議種別：ポスター発表  

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記述言語：日本語  

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記述言語：日本語   会議種別：ポスター発表  

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記述言語：日本語   会議種別：ポスター発表  

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記述言語：英語   会議種別：ポスター発表  

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記述言語：日本語   会議種別：ポスター発表  

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記述言語：日本語   会議種別：ポスター発表  

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記述言語：日本語   会議種別：ポスター発表  

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記述言語：日本語  

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記述言語：日本語  

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記述言語：日本語  

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記述言語：日本語  

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記述言語：英語  

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記述言語：日本語  

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記述言語：日本語  

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記述言語：日本語  

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記述言語：日本語  

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記述言語：日本語  

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記述言語：日本語   会議種別：ポスター発表  

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記述言語：日本語  

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記述言語：日本語   会議種別：ポスター発表  

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記述言語：日本語  

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記述言語：日本語  

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記述言語：日本語  

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記述言語：日本語  

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記述言語：日本語  

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記述言語：日本語  

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記述言語：日本語  

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記述言語：日本語  

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記述言語：日本語  

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記述言語：日本語  

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記述言語：日本語  

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記述言語：日本語  

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記述言語：日本語  

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記述言語：日本語  

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記述言語：日本語  

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記述言語：日本語  

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記述言語：日本語  

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記述言語：日本語  

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記述言語：日本語  

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記述言語：日本語  

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記述言語：日本語  

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記述言語：日本語  

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記述言語：日本語  

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記述言語：日本語  

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記述言語：日本語  

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記述言語：日本語  

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記述言語：日本語  

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記述言語：日本語  

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