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DOI： 10.3775/jie.98.85

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Authorship：Lead author,　Last author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.15376/biores.13.3.6383-6395

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Authorship：Lead author,　Last author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCI LTD  

To improve utilization of agricultural residues in biorefineries, the effects of alkaline peroxide (AP) pretreatment on thermal degradation and enzymatic digestibility of rice straw were investigated. A high-cellulose (> 70%) pulp with a width of a few micrometers was obtained by rapid (10 min) treatment with AP, without prior heating or other treatment. Moreover, enzymatic hydrolysis of the pulp produced a high glucose yield (approximately 80%). Microfibril networks were exposed, and many nano-scale pores that are easily penetrated by cellulases were observed on the surface of the AP-treated sample. For enzymatic hydrolysis of the pulp, increasing the dosage of cellulases was more effective for improving the glucose yield than addition of a grinding treatment. This AP treatment has the potential for on-site application because it is simple, highly efficient, and can be performed in a short time. (C) 2017 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

DOI： 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.01.058

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SPRINGER  

The effects of cellulases and their combination with mechanical fibrillation for nanofibrillation of cotton boll and dried cotton fibers and their subsequent application were investigated. The prepared nanofibrillated fibers were analyzed and compared in terms of morphology and solid-state properties. It was found that Trichoderma reesei cellulase, mainly consisting of cellobiohydrolases, was relatively suitable for nanofibrillation of cotton boll fibers. Nanofibrillation of cotton fibers, especially when previously dried, proved difficult without cellulases. Our results suggest that dried cotton fibers have strong hydrogen bonds, as in "hornification" during drying of wood pulp. However, we could nanofibrillate not only never-dried fibers of cotton boll but also dried cotton to 10-50 nm in width by treatment with cellulase mainly consisting of cellobiohydrolase, although a few bundles of around 100 nm remained. These results indicate that cellulase treatment cut and swelled the dried cotton fibers by breaking the strong hydrogen bonds, enabling their nanofibrillation. Nanofibrillated cotton fibers prepared using cellulases also contained relatively pure cellulose with greater crystallinity and higher thermal degradation temperatures compared with other cellulose nanofibers. Considering these characteristics, such cotton fibers nanofibrillated using cellulase would be applicable in medical and composite industries.

DOI： 10.1007/s10570-016-1075-y

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Authorship：Lead author,　Last author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIV DEPT WOOD & PAPER SCI  

Thermo-gravimetric analyses of three cellulosic substances, namely, microcrystalline and amorphous cellulose, and treated Japanese cypress (JC) sawdust were carried out in this study. The thermal degradation temperature of crystalline cellulose decreased with increasing ball-milling time, while that of amorphous cellulose barely changed. However, small differences in the derivative thermo-gravimetric (DTG) curves between crystalline cellulose (i.e., before ball milling) and amorphous cellulose (i.e., after ball milling) were observed. The DTG curves of high-crystalline cellulose were sharp and similar to those of low-crystalline samples. The thermal degradation temperature of JC was decreased by ball milling, and its DTG peak shape became broad and low. These effects could be caused by the denaturing of non-cellulosic substances such as hemicellulose and lignin. The thermal degradation behaviors revealed by the DTG curves may serve as indicators of crystalline cellulose purity and other physical properties of lignocellulosic biomass.

DOI： 10.15376/biores.11.3.6309-6319

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

Adsorption of cellulase onto the saccharification residues of lignocellulose, especially onto lignin, is unproductive and poses a significant problem for recycling of the enzyme. We developed a direct method to quantify residue-adsorbed cellulase by elemental analysis without use of calorimetric methods such as the Bradford, BCA, or Lowry assays. First, initial cellulase loading was estimated from the absorbance at 280 nm using the weight adsorption coefficient of cellobiohydrolase I (CBHI), predicted using the amino acid sequence. Secondly, small amounts of nitrogen derived from adsorbed cellulase were detected using an elemental analyzer by analyzing various large quantities of residue. The nitrogen content of the Trichoderma reesei cellulolytic enzymes was calculated to be 16.5-17.3% based on the amino acid sequences, and the quantity of residue-adsorbed cellulase was calculated from the nitrogen content of the residue, using the nitrogen content of CBHI (16.5%). For example, following enzymatic saccharification of ball-milled softwood for 72 h with Accellerase 1500 (25 filter paper units/g substrate), it was possible to estimate that 18-28 mg cellulase/g of residue was adsorbed onto the residues, indicating that 19-28% of the initially added cellulase would be difficult to recover because of adsorption. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.molcatb.2014.09.008

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY-BLACKWELL  

s This study reports the preparation and characterization of nanofibers consisting mainly of cellulose microfibrils from orange peel (OP), which is a significant byproduct of orange juice production. Three treatments (boiling, alkaline, and pectinase) were investigated with and without subsequent grinding treatment. It was possible to prepare the cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) using these methods, except for the boiling treatment with grinding. Interestingly, only pectinase and a mild-physical blender treatment without grinding produced nanofibers. The width of the nanofibers from OP was approximately 10 to 50 nm. The microfibril bundles of OP were considered to be thinner than those of commercial CNFs. Our data indicated that the removal of pectic polysaccharides and hemicelluloses covering the cellulose microfibrils was important for the preparation of nanofibers from OP. These nanofibers from OP using pectinase are proposed to be applicable as food materials, pharmaceuticals, and filters for the tractive characteristics of the sheet. Practical Application This study demonstrates: (1) it was possible to prepare the nanofibers from orange peel using pectinase and (2) the width of the nanofibers from orange peel was approximately 10 to 50 nm. (3) Removal of polysaccharides such as pectin and hemicelluloses covering cellulose microfibrils was very important for preparation of nanofibers from OP. Considering the tractive characteristics of the sheets from nanofibers and the origin of orange peel, they are suitable for application of food materials, pharmaceuticals, and filters.

DOI： 10.1111/1750-3841.12471

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCI LTD  

The diploid Miscanthus sinensis "Shiozuka" which was selected as a high-biomass producing line, and the triploid M. x giganteus (M x G) were treated by ball milling (physical treatment) and alkaline hydrogen peroxide treatment (AHP; chemical treatment), and their structural sugar compositions and enzymatic digestibility were compared. The structural sugar content of Shiozuka was moderate and lower than that of M x G. The Klason lignin content of Shiozuka was also lower than that of M x G. However, Shiozuka was sensitive to ball milling and AHP treatment; ball milled and AHP-treated Shiozuka had higher enzymatic digestibility than ball milled and AHP-treated M x G. Shiozuka would be promising feedstock to obtain fermentable sugars with low energy consumption. Finally, enzymes for the hydrolysis of chemically treated Miscanthus were isolated from Trichoderma reesei ATCC 66589 and Penicillium pinophilum. The sugar yield could be increased by enzymatic hydrolysis of AHP-treated samples with NaOH and H2O2 and the isolated enzymes. (c) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.07.084

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Authorship：Lead author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SPRINGER  

The gene expression of a cellulase-producing fungus, Acremonium cellulolyticus, was investigated after culturing with three different carbon sources: glycerol, lactose, and Solka-Floc powdered cellulose (SF). High-coverage gene expression profiling (HiCEP) analysis, a method requiring no prior sequence knowledge, was used to screen genes upregulated at the early stage of cellulase production. SF was used as a strong inducer of cellulase production, lactose was used as an inducer of the expression of cellulase genes at the early stage of the culture, and glycerol was used as a negative control. Approximately 15,000 transcript-derived fragments (TDFs) were detected in each sample prepared from the culture grown for 16 h. Based on the expression profiles of the cultured cells, 36 fragments upregulated in both the SF and lactose cultures were selected and sequenced. The deduced gene products of 31 TDFs were likely related to biomass degradation, sugar metabolism, transcriptional regulation, protein modification and metabolism, cell wall recycling, fatty acid and polyketide biosynthesis, and other functions. Quantitative real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis verified that almost all of the transcripts obtained by HiCEP analysis were upregulated in the SF and lactose cultures grown for 18 h. Some of the TDFs in the SF culture were further upregulated over the course of 72 h. The gene products from these TDFs would provide insight into improving the cellulase productivity of A. cellulolyticus.

DOI： 10.1007/s00253-013-4689-0

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Authorship：Lead author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SPRINGER  

Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) is a recalcitrance softwood widely used as building material in Japan. A combined technique of alcohol-based organosolv treatment and ball milling (BM) of this softwood for the production of fermentable sugars from lignocellulose was investigated. Ethanol, ethylene glycol, water, and their mixtures were used as solvents, and acetic acid was used as a proton donor. After solvolysis, a residual sample was subjected to short-time BM, and the entire residue was evaluated by saccharification with Acremonium cellulase. Short-time BM after alcohol-based organosolv treatment greatly improved the enzymatic digestibility and decreased the required severity of organosolv treatment. Moreover, alcohol-based organosolv treatment increased the efficiency and reduced the time required for BM despite small quantity of removed lignin. It was found that the combination of alcohol-based organosolv treatment in mild condition and short-time BM had a synergistic effect on the enzymatic digestibility of Japanese cypress.

DOI： 10.1007/s00226-012-0504-9

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

In Japan, softwood is one of the suitable materials for production of bio-fuels, since forest of softwood accounts approximately 90% in artificial forest in Japan, and it is widely used for constructing the traditional Japanese house. Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa ), which is known for its high quality lumber has been attracted a lot of interest as a potential feedstock in Japan. The conditions of alkaline peroxide pretreatment were investigated for the enzymatic hydrolysis of Japanese cypress in this study. The suitable condition of the pretreatment was as follows
at 70 °C with 2M sodium hydrate (NaOH) of and 6M hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Almost of hemicellulose and approximately 60% of lignin were disappeared in the AP-pretreated sample. The AP-pretreated sample had the high-crystallinity and the celluolose nano fibers and nano scale "raising" on the surface. The suitable enzyme was Accellease1500 resulted in approximately 60%-glucose yield with 20 mg-protein/ g-substrate. These results suggest that the alkaline peroxide hydrogen treatment has the potential as the pretreatment for obtaining glucose from softwood such as Japanese cypress in enzymatic hydrolysis.

DOI： 10.3775/jie.92.1197

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Elsevier Ltd  

The effects of adding trace acids in ethanol based organosolv treatment were investigated to increase the enzymatic digestibility of Japanese cypress. A high glucose yield (60%) in the enzymatic hydrolysis was obtained by treating the sample at 170 °C for 45. min in 50% ethanol liquor containing 0.4% hydrochloric acid. Moreover, the enzymatic digestibility of the treated sample was improved to ∼70% by changing the enzyme from acremonium cellulase to Accellerase1500. Field emission scanning electron microscopy revealed the presence of lignin droplets and partial cellulose nanofibers on the surface of the treated sample. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of the treated samples using thermotolerant yeast (Kluyveromyces marxianus NBRC1777) was tested. A high ethanol concentration (22.1. g/L) was achieved using the EtOH50/W50/HCl0.4-treated sample compared with samples from other treatments. © 2013.

DOI： 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.01.048

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Authorship：Lead author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCI LTD  

Rice straw has attracted significant interest in Japan as a potential raw material for biorefineries. Combination of hot-compressed water treatment (HCWT) and wet disk milling (WDM) was investigated to improve the enzymatic digestibility of rice straw and enhance sugar recovery yield. Rice straw, cut to <3 mm, was autoclaved at 121, 135, and 150 degrees C for 60 min, and subsequently treated by wet disk milling. WDM with HCWT at 135 degrees C for 60 min produced maximum xylose and glucose yields of 79% and 90%. respectively, at 10 FPU/g-substrate cellulase loading. Autoclaving at 150 degrees C leaked a 35% arabinose effluence in the liquid phase. Hydrolysis via WDM with HCWT required a lower enzyme loading (5 FPU/g-substrate) than either pretreatment process in isolation for >70% xylose and 80% glucose yield. Economical analysis indicate that enzymes cost for ethanol production is reduced by 19-67% by WDM with HCWT. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.11.014

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Language：English   Publisher：The Japan Petroleum Institute  

Ethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass requires pretreatment methods to increase the efficiency of enzymatic saccharification and so establish the whole process as economically viable. Hydrothermal and/or wet disk milling is a mechanochemical process that operates under wet conditions, so the process water might increase the energy consumption of the distillation process. Application of a dehydration process to the mechanochemical pretreatment process of the bioethanol production system has been proposed for process energy saving and cost reduction. However, the dehydration process has problems with the loss of sugars eluted in the liquid phase during the hydrothermal process. This study describes the incorporation of a dehydration process into the mechanochemical pretreatment of the bioethanol production system. Introduction of the dehydration process resulted in 9-17% reduction of production cost and 43-57% reduction of process energy.

DOI： 10.1627/jpi.54.215

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In this study, the effective utilization of lignocellulose residue as an adsorbent was investigated. Japanese cypress wood flour subjected to hydrothermal pretreatment and ball-mill grinding was saccharified with an enzyme. The residual wood flour was carbonized and activated by physical and chemical activation to produce adsorbents for persistent organic pollutant removal. The adsorption properties were investigated by pore analysis using the N-2 adsorption/desorption isotherm and adsorption tests for dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in a hexane solution. The obtained adsorbents showed high production yields and adsorption properties for dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.01.033

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Authorship：Lead author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC  

Cellulases and hemicellulases are key enzymes in the production of alternative fuels and chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass-an abundant renewable resource. Carbon source selection is an important factor in the production of cellulases and hemicellulases. Rice straw - a potential ethanol source - has recently gained considerable interest in Asian countries. Here, we investigated the production of cellulases by using rice straw subjected to various pretreatments as substrates in order to produce cellulases at low costs: we also identified the enzymes' characteristics. Rice straw cutter milled to <3 mm was pretreated by wet disk milling, dry ball milling, or hot-compressed water treatment (Ham. Pretreated rice straw and commercial cellulose, Solka Floc (SF), were used as carbon sources for cellulase production by the fungus Acremonium cellulolyticus. Filter paper cellulase, beta-xylanase, and beta-xylosidase production from ball- and disk-milled samples were higher than those from SF. Enzymatic activity was absent in cultures where HCWT rice straw was used as carbon source. Wet disk-milled rice straw cultures were more suitable for enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated rice straw than SF cultures. Thus, wet disk milling may be a suitable pretreatment for producing substrates for enzymatic hydrolysis and generating inexpensive carbon sources for cellulase production. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2010.10.005

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Authorship：Lead author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

Bioethanol might be produced more economically and with less ecological impact(with reduced exploitation of food crops) if we could increase the production of glucose from the cellulosic materials in plant cell walls. However, plant cell walls are relatively resistant to enzymatic and physicochemical hydrolysis and, therefore. it is necessary to develop methods for reducing such resistance. Changes in plant cell wall materials. by genetic engineering, that render them more easily hydrolyzable to glucose might be a valuable approach to this problem. We showed previously that, in Arabidopsis, NAC secondary wall thickening-promoting factor1(NST1) and NST3 are key regulators of secondary wall formation. We report here that transgenic Arobidopsis plants that expressed a chimeric repressor derived from NST1 produced cell wall materials that were twice as Susceptible to both enzymatic and physicochemical hydrolysis as those from wild-type plants. The yields of glucose from both fresh and city biomass were increased in the chimeric repressor lines. Use of the NST1 chimeric repressor might enhance production of glucose from plant cell walls, by changing the nature of the cell walls themselves. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2009.05.011

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Rice straw has recently attracted interest in Japan as a potential source of raw material for ethanol production. Wet disk milling, a continuous pretreatment to enhance the enzymatic digestibility of rice straw, was compared with conventional ball milling and hot-compressed water treatment. Pretreated rice straw was evaluated by enzymatic hydrolysis using Acremonium cellulase and characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Glucose and xylose yields by wet disk milling, ball milling, and hot-compressed water treatment were 78.5% and 41.5%, 89.4% and 54.3%, and 70.3% and 88.6%, respectively. Wet disk milling and hot-compressed water treatment increased sugar yields without decreasing their crystallinity. The feature size of the wet disk milled rice straw was similar to that of hot-compressed water-treated rice straw. The energy consumption of wet disk milling was lower than that of other pretreatments. Thus, wet disk milling is an economical, practical pretreatment for the enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass, especially herbaceous biomass such as rice straw. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

DOI： 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.12.057

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

In order to use photosynthetic bacteria for efficient hydrogen production after anaerobic hydrogen and acetate fermentation, hydrogen-producing activity from acetate by agar-immobilized photosynthetic bacteria was evaluated under light-illuminated conditions. Among the tested 5 strains, Rhodobacter sphaeroides RV gave similar rate of hydrogen production as the case of lactate, and the yield was as high as 2.65-2.81 mol of hydrogen per mol of acetate consumed. R. sphaeroides IL106 gave the highest yield of 3.03 mol of hydrogen per acetate when acetate concentration was low. Crown Copyright (C) 2008 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of international Association for Hydrogen Energy. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2008.05.005

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Authorship：Lead author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOC.  

DOI： 10.1021/ef7002975

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Authorship：Lead author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：KARGER  

Disposal of spent sawdust matrix (SSM) after cultivation of Maitake mushroom (Grifola frondosa) has been very problematic. In order to establish a new method of utilization, the feasibility of using SSM as substrate for ethanol production in the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation process (SSF) was investigated. When the physicochemical properties of SSM were investigated, it was clear that SSM was decomposed by G. frondosa during cultivation. SSM was more susceptible to attack by cellulase than wood chips (WC). Dry milling followed by hot water treatment using an autoclave was suitable for the pretreatment of SSM prior to saccharification. The maximum glucose yield of the pretreated SSM was approximately 88%, about 20 times the value for WC with the same pretreatment. When SSM was used as a substrate for SSF, the maximum ethanol concentration was approximately 16gl(-1) (this value implies a theoretical ethanol yield of 0.75 [g-ethanol/g-total glucose in SSM]). Thus pretreated SSM could be a good source for ethanol production by SSF.

DOI： 10.3136/fstr.13.111

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Authorship：Lead author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SOC BIOSCIENCE BIOENGINEERING JAPAN  

The feasibility of using loofa sponge for immobilization of cellulase-producing microorganisms was investigated by acetylating loofa sponge. Acetylation was achieved by autoclaving process of loofa sponge immersed in acetic anhydride at various temperatures for various times. The degree of acetylation, as inferred by the weight percentage gain (WPG), was enhanced by increasing both temperature and the duration of acetylation. The acetylation of 4 piece of loofa sponge in an autoclave at 120 degrees C for 20 min resulted in a WPG of about 8%, which was sufficient to protect the loofa sponge against cellulose degradation. The acetylated loofa sponge prepared under this condition was not decomposed by commercial cellulase and its structure was maintained for more than 720 h during repeated-batch treatments with commercial cellulase. A flocculating yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae IR-2) and a fungus (Trichoderma reesei QM9414) were successfully immobilized in the acetylated loofa sponge. In each case, the percentage of immobilized cells was as high as that obtained using nonacetylated loofa sponge. Acetylation had no adverse effects on cell growth and immobilization of T reesei QM9414, as well as on cell growth and ethanol production by S. cerevisiae IR-2. T reesei QM9414 immobilized on an acetylated loofa sponge was successfully used for repeated-batch cellulase production from commercial cellulose powder. Although the acetylated loofa sponge showed a slight weight loss, it was not disintegrated by activated sludge. The results obtained in this study showed that acetylated loofa sponge is suitable as an immobilization carrier for bioprocesses involving cellulase.

DOI： 10.1263/jbb.103.311

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japan Institute of Energy  

Although study focusing on wood species has been conducted for torrefaction, detailed pyrolysis processes have not been studied, and no study has been found to systematize the results. So, in this study, in order to investigate the influence of wood species in torrefaction, we carried out the torrefaction experiment of bamboo, douglas fir and bark. Furthermore, thermal and chemical reaction analysis of the packed bed of biomass was carried out, and the reproduction of the thermal decomposition behavior based on the component ratio was tried.

DOI： 10.20550/jietaikaiyoushi.28.0_246

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers  

In order to elucidate heat and mass transfer during the torrefaction of woody biomass, component in the biomass, higher heating value, time course of temperature and generated gas flow rate in the packed bed of biomass powder have been measured. The kinds of biomass were Bamboo, Douglas fir and Bark. Remarkable exothermic chemical reaction was observed during bamboo torrefaction. The char after bamboo torrefaction had a higher heating value than that of other biomass due to this exothermic chemical reaction. On the other hand, the exothermic chemical reaction during Douglas fir torrefaction was milder than that during Bamboo torrefaction. From the component analysis, mass fraction of Cellulose and Lignin in the Bamboo was as almost same as that in Douglas fir. Xylan was highest in Hemicellulose of Bamboo while Mannan was major component in Hemmicellulose of Douglas fir. Therefore, it is suggested that the difference of the component could occur the change in the exothermic chemical reaction and higher heating value.

DOI： 10.1299/jsmepes.2019.24.e221

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In this study, we conducted component analysis, measurement of high heating value after torrefaction and measurement of heat and mass transfer during the torrefaction in three types of biomass powder: Bamboo, Douglas fir and Bark. It was found that the high heating value (HHV) of Bamboo had the maximum value when the torrefaction temperature was 623 K. The HHV of Bamboo was larger than that of Douglas fir and Bark. The gas flow rate during torrefaction of Bamboo had a constant value because cellulose decomposition could be occurred partly after exothermic decomposition of Xylan. It was suggested that the torrefaction of Douglas fir and Bark would be controlled by thermal decomposition of Mannan and Lignin, respectively.

DOI： 10.20550/jiebiomassronbun.13.0_93

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：セルロース学会  

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Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) was applied to the simple analysis of cellulose in orange peel and treated Japanese cypress in order to prepare cellulose nanofibers (CNF) in this study. It was found that the TGA can be indicators for classification of biomass and speculation of compositions in biomass. TGA have possible to be a criterion to select CNF preparation method by combination of accumulated data and knowledge.

DOI： 10.20550/jiebiomassronbun.11.0_129

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Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) was applied to two kinds of ball-milled Miscanthus, Miscanthus×giganteus (M×G) and M. sinensis Shiozuka, which was selected as a line with high-biomass producing and high-enzymatic digestibility, in this study. We obtained two results; (1) the thermal degradation temperature of M sinensis Shiozuka, which was sensitive to ball milling, was lower than that of M×G. (2) there were linear correlations between thermal degradation temperatures of ball-milled Miscanthus and their enzymatic digestibilities.

DOI： 10.20550/jietaikaiyoushi.24.0_334

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Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) was applied to simple analysis of cellulose in treated Japanese cypress that has the highly enzymatic digestibility in this study. We had two tendencies; (1) the thermal degrading property of the organosolv treated sample was similar with that of cellulose powder, (2) ball milled sample and alkaline hydrogen peroxide treated sample occurred thermal degrading at lower temperature and decrease endothermic reaction by denature of hemicellulose and lignin.

DOI： 10.20550/jiebiomassronbun.10.0_149

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Recently, an aqueous solution of alkali/urea used at low temperature has been proposed as a new cellulose solvent. There is limited information of enzymatic digestibility of the treated cellulose using this solution. In this study, various alkali/urea treated celluloses were prepared with different temperature, and investigated their enzymatic digestibilities. Both enzymatic digestibilities of treated celluloses at low temperature (lower than -20℃) and high temperature (higher than 100℃) increased. However, the treated cellulose at low temperature was higher than other samples in low loading cellulase. The amount of released cellulase from this sample was also high during the short-time saccharification. It was suggested that the rate and amount of released cellulase are affect the enzymatic digestibility using low loading cellulase.

DOI： 10.20550/jiebiomassronbun.9.0_132

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Recycling of cellulase is an important process for decreasing enzyme cost. Cellulase adsorbed onto saccharification residues of lignocellulose, especially onto lignin, is unproductive and can be a significant problem for recycling enzyme. Therefore, a reliable determination of lignocellulose-adsorbed cellulases is necessary. Typically, the amount of adsorbed cellulase has been indirectly calculated by quantifying the cellulase in saccharification liquor using colorimetric methods such as Lowry and bicinchoninic acid (BCA), however, these methods have potential problems of false positive or negative. In this study, the nitrogen contents in the residue based on elemental analysis were applied for the determination of cellulase amount adsorbed onto the residue. It was estimated that approximately 72% of loading cellulase is adsorbed on the residues after 72 h enzymatic hydrolysis of ball-milled Japanese cypress based on the colorimetric method; meanwhile, 31〜36% is adsorbed onto the residues based on nitrogen content. Significant difference was observed between both methods.

DOI： 10.20550/jiebiomassronbun.9.0_46

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Simple analytical technique for physico-chemical properties of lignocellulose has been required for biorefinery process. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) applied to simple analysis of cellulose in lignocellulosic biomass. Removing hemicelluloses from lignocellulose and increasing crystallinity allowed their DTG curves to be sharp and similar in that of microcrystalline cellulose powder. Thermal decomposition properties of lignocellulose characterized by TGA may indicate contents and conditions of celluloses and hemicelluloses in materials.

DOI： 10.20550/jietaikaiyoushi.23.0_322

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The purpose of this study is the preparation and characterization of cellulose nanofibers (CNF) from orange peel, which is a significant byproduct of orange juice production. The grinder treatment was carried out for the preparation of CNF, and four pretreatments of boiling, alkaline, isolation of hollocellulose, and pectinase were investigated before grinder. It was possible to prepare the CNF from orange peel except for the pretreatment of boiling method. Our data indicated that the removing of pectin on the surface was important for preparation of CNF from orange peel.

DOI： 10.20550/jietaikaiyoushi.22.0_152

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japan Institute of Energy  

The purpose of this study is the highly effective enzymatic hydrolysis of Miscanthus, which is one of energy grasses because of C4 plant and largely distribution in warm to cool environments in Japan. The alkaline peroxide pretreatment (AP) and saccharolytic enzymes preparation were investigated. The high glucose yield (more than 700 mg per 1 g of residues) was obtained by the sample subjected to AP treatment, using mixtures of filtered culture of Trichoderma reesei ATCC66589 (PC-3-7) and Penicillium pinophilum for saccharification.

DOI： 10.20550/jiebiomassronbun.8.0_122

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japan Institute of Energy  

The purpose of this study is the development of environmentally-friendly pretreatment for ethanol production from lignocellulosic wastes in Japan. The combination of dried disk milling (DDM) with abrasive and alkaline peroxide pretreatment (AP) was investigated for the enzymatic hydrolysis of Japanese cypress. The maximum glucose yield was obtained by the sample subjected to DDM with alumina powder and AP treatment, and was approximately 590 mg per 1 g of substrate.

DOI： 10.20550/jiebiomassronbun.7.0_102

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japan Institute of Energy  

The purpose of this study is the development of effective pretreatment for ethanol production from woody wastes in Japan. The conditions of organosolv-treatment were investigated for the enzymatic hydrolysis and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation with a thermotolerant yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus from Japanese cypress in this study. The suitable condition of the treatment was as follows; at 170℃ for 45 min with the ethanol solution of 50% including hydrochloric acid of 0.4%.

DOI： 10.20550/jietaikaiyoushi.20.0_154

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japan Institute of Energy  

The purpose of this study is the development of environmentally-friendly pretreatment for ethanol production from lignocellulosic wastes in Japan. The conditions of alkaline peroxide pretreatment were investigated for the enzymatic hydrolysis of Japanese cypress in this study. The suitable condition of the pretreatment was as follows; at 70℃ with Sodium hydrate (NaOH) of 2 M and hydrogen peroxide (HP) of 6M. It was found that the concentration of NaOH was more important than that of HP.

DOI： 10.20550/jiebiomassronbun.6.0_96

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japan Institute of Energy  

Japanese cypress wood flour pretreated by hydrothermal treatment and ball mill was saccharified with enzyme. The residual wood flour was depolymerized in alcohol at 210 to 270℃ with 2-propanol or formic acid which serves as the hydrogen donor. By this trteatment, 40 to 70% of residual wood flour was solbilized in liquid phase which contains mainly of low molecular weight alkyiphenols. The process is studied with the aim of converting all fractions of the wood into renewably source.

DOI： 10.20550/jiebiomassronbun.6.0_108

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japanese Society of Plant Physiologists  

miR156/157 regulates developmental phase transition by controlling the expression of SBP-box genes, and overexpression of <I>miR156/157</I> in Arabidopsis caused the retardation of phase transition and the loss of apical dominance. miR156/157 and SBP-box genes are evolutionally conserved across all major lineages of plants. To elucidate the conservation of miR156/157 function between different species, we compared transgenic Arabidopsis and torenias (<I>Torenia fournieri</I>) overexpressing Arabidopsis <I>miR157b</I>. <I>miR157b</I> overexpressing (miR157b-ox) torenia produced many juvenile leaves and reduced apical dominance as well as miR157b-ox Arabidopsis. The fresh weight and the number of leaves per plant increased in miR157b-ox torenias, suggesting that miR157b-ox was useful for increasing of biomass. Expressions of 3 of 6 isolated torenia SBP-box genes were reduced in miR157b-ox torenias. This reduction seemed to be derived from the difference of the target sequence. These results indicate that miR156/157 precisely control the expression of the SBP-box genes by the difference of its expression pattern and the target sequence.

DOI： 10.14841/jspp.2011.0.0201.0

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japan Institute of Energy  

Japanese cypress wood flour pretreated by hydrothermal treatment and ball mill was saccharified with enzyme. The residual wood flour was carbonized and activated to provide adsorbents for POPs (persistent organic pollutants) removal. The adsorption properties of activated carbon for Co-PCBs were investigated with pore analysis and adsorption tests in hexane solution.

DOI： 10.20550/jietaikaiyoushi.20.0_130

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Japanese cypress wood flour pretreated by hydrothermal treatment and ball mill was saccharified with enzyme. The residual wood flour was carbonized and activated to provide adsorbents for POPs (persistent organic pollutants) removal. The adsorption properties were investigated with pore analysis and adsorption tests for Co-PCB in hexane solution.

DOI： 10.20550/jiebiomassronbun.5.0_72

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japan Institute of Energy  

The purpose of this study is the development of environmentally-friendly pretreatment for ethanol production from lignocellulose. Hot compressed water-treatments (HCWT) in two kinds of the mixed solvent (water (W)/ethanol (EtOH)/acetic acid (A), and W/ethylene glycol (EG)/A) were investigated, respectively, for the enzymatic hydrolysis of Japanese cypress in this study. It was found that ball milling need in the HCWT using W/EtOH/A. The suitable conditions of the pretreatments were as follows; at 140℃ in W/EtOH/A (25/75/1 in-feed weight ratio); at 170℃ in W/EG/A (25/75/1 in-feed weight ratio), respectively.

DOI： 10.20550/jiebiomassronbun.5.0_76

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This paper focuses on the evaluation of ethanol production from rice straw. The purpose of this study is a comparison of the process energy and the production cost with different pretreatment technologies. Three processes, (1) just rough grinding (2) rough grinding and fine grinding (3) rough grinding ande hydrothermal treatment, were selected on this study. The existing technology case was estimated. All case was needed the energy and cost reduction. The improved scenario was then discussed.

DOI： 10.20550/jiebiomassronbun.4.0_142

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japan Institute of Energy  

DOI： 10.20550/jietaikaiyoushi.17.0_144

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japan Institute of Energy  

DOI： 10.20550/jietaikaiyoushi.17.0_146

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Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Public lecture, seminar, tutorial, course, or other speech  

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Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Public lecture, seminar, tutorial, course, or other speech  

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Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Public lecture, seminar, tutorial, course, or other speech  

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Language：English   Presentation type：Symposium, workshop panel (nominated)  

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Venue：九州大学伊都キャンパス  

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Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Public lecture, seminar, tutorial, course, or other speech  

Venue：京都  

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Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Public lecture, seminar, tutorial, course, or other speech  

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Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Symposium, workshop panel (nominated)  

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