記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：SPIE-SOC PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS  

This paper aims to establish confidence intervals of the quantification of brightness enhancement effects resulting from the use of pulsing bright light. It is found that the methods used so far may yield significant bias in the published results, overestimating or underestimating the enhancement effect. The authors propose to use a linear algebra method called the total least squares. Upon an example dataset, it is shown that this method does not yield biased results. The statistical significance of the results is also computed. It is concluded over an observation set that the currently used linear algebra methods present many patterns of noise sensitivity. Changing algorithm details leads to inconsistent results. It is thus recommended to use the method with the lowest noise sensitivity. Moreover, it is shown that this method also permits one to obtain an estimate of the confidence interval. This paper neither aims to publish results about a particular experiment nor to draw any particular conclusion about existence or nonexistence of the brightness enhancement effect. (c) 2017 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE)

DOI： 10.1117/1.OE.56.11.114103

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：Institute of Physics Publishing  

We have developed a new micro-discharge plasma (MDP)-based gene transfection method, which transfers genes into cells with high efficiency and low cytotoxicity
however, the mechanism underlying the method is still unknown. Studies revealed that the N-acetylcysteinemediated inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS) activity completely abolished gene transfer. In this study, we used laser-produced plasma to demonstrate that gene transfer does not occur in the absence of electrical factors. Our results show that both electrical and chemical factors are necessary for gene transfer inside cells by microplasma irradiation. This indicates that plasma-mediated gene transfection utilizes the synergy between electrical and chemical factors. The electric field threshold required for transfection was approximately 1 kV m-1 in our MDP system. This indicates that MDP irradiation supplies sufficient concentrations of ROS, and the stimulation intensity of the electric field determines the transfection efficiency in our system. Gene transfer by plasma irradiation depends mainly on endocytosis, which accounts for at least 80% of the transfer, and clathrin-mediated endocytosis is a dominant endocytosis. In plasmamediated gene transfection, alterations in electrical and chemical factors can independently regulate plasmid DNA adhesion and triggering of endocytosis, respectively. This implies that plasma characteristics can be adjusted according to target cell requirements, and the transfection process can be optimized with minimum damage to cells and maximum efficiency. This may explain how MDP simultaneously achieves high transfection efficiency with minimal cell damage.

DOI： 10.1088/1361-6595/aa70de

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掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

© 2017 by Begell House, Inc. The aim was to characterize by optical emission spectroscopy measurements our µ-air plasma discharge successfully used for gene transfection. We estimated rotational Trot and electron Tetemperatures, and densities of charged particles.

DOI： 10.1615/plasmamed.2018019247

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

This study has been done to know what kind of factors in plasmas and processes on cells induce plasma gene transfection. We evaluated the contribution weight of three groups of the effects and processes, i.e. electrical, chemical and biochemical ones, inducing gene transfection. First, the laser produced plasma (LPP) was employed to estimate the contribution of the chemical factors. Second, liposomes were fabricated and employed to evaluate the effects of plasma irradiation on membrane under the condition without biochemical reaction. Third, the clathrin-dependent endocytosis, one of the biochemical processes was suppressed. It becomes clear that chemical factors (radicals and reactive oxygen/nitrogen species) do not work by itself alone and electrical factors (electrical current, charge and field) are essential to plasma gene transfection. It turned out the clathrin-dependent endocytosis is the process of the transfection against the 60% in all the transfected cells. The endocytosis and electrical poration are dominant in plasma gene transfection, and neither permeation through ion channels nor chemical poration is dominant processes. The simultaneous achievement of high transfection efficiency and high cell survivability is attributed to the optimization of the contribution weight among three groups of processes by controlling the weight of electrical and chemical factors.

DOI： 10.1016/j.abb.2016.04.013

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PubMed

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：IOP PUBLISHING LTD  

Plasma gene transfection is expected as a safe and useful method of gene transfection. However, in this method, there is difficulty in keeping both high transfection efficiency and less cell damage simultaneously. The authors have evaluated transfection efficiency and cell viability using four different plasma sources, such as arc discharge, plasma jet, dielectric barrier discharge (DBD), and microplasma. A high transfection efficiency was achieved by discharge forms in which the electric current flows via the cells. This suggested that an electric current plays an important role in plasma gene transfection. The total volume of gas flow must be small or zero and the area in which the cells are directly irradiated by plasma must be small in order to achieve a higher cell viability. The microplasma that satisfies these conditions achieved both the highest transfection efficiency and the highest cell viability simultaneously. (C) 2016 The Japan Society of Applied Physics

DOI： 10.7567/JJAP.55.07LG09

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：IOP PUBLISHING LTD  

In order to clarify the mechanism of plasma gene transfection, the relationship between transfection efficiency and transferred molecular size was investigated. Molecules with low molecular mass (less than 50 kDa; dye or dye-labeled oligonucleotide) and high molecular mass (more than 1 MDa; plasmid DNA or fragment of plasmid DNA) were transferred to L-929 cells. It was found that the transfection efficiency decreases with increasing in transferred molecular size and also depends on the tertiary structure of transferred molecules. Moreover, it was suggested the transfection mechanism is different between the molecules with low (less than 50 kDa) and high molecular mass (higher than 1 MDa). For the amount of gene transfection after plasma irradiation, which is comparable to that during plasma irradiation, it is shown that H2O2 molecules are the main contributor. The transfection efficiency decreased to 0.40 +/- 0.22 upon scavenging the H2O2 generated by plasma irradiation using the catalase. On the other hand, when the H2O2 solution is dropped into the cell suspension without plasma irradiation, the transfection efficiency is almost 0%. In these results, it is also suggested that there is a synergetic effect of H2O2 with electrical factors or other reactive species generated by plasma irradiation. (C) 2016 The Japan Society of Applied Physics

DOI： 10.7567/JJAP.55.07LG06

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：IOP PUBLISHING LTD  

A micro-air corona discharge, which is one of the plasmas successfully used for gene transfection in terms of high transfection and cell viability rates, is characterized by optical emission spectroscopy. This non-equilibrium low temperature plasma is generated from the tip of a pulsed high voltage micro-tube (0.2 mm inner diameter and 0.7 mm for outer diameter) placed 2 mm in front of a petri dish containing deionized water and set on a grounded copper plate. The electron temperature, equal to about 6.75 eV near the electrode tip and decreased down to 3.4 eV near the plate, has been estimated, with an error bar of about 30%, from an interesting approach based on the experimental ratio of the closest nitrogen emission spectra of N-2(+) (FNS) at 391.4 nm and N-2(SPS) at 394.3 nm. This is based on one hand on a balance equation between creations and losses of the excited upper levels of these two UV spectra and on the other hand on the electron impact rates of the creation of these upper levels calculated from solution of the multi-term Boltzmann equation. Then using the measured H alpha spectrum, electron density n(e) has been estimated from Stark broadening versus the inter-electrode position with an average error bar of about 50%. n(e) approximate to 1 x 10(15) cm(-3) is near the tip coherent with the usual magnitude of electron density in the streamer head developed near the tip of the corona discharges. Rotational temperatures, estimated from comparison of synthetic and experimental spectra of OH(A - X), N-2(+) (FNS) at 391.4 nm, and N-2(SPS) at 337 nm are respectively equal to 2350 K, 2000 K and 700 K in the gap space. This clearly underlines a thermal non-equilibrium of the corresponding excited species generated inside the thin streamer filaments. But, due to the high dilution of these species in the background gas, these high rotational temperatures do not affect the mean gas temperature that remains close to 300 K. Then, N-2(+) (FNS) for (0,0) and (1,1) head bands spectra at 391.4 nm and 388.4 nm allowed estimation of the vibrational temperature T-vib from around 3000 K near the tip electrode up to about 6500 K near the plate. Last, the spatial variation along the z axis of the nitrogen ion density has been determined, with an error bar of about 50%, from the relative intensities of the same close wavelength spectra (N-2(SPS) at 394.3 nm and N-2(+) (FNS) at 391.4 nm) when assuming a prior calibration of 10(15) cm(-3) at z = 0 mm taken from literature streamer dynamics simulations. The present experimental plasma characteristics are used to better understand the mechanisms and the processes involved during plasma gene transfections in a Monte Carlo poration model previously developed to simulate the membrane permeabilization and pore formation when the cells are impacted by the present micro-air plasma fluxes.

DOI： 10.1088/0741-3335/58/7/075006

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：IOP PUBLISHING LTD  

The characteristics of microhollow dielectric barrier discharge devices in a thin monolithic planar structure with many holes were analyzed regarding the production of OH radicals, using optical emission and laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) spectroscopy techniques. Spatial distributions of OH radical density depended on the diameter of electrode holes from 0.6 to 1.5 mm and the discharge operating gas species. Apparent emission intensity from OH radicals and the LIF signals were very high in He and Ar gases but quite low in N-2. However, taking into account the LIF quenching rate in each gas, the existing densities of OH radicals in all tested gases were not greatly different from each other. The absolute density of OH radicals estimated by a comparison of the LIF intensity with our measured result on a conventional He plasma jet referring to reported densities in similar situations was on the order of 10(14)cm(-3). (C) 2016 The Japan Society of Applied Physics.

DOI： 10.7567/JJAP.55.07LB01

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH  

A Monte Carlo poration model is developed to simulate formation pores of few nanometer of width through cell multilayer membranes when impacted by air plasma species. Each species is assumed as a super-particle involving a large particle number. It is assumed a simple membrane model superposing four layers of phospholipids and proteins. Each layer is composed by super-sites subjected to plasma macro-processes (recombination, reflection, activation, opening). Electrons play a main role on super-site activations and openings but ions and radicals have also their own role on pore formation. Judicious choices probabilities data of macro-processes lead to sizes of pores compatible with gene transfection. Present model, validated by comparisons with measured rates of transfected and surviving cells, is a tool for understanding the mechanisms of gene transfection.

DOI： 10.1002/ppap.201500144

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.4236/opj.2016.61002

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：EDP SCIENCES S A  

From an intention of summarizing present understandings of positive corona discharges in water and atmospheric pressure gases, we tried to observe streamers in those media by reproducing and complementing previously reported results under a common experimental setup. We used a point-to-plane electrode configuration with different combinations of electrode gap (7 and 19 mm length) and pulsed power sources (0.25 and 2.5 mu s duration). The general features of streamers were similar and the streamer-to-spark transition was also observed in both the media. However, in the details large differences were observed due to inherent nature of the media. The measured propagation speed of streamers in water of 0.035 x 10(6) ms(-1) was much smaller than the speed in gases (air, N-2 and Ar) from 0.4 to 1.1 x 10(6) ms(-1) depending on species. In He the discharge looked glow-like and no streamer was observed. The other characteristics of streamers in gases, such as inception voltage, number of branches and thickness did also depend on the species. The thickness and the length of streamers in water were smaller than those in gases. From the volumetric expansion of a streamer in water after the discharge, the molecular density within the streamer medium was estimated to be rarefied from the density of water by about an order of magnitude in the active discharge phase. We derived also the electron density from the analysis of Stark broadened spectral lines of H and O atoms on the order of 10(25) m(-3) at the earlier time of the streamer propagation. The analyzed background blackbody radiation, rotational temperature of OH band emission and population density of Cu atomic lines yielded a consistent temperature of the streamer medium between 7000 and 10 000 K. Using the present data with a combination of the analysis of static electric field and previously reported results, we discuss the reason for the relatively low streamer inception voltage in water as compared to the large difference in the medium density between water and gases.

DOI： 10.1051/epjap/2015140518

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：The Illuminating Engineering Institute of Japan  

This research focused on the development of a mercury-free light source through the use of radio frequency (RF) and microwave discharges. RF at 13.56 MHz and microwave at 2.45 GHz were applied to generate the plasma. With the use of this kind of high frequency power generator, plasma can be ignited without using the electrodes inside the chamber or discharge tube, which could significantly increase the lamp lifetime. The potential for high luminance, excellent colour rendering and environmental-friendliness makes xenon the most promising candidate as the replacement for the mercury fluorescent lamp. In this research, RF energy at 13.56 MHz was induced to the cylindrical discharge tube in order to investigate the characteristics of the xenon RF-inductively coupled plasma discharge as a light source. The luminance, spectral distribution and colour rendering index were measured. The values of the luminance and colour rendering index were comparative to the values for a conventional discharge lamp. For microwave plasma, in order to develop a planar-type lamp, surface wave plasma was applied. A few types (transverse, inclined, longitudinal) of slot antennas were tested and the lamp brightness and discharge uniformity were evaluated. The chamber window (front or rear) was coated with a three-colour phosphor from the combination of red, green and blue phosphors and the excitation effect was investigated. From phosphor coating and slot structure optimisations, lamp luminance and discharge uniformity could be improved.

DOI： 10.2150/jlve.IEIJ130000533

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.2150/jlve.IEIJ120000487

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS  

Purpose:
The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of attached shadow cues for laparoscopic task performance.
Methods:
We developed a soft-light overhead illumination system (SOIS) that produced attached shadows on objects. We compared results using the SOIS with those using a conventional illumination system with regard to laparoscopic experience and laparoscope-to-target distances (LTDs). Forty-two medical students and 23 surgeons participated in the study. A peg transfer task (LTD, 120 mm) for students and surgeons, and a suture removal task (LTD, 30 mm) for students were performed. Illumination systems were randomly assigned to each task. Endpoints were: total number of peg transfers; percentage of peg-dropping errors; and total execution time for suture removal. After the task, participants filled out a questionnaire on their preference for a particular illumination system.
Results:
Total number of peg transfers was greater with the SOIS for both students and surgeons. Percentage of peg-dropping errors for surgeons was lower with the SOIS. Total execution time for suture removal was shorter with the SOIS. Forty-five participants (69% in total) evaluated the SOIS for easier task performance.
Conclusions:
The present results confirm that the SOIS improves laparoscopic task performance, regardless of previous laparoscopic experience or LTD.

DOI： 10.1097/SLE.0b013e31828f7245

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：TECHNICAL ASSOC PHOTOPOLYMERS,JAPAN  

The authors investigated the parameter space of a micro capillary discharge used for gene transfection. Several factors and the time scale at which they become effective were studied. The conclusion is that half of transfections occur during plasma irradiation and the other half occur after plasma irradiation is stopped. As the electric field and current become zero after plasma irradiation is terminated, we conclude that during that period radical species are necessary for the transfection.

DOI： 10.2494/photopolymer.27.399

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1088/0022-3727/46/6/065305

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

Discharges in mixtures containing xenon and iodine are interesting because the exciplex XeI*emits in germicidal spectral region (λ max = 253 nm). In this paper the optimization of a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) excited lamp operated with a Xe/I 2 mixture is reported. Approximately 76% of the excilamp output was due to the B-X transition of XeI*exciplex at 253 nm. Short voltage rising and falling time under pulse excitation is more important for the efficiency enhancement than the pulse duration. The average radiation power of 10.3 mW/cm 2 was measured under pulsed excitation at a frequency of 80 kHz. An efficiency improvement from about 3% for AC to 5-9% for square pulse excitation was obtained. A good cleaning effect of glass surface and sterilization action was achieved with the DBD-driven XeI*exciplex lamp. The contribution of an atomic iodine emission in the range of 178-207 nm has been confirmed. Germ reduction experiments with the XeI*excilamp have been carried out in a water flow reactor. © 2012 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

DOI： 10.1007/978-94-007-2852-3_20

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：IOP PUBLISHING LTD  

As the environmental awareness of people becomes stronger, the demand for mercury-free light sources also becomes stronger. The authors have been developing cold cathode fluorescent lamps in which xenon gas is filled as an ultraviolet radiator instead of mercury. Previously the authors reported the luminous flux enhancement method using a grounded auxiliary external electrode (AEE). In this paper, in order to improve the luminous flux much more, a positive voltage pulse which was synchronized to the main driving negative voltage pulse was applied to the AEE. As a result, the maximum input power increased under which the positive column did not constrict and the luminous flux improved by 70% at the xenon filling pressure of 6.7 kPa. It is proved that the positive voltage pulse application to the AEE with the amplitude of more than 2 kV expands the positive column in the radial direction. It is attributed to the phenomenon that the residual ions and electrons, which are generated by dielectric barrier discharge between the AEE and the anode during the falling edge of the negative pulse to the cathode, spread the discharge path from the anode towards the AEE during the cold cathode discharge mode. By increasing the xenon filling pressure, luminous efficacy was improved to 25 lm W(-1).

DOI： 10.1088/0022-3727/44/22/224013

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：IOP PUBLISHING LTD  

Synchronized generation of single bubbles and an underwater discharge in the bubbles was performed using pulsed injection of feed gas with a piezoelectric valve. The differences in the discharge appearance and the after-effect on the bubble were systematically studied with different kinds of gases. In molecular gases such as N(2) and O(2), surface discharge along the inner bubble surface predominated and the disturbance caused wrinkles on the bubble surface, while in rare gases, such as He, Ne and Ar, a large hump formed on the smooth surface due to a rather volumetric discharge. When the input power was increased, the discharge sometimes caused the collapse of a single bubble, producing smaller bubbles. It was observed by emission spectra that excited species of OH, H and O radicals were produced in the discharge plasma. The emission intensity ratio of the H a line to the OH band was larger in He and Ne gases than in other gases, suggesting differences in the dissociation channels.

DOI： 10.1088/0963-0252/20/3/034005

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：IOP PUBLISHING LTD  

We observed bright red emission at an intersection of an infrared (IR) laser beam and an atmospheric-pressure plasma jet (APPJ). The APPJ had a coaxial dielectric barrier discharge configuration and generated a plasma plume in a He gas flow ejected into air from a glass capillary. Although the laser-beam wavelength was 1083 nm corresponding to He I (2(3)P-2(3)S) atomic transition, the enhanced red emission peaked in the visible region at 640 nm and had broad bandwidth corresponding to He-2 (d(3)Sigma(+)(u)-b(3)Pi(g)) molecular transition. This result indicates that the IR laser excitation of He metastable (2(3)S) atoms leads to selective formation of excited He-2 (d(3)Sigma(+)(u)) molecules from excited He (2(3)P) atoms. The 640 nm emission intensity decreased as the laser beam moved downstream in the plasma plume, because of the quenching effects on the excited He atoms and the excited He2 molecules by air entrainment. We believe that the He-2 (d(3)Sigma(+)(u)) molecular formation follows two potential curves of He-2 (f(3)Sigma(u) or f(3)Pi(u)) and (d(3)Sigma(+)(u)) states, overcoming a potential hump by three-body collision processes.

DOI： 10.1088/0022-3727/44/4/042001

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC  

In this paper, we compared the inactivation of Bacillus subtilis spores in water by means of a dielectric-barrier-discharge (DBD)-driven XeI* excilamp and a low-pressure mercury lamp. The main part (similar to 76%) of the excilamp output was due to the B -> X transition of XeI* exciplex at 253 nm. It is shown for the first time that a better sterilization action is achieved with the DBD-driven XeI* excilamp compared with the monochromatic mercury lamp at the same UV dose. The contribution of an atomic iodine emission in the range of 178-207 nm has been confirmed. Germ-reduction experiments with the XeI* excilamp have been carried out in a steady-state mode and in a water-flow reactor.

DOI： 10.1109/TPS.2010.2044588

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：IOP PUBLISHING LTD  

Mercury-free metal halide lamps (MHLs) for automotive purposes have been developing in the market. When mercury is not used, the electric and emission characteristics of the lamp strongly depend on the xenon filling pressure. Therefore a non-destructive gas pressure estimation technique is required to obtain stable performance of the lamps as commercial products. The authors have developed an estimation method by which the gas pressure is estimated from the current peak value at the initial stage of ignition under pulsed operation. It is shown that accuracy of the order of +/-(0.1-0.3) atm is obtained using an empirical formula.

DOI： 10.1088/0022-3727/43/23/234003

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：IOP PUBLISHING LTD  

Since there is much concern about environmental preservation, the authors have paid attention to the uses of mercury in lighting application. They have focused on the application of the xenon low-pressure inductively coupled plasma (ICP) discharge in developing cylindrical type mercury-free light sources. ICP can be operated at low filling gas pressures and demonstrates significant potential in producing high density plasma. Xenon pressure was varied from 0.1 to 100 Torr and the lamp luminance was measured. The gas pressure dependence shows an increase in luminance at pressures below 1 Torr. In order to clarify this behaviour, measurement of plasma parameters was carried out using the double probe method and its relation to lamp luminance is discussed. As the gas pressure is decreased (from 1 to 0.01 Torr), the electron temperature increases while the electron density decreases while at the same time the lamp luminance increases. There are several factors that are believed to contribute to the increase in luminance in the very low pressure region. Increases in luminance are considered to be due to the electron-ion recombination process which brings a strong recombination radiation in continuum in the visible region and also due to the effect of stochastic heating.

DOI： 10.1088/0022-3727/42/9/095202

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

High color rendering index (CRI) has been obtained from mercury-free ICP's lamp. Due to the strong demand on the development of mercury-free light sources, the authors investigated xenon and CO as an alternative element. These rare (Xe) and molecule (CO) gases have been used as a substitute for mercury as the environmental problems related necessitate the development of new type of light sources. The target of this study is to develop a new type of mercury-free lamp without using a phosphor where the authors concentrate on how to obtain a strong visible light instead of UV. In this paper, the colors, luminance and emission characteristics of these types of mercury-free ICP's lamp is discussed. Without the use of phosphor, the authors obtained a good color rendering from xenon and CO ICP's lamp where their CRI's above 90. A strong continuum emission in visible region is obtained where luminance are ranged from 2000 to 25000 cd/m 2 at 100 W of input power. Spectral distribution shows the continuum emissions are similar to the daylight distribution and chromaticity diagrams shows they are close to white region in color coordinates and color temperatures bringing a high index of the lamp's color rendering.

DOI： 10.2150/jlve.33.7

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

By using Blue, Green and Red LEDs it is shown that the Broca-Sulzer effect holds for a repetitive pulse operated LED lighting system. In other words Talbot-Plateau Law does not hold. The effective enhancement at 60 Hz with a 5% duty ratio is about 1.5 to 2.7 times that of DC operation for blue and green light. This result suggests that pulsed operation can be a way to solving the energy saving problem of lighting.

DOI： 10.2150/jlve.32.170

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

By using Blue, Green and Red LEDs it is shown that the Broca-Sulzer effect holds for a continuous pulse operated LED lighting system. The effective enhancement at 5% duty ratio and frequency of 60 Hz is between 1.01 to 2.22 times that of DC operation although this is not as high as it is in the single pulse discharge lamp case. However, this result shows that there is a possibility of improving the efficiency of an LED and a PWM circuit for pulsed operation for developing a highly efficient lighting system.

DOI： 10.2150/jlve.32.161

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：INST PURE APPLIED PHYSICS  

The authors have demonstrated an argon low-frequency microplasma jet and experimentally investigated the gas-specific difference compared with a helium jet, which has been used in many studies. Both argon and helium plasma jets show ambient neutral nitrogen molecule emissions as well as those of carrier gases; however, the emission of nitrogen molecule ions is observed only in the helium plasma jet. This is determined by whether the metastable level of the carrier gas is higher or lower than the ionization potential of the nitrogen molecule. Moreover, for a larger flow rate, the jet length decreased and green emission was observed, which is assigned to O (I) and ArO emissions.

DOI： 10.1143/JJAP.46.L939

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人照明学会  

As the introduction to numerical modeling plasma for light sources the fundamental key points such as, governing equations, EEDF, datasets and programming languages, are explained in this paper.

CiNii Books

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：IOP PUBLISHING LTD  

As the environmental awareness of people becomes stronger, the demand for mercury-free light sources also becomes stronger. The authors have been keeping their interest in developing mercury-free discharge lamps, especially in low-pressure xenon as the most promising UV sources to substitute mercury. In this paper the authors report the effect of auxiliary external electrode (AEE) on the pulsed xenon fluorescent lamps. In this research two types of structures are used. One is the standard type, which has one anode and one cathode inside the lamp. The other is the double anode type, which has two anodes and one cathode inside the lamp. By using the AEE the luminance and the efficacy are improved simultaneously. The luminance is improved by about 129% for the standard structure type and 20% for the double anode type. The efficacy is improved by 60% for the standard type and by 63% for the double anode type. We call this effect/method the Jinno-Motomura effect/method (JM-effect/method). Regarding the result of the xenon metastable atom distribution, measured by LIF, this effect is attributed to the plasma potential control and enlargement of the positive column by AEE.

DOI： 10.1088/0022-3727/40/13/S08

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

Mercury which is used in fluorescent lamps for general lighting has a possibility to cause environmental problems. Authors have been developing lamps which contain only rare gases without mercury. The rare gas lamps are environmentally-friendly, but it has lower luminance than the mercury lamp has. Therefore, the authors have tried expanding positive column by using an external electrode, and 12000 cd/m2 was achieved by cylindrical xenon fluorescent Lamp. In this paper it is reported that the same method is also useful for fiat lamps with multi anodes. An external auxiliary electrode controls electric field and potential in the flat lamp. The external electrode is effective to expand the column in a flat lamp and make it uniform and finally improve luminance.

DOI： 10.2150/jlve.31.54

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：技術情報協会  

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

When applying a pulsed voltage to a discharge tube using dielectric barrier discharge, discharge occurs two times in a pulse at a rising and a falling edge of a voltage pulse. The timing of the second discharge can be changed by controlling the pulse width. In this study the influence of the pulse width on the luminance of the barrier discharge lamp with an inner electrode is investigated. The lamp used in this study has two electrodes, one is set in the lamp and the other is set on the outside surface of the lamp. Internal electrode is connected to the high voltage side and the external electrode is connected to the ground side. Luminance is observed under the condition of pulse repetition frequency of 10 kHz, peak voltage from 1 kV to 3 kV and pulse width from 2 μs to 98 μs. Luminance took almost same value from 30 μs to 90 μs, whereas it decreased by both deceasing the pulse width less than 30 μs and increasing it more than 90 μs. It means that the higher luminance is obtained by avoiding the overlap of the two radiations at rising and failing edge of applied voltage. Copyright © 2006 The Illuminating Engineering Institute of Japan.

DOI： 10.2150/jlve.30.58

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

Recently as interests in environmental issues increase, demands for mercury-free fluorescent lamps are increasing because mercury is harmful to human beings and creatures. As one of the solutions of this issue the authors have developed a new-type of mercury-free fluorescent lamps using double helical external electrodes. In this paper the fundamental characteristics of Xenon-Neon discharge in the Double Helical External Electrodes Lamps (DHEL) such as the luminance, power consumption and lamp current are investigated. When the pressure ratio of Xe: Ne was fixed at 7 : 3, total pressure at 1.33 kPa and external electrode pitch as 10 mm, luminance over 10000 cd/m 2 is achieved. In addition as a prototype 1 m length DHEL is prepared and demonstrated to show basically there is no limit in length of DHEL. Copyright © 2006 The Illuminating Engineering Institute of Japan.

DOI： 10.2150/jlve.30.55

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

Although xenon pulsed dielectric barrier discharge is one of the most promising substitutes for mercury low-pressure discharge for fluorescent lamps, the efficacy of xenon fluorescent lamp is not enough for practical use for general lighting. To improve the efficacy it is indispensable to clarify mechanisms of vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) emissions, which excite phosphor, from xenon discharge related to plasma characteristics. In this paper emission waveforms and temporal change of metastable atom density are measured and temporal VUV emission characteristics related to generations and losses of metastable atoms in xenon pulsed barrier discharge is investigated. It is shown that the lamp efficacy is improved by about 10% with shorter pulse in which the two VUV emission peaks in a pulse are overlapped. It is also shown that at the lower pressure of 1.3kPa metastable atoms generated during on-period of the voltage pulse are not efficiently consumed for VUV emissions in the off-period of the voltage pulse because of lower rate of three-body collision and quenching. This fact is thought to be one of the reasons why the lamp efficacy is low at lower pressure. Copyright © 2006 The Illuminating Engineering Institute of Japan.

DOI： 10.2150/jlve.30.81

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

The near-UV and visible mercury emissions from low-pressure discharges were studied under a range of rare gas hosts and different modes of operation. The optimization of the emission line intensities is achieved under different buffer gases for different operating modes. It is hypothesized that energy transfer processes occur between the rare gas metastable states and mercury atoms leading to the observed spectra.

DOI： 10.2150/jlve.30.13

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

In this paper we demonstrate the influence of buffer gas atoms on the emission spectrum of a low-pressure nitrogen discharge. If the conditions of operation of the discharge allow for the population of the energy levels of the buffer gas atoms then energy stored in the metastable states of these atoms can be transferred through collisions to the atoms of the active medium. This results in a higher degree of excitation of the latter with significant effects on the optical output of the source.

DOI： 10.2150/jlve.30.9

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：愛媛大学  

The fluorescent lamps are widely used for general lighting because of their high efficacy, long life and so forth. However, fluorescent lamps in general contain mercury, which has a possibility to cause environmental problems. So we have been developing fluorescent lamps that contain only rare gases in place of mercury. The rare gas lamps are environmentally friendly, but its luminous flux and efficacy were lower than those of mercury lamp. Therefore, we have tried improving luminous flux of the rare gas lamp by expanding positive column. By winding an external electrode on the outside wall of the lamp that has multi anodes and single cathode, positive column expanded and luminous flux increased. The increase of metastable atoms and expansion of its radial distribution was confirmed by laser induced fluorescence method. It is found that the external electrode has an effect of field distortion leading to the positive column expansion. Finally, by connecting large resistance to limit the current flowing through external electrode, power consumption decreased and luminance of 13 000 cd/m2 and luminous efficacy of 90 lm/W are obtained, which are comparable with those of mercury fluorescent lamps.

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その他リンク： http://iyokan.lib.ehime-u.ac.jp/dspace/handle/iyokan/1465

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：The Illuminating Engineering Institute of Japan  

The characteristics of xenon fluorescent lamp with two pairs of anode and cathode in pulsed discharge are demonstrated. By increasing the number of electrodes from one pair to two pairs, luminance is improved by 13 % and achieves 9500 cd/m² but estimated efficacy at a positive column is decreased from 68.0 lm/W to 45.6 lm/W. The narrow pulse width is preferred for higher luminance because a higher current density can be attained. It is also shown that there is the critical value of the energy consumed from the time when the current is turned on to the time when the current value reaches maximum and that when the energy excess this limit the discharge state changes from diffused to contracted one.

DOI： 10.2150/jlve.29.99

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：The Illuminating Engineering Institute of Japan  

The profile of vacuum ultraviolet (VUV), visible and near IR emissions of xenon and xenon-rare gas pulsed discharge fluorescent lamps were observed as a fundamental research on developing a mercury-free fluorescent lamp. All lamps were operated by pulsed dielectric barrier discharge (DBD). As the pulse width decreases, higher intensity of VUV emissions is obtained, while luminance and efficacy also increase. As the pulse frequency increases, the intensity of VUV emissions increases, however the radiative output per one pulse period decreases and the efficacy decreases. The decay time of VUV emissions which are exciting a phosphor, can be controlled by introducing a rare-gas mixture into xenon.

DOI： 10.2150/jlve.29.91

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：社団法人 プラズマ・核融合学会  

The sensitivity of human eye is not flat against wavelength of light. In the field of light sources, this forces us to calibrate physical indexes by human eye sensitivity. For example, light power is expressed in a physical unit of Watt [W], however, in the filed of lighting it is converted to “luminous flux” with unit of lumen [lm]. Since these indexes have no physical quantities any longer, it is difficult for the researchers not related to lighting to guess their meanings instinctively. Therefore the luminous characteristics are explained in this section.

DOI： 10.1585/jspf.81.922

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：社団法人 プラズマ・核融合学会  

Examples and basic theories of various methods of laser diagnostics of plasmas for light sources are introduced. Most introduced papers were presented at International Symposium on the Science and Technology of Light Sources (LS), which is the only international symposium on the science and technology of light sources.

DOI： 10.1585/jspf.81.917

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：社団法人 プラズマ・核融合学会  

As interests in environmental friendly products, demands from market for mercury-free fluorescent lamps become stronger. Xenon is the most expected material as a substitution for mercury for fluorescent lamps. So many researches have been done by so many researchers and recently by using external electrode with conventional discharge tube with internal electrodes droved by pulsed discharge has achieved 90 lm/W and 12000 cd/m<sup>2</sup>. Another effort is using molecular gas as discharge medium. For example Ar-N<sub>2</sub> mixture and CO are proposed.

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：社団法人 プラズマ・核融合学会  

Argon-Mercury fluorescent lamp is one of the most old and popular plasma applications. The argon-mercury fluorescent lamp is one of the oldest discharge light sources. Its materials and structure have been modified and improved. Recently new-type of fluorescent lamps, cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFL) have become popular as back light of liquid crystal panel display (LCD backlight). In this section basics of fluorescent lamps are described.

DOI： 10.1585/jspf.81.801

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：IOP PUBLISHING LTD  

Nitrogen is well known as a UV-emitter because of its 2nd positive band lying around 350 nm. However, it is a molecular gas and when energy is stored in rotational or vibrational levels, the gas temperature can become high enough to melt even the glass tube. To avoid such problems the authors tried to use the Penning-like effect between the argon metastables and nitrogen C(3)Pi(u) states with very low partial pressure of nitrogen compared with that of the argon. By adding a very small amount of nitrogen to argon, the discharge changes drastically. Though pure argon discharge and pure nitrogen discharge are both unstable and easy to constrict, a small amount of nitrogen improves the stability of the discharge and emits the nitrogen 2nd positive band UV light by energy transfer from the argon metastable to the nitrogen molecule C(3)Pi(u) state. Nitrogen-added argon fluorescent lamps operated at 30 kHz of alternative square voltage wave achieve about 4500 cd m(-2) at 3.75 W and at 9.3 kPa of pressure with good dimming characteristics. The maximum luminance should be higher than this because the input power is limited by the power supply. At this condition the luminous efficacy achieves 7.11mW(-1). These results show a possibility of argon-nitrogen fluorescent lamps as mercury-less fluorescent lamps.

DOI： 10.1088/0022-3727/38/17/S36

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1541/ieejfms.125.447

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1541/ieejfms.125.434

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1541/ieejfms.125.229

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1541/ieejfms.125.235

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1541/ieejfms.125.669

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：The Illuminating Engineering Institute of Japan  

In this paper the phenomena of mode transition and hysteresis in xenon ICP (Inductively Coupled Plasma) discharge are studied. Xenon has been used as an alternative for mercury since there are environmental issues related to mercury. The transition from E-mode (electrostatic mode) discharge to H-mode (electromagnetic mode) discharge in a xenon cylindrical tube was investigated. RF energy at 13.56 MHz was induced to the tube through matching network. In this study, all the transitions occurred at a certain threshold input power which is a function of the xenon pressure. Hysteresis was observed as the input power was varied from 1 to 100 W. When the input power is increased the discharge starts in E-mode changes into H-mode, whereas when the input power is decreased the H-mode turns into the E-mode or there is a sudden switch-off as the function of the gas pressures. Mode transition is determined by sudden and huge change of luminance. H-mode is characterized by a much higher luminance and plasma density. Luminance and optical emission spectra were recorded. At high pressure more power is required to transform the discharge mode compared to low pressure. Continuum visible emission was obtained only in H-mode. At H-mode, many ionic and atomic spectrum are observed compared to E-mode. With high luminance and continuum visible emission that obtained from H-mode xenon ICP discharge, xenon is one of the most suitable alternatives in developing mercury-free light sources.

DOI： 10.2150/jlve.29.85

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1541/ieejfms.125.521

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

Application of ICP in the development of mercury-less light sources have been investigated. Xenon has been used as a replacement for mercury as the environmental issues related to it necessitate the development of new type of light sources. RF energy at 13.56 MHz was induced to the cylindrical tube with input power ranging from 1 W up to 100 W. By changing the xenon gas pressure, coil turns and phosphor coating conditions, differences in emission intensities (luminance), spectra and discharge states were observed. In order to obtain the ICP discharge, the lamp was operated first in capacitive mode and then in inductive mode. These modes are known as E-mode (capacitively or CCP) and H-mode (inductively or ICP) respectively. High luminance can only be obtained when operating the lamp in H-mode. The optical emission spectra of these two modes (E and H) were analysed carefully. © 2005, The Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1541/ieejfms.125.602

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：IOP PUBLISHING LTD  

Applicability of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to an in situ diagnostics tool of plasma-surface interactions is described. After a brief review of conventional reflection absorption spectroscopy (RAS) and phase-modulated RAS (PMRAS), our FTIR phase-modulated spectroscopic ellipsometry (PMSE) is described in detail. The FTIR PMSE is constructed by insertion of a grid polarizer as an analyser in front of an infrared detector in addition to the conventional set-up of PMRAS. This simple change brings about a higher sensitivity than that of conventional PMRAS, which enables us to detect chemical species generated on (or removed from) the top surface layer during plasma processing. This feature is demonstrated by the fact that our FTIR PMSE can be applied to surface diagnostics during reactive ion etching processes such as for Si, SiO2/Si, SiO2/Si3N4, SiO2/photo-resist and low-dielectric-constant films.

DOI： 10.1088/0022-3727/37/6/ROI

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人照明学会  

We investigated a developing mechanism of emission in a xenon discharge lamp with inner and outer electrodes using a high-speed electronic camera. At a low operating frequency, a negative glow appears on the inner surface of the glass tube during the positive half cycle while the inner electrode operates as an anode, and a diffused positive column appears in the discharge space during the negative half cycle while the inner electrode works as a cathode. At a high operating frequency, a contracted positive column appears in the center of discharge space near the inner electrode during the positive half cycle and the negative half cycle. VUV radiation intensity and phosphor emission intensity in the diffused positive column are three-times greater than those in the contracted positive column.

DOI： 10.2150/jieij1980.87.2_98

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人照明学会  

A small diameter xenon fluorescent lamp that is suitable for LCD backlighting has been developed. It consists of one inner electrode and one outer electrode. A pulsed current flows when a rectangular wave voltage is applied between these electrodes. The positive column is diffused at lower operating frequency and lower wattage, and is contracted at higher operating frequency and higher wattage. When the positive column is diffused, the light output becomes stable and the VUV radiation and phosphor emission become stronger. The luminous efficiency of this lamp was about 60% of that of a conventional Hg-type cold cathode fluorescent lamp.

DOI： 10.2150/jieij1980.86.8_535

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：A V S AMER INST PHYSICS  

The generation of large molecular species in an inductively coupled plasma using fluorocarbon gases was investigated to elucidate the selective etching mechanism of SiO2 to photoresist. In this study, the source gases C2F6, C4F8, and C5F8 were used to provide a range of fluorine-to-carbon content ratios. It was found that larger quantities and a wider variety of large-mass species are generated in C5F8 plasma than in C2F6 and C4F8 plasmas. Our results also revealed that the gas residence time was an important parameter for controlling the radical composition of the plasma. With increased residence time, the ratio of species with larger masses than the parent molecule to the sum of all product species increased in the C2F6 plasma, whereas this ratio decreased in the C4F8 and C5F8 plasmas. The ratio of larger mass species correlates apparently with the selectivity of SiO2 to photoresist etch rates. However, in any explanation of physical mechanisms, the redeposition of etching byproducts should be taken into account as well as the dependence of polymer deposition tendency on substrate materials under biased etching conditions. (C) 2002 American Vacuum Society.

DOI： 10.1116/1.1495503

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人照明学会  

An electronic ballast is described that uses fewer parts and costs less than conventioal ballast, which require separate switching element and control units for the half-bridge inverter and power-factor-correction(PFC)circuits because these circuits operate independently. In this paper, the operation of an electronic ballast in which the switching element of the half-bridge inverter works as a buck-boost converter has been analyzed and harmonic components that an input current included is calculated theoretically. The proposed ballast reduced the harmonics component in the input current to below by IEC Standard 61000-3-2 for Class C, because the amplitude of a sine wave is kept than 2.6 times of the amplitude of a rectangular wave.

DOI： 10.2150/jieij1980.86.2_97

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

Surface reactions induced by fluorocarbon plasmas were studied on Si substrates with SiO2 and photo-resist overlayers using an inductively coupled plasma source. As source gases, C4F8 and C5F8 were employed to investigate their differences in the etching performance and the selectivity between SiO2 and photo-resist. Deposition of fluorocarbon polymer was noticed in both gases by Fourier-transform infrared ellipsometric measurements when substrate bias was not applied. With the bias application, etching started on both substrate from certain threshold values of the bias voltage and the rate increased with increase of the voltage. However, in C5F8 plasma the increasing tendency on photo-resist was much less than on SiO2, while in C4F8 plasma the difference is small. This difference is attributed to a larger deposition ability of C5F8 plasma with higher content of fluorine atoms in the polymer than that of C4F8 plasma as confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V.

DOI： 10.1016/S0040-6090(01)00948-8

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：INST PURE APPLIED PHYSICS  

Electronic excited states of various perfluorocarbons were investigated using an ab initio molecular orbital calculation. The chemical reactions via the excited states were also predicted from the antibonding characteristics of the molecular orbitals concerned and the first-or der derivative of the potential surface of the excited state. In marked contrast to saturated perfluorocarbons, unsaturated perfluorocarbons can be easily excited to the lowest triplet state with a pi-pi* transition, generating biradicals and subsequently leading to polymerization. in addition to the conventionally used perfluorocarbons, the possibility of two-double-bonded. one-triple-bonded and aromatic perfluorocarbons for application to plasma processing was examined on the basis of quantum chemistry. The use of these novel types of fluorocarbon is predicted to be promising for chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of low dielectric constant interlayer films and etching with high selectivity of SiO2 to Si and Si3N4 because of the excellent potential shown by them to yield a high polymerization and deposition rate.

DOI： 10.1143/JJAP.40.847

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出版者・発行元：一般社団法人 照明学会  

DOI： 10.2150/jieij1980.85.Appendix_78

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA  

Surface reactions induced by fluorocarbon plasmas were studied on SiO2 and Si3N4 substrates using an inductively coupled plasma source. C4F8 and C5F8 were employed as source gases to investigate their differences in etching performance and selectivity on both SiO2 and Si3N4 substrates. Polymer deposition was noticed in both gases by Fourier transform infrared ellipsometric measurements when substrate bias was not applied. When the bias was applied, etching started on the SiO2 surface from a certain threshold bias voltage and the rate increased with the increase in voltage. However, on the Si3N4 surface this increasing tendency in C5F8 plasma was much less than that in C4F8 plasma. This difference provides a greater selectivity of SiO2 to Si3N4 in C5F8 plasma. The reason for this increased deposition tendency in C5F8 plasma is attributed to the presence of higher mass species in a larger abundance than in C4F8 plasma, as confirmed by electron attachment mass spectrometry. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/S0040-6090(00)01157-3

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：JAPAN J APPLIED PHYSICS  

In situ Fourier transform infrared ellipsometry has been used to investigate the characteristics of fluorocarbon films deposited in inductively coupled CHF3 and C4F8/H-2 plasmas. Chemical composition and thickness of the films have been studied as a function of process parameters. For the CHF3 plasma, the mode strength of CF2 bond group increases monotonically with pressure varying from 3 to 20 mTorr. The mode strength ratio of hydrogen-containing fluorocarbon bond groups (CHFx) to CF2 bond group increases with decreasing pressure. If He gas is admired to CHF3, the CHFx/CF2 ratio also increases. Changes in the film structure have been discussed in terms of the relationship between electron temperature and CHF3 dissociation. As the discharge power is increased, the deposition rate increases linearly without considerable changes in the chemical composition of the film. For the C4F8/H-2 plasma, relative concentration of CHFx species increases linearly with H-2 mixing ratio.

DOI： 10.1143/JJAP.37.4522

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：AMER INST PHYSICS  

In situ Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) ellipsometry has been performed on silicon substrates processed in a rf-biased transformer coupled plasma reactor. Plasmas in CHF3, CF4, C2F6, and C4F8 have been used. The reaction layer, which is present on the surface of the silicon wafer during the plasma process, has been analyzed in detail, addressing both chemical composition and thickness. The absolute reliability (expressed in terms of thickness) of the results is of the order of 0.01 nm, which corresponds to 3% of a monolayer. The instabilities of a silicon surface, which have been observed under specific conditions, can be of the order of tens of percents of a monolayer, which clearly illustrates the advantage of using a real in situ technique like FTIR ellipsometry over quasi in situ techniques like x-ray photoemission spectroscopy and Auger electron spectroscopy. For CHF3 plasmas it has been found that, if the bias increases to moderate levels (30-50 V), the fluorocarbon film deposition rate decreases and the silicon etching reaction rate increases. The reaction layer changes from a thick, predominantly CFx polymerlike film to a thin, carbon dominated layer of plasma and etching products showing vibrational absorptions of SIFx, C-C, and CF2. Increasing the bias voltage in a CHF3 plasma has a similar effect as increasing the F/C ratio of the feed gas. (C) 1998 American Vacuum Society.

DOI： 10.1116/1.580976

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記述言語：日本語  

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記述言語：日本語  

J-GLOBAL

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記述言語：日本語  

J-GLOBAL

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記述言語：日本語  

J-GLOBAL

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記述言語：日本語  

J-GLOBAL

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記述言語：日本語  

J-GLOBAL

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人照明学会  

CiNii Books

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人照明学会  

CiNii Books

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人照明学会  

CiNii Books

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：(一社)日本外科学会  

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記述言語：日本語  

J-GLOBAL

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記述言語：日本語  

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記述言語：日本語  

J-GLOBAL

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記述言語：日本語  

J-GLOBAL

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記述言語：日本語  

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人映像情報メディア学会  

The authors have been developing high efficacy mercury-free cold cathode fluorescent lamp with auxiliary external electrode (AEE). In this study the inside electrodes were optimized and it is found that thinner and longer cathode (high voltage side) and thicker and shorter anode (ground side) are preferred for sleeve shape electrodes.

DOI： 10.11485/iteac.2010.0_6

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記述言語：日本語  

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人 照明学会  

著者らはLEDの瞬時応答性を利用することで、臨界融合周波数（CFF）よりも速い繰り返しパルス点灯でも実際の発光強度よりも明るく感じることを実証している。高い実効光度向上効果を得るためにはデューティ比を低くする必要があり、例えば繰り返し周波数60 Hz, デューティ比5%で1.5～2倍程度の実効光度向上率が得られている。そのため、パルス点灯時は短いオン時間に電流を集中して注入することになり、LEDの発光色が変化する。したがって、上記の実効光度向上率には、発光色シフトが被験者の判断に与える影響が含まれているため、その分離を試みた。同じ型式で特性の揃った2個のLEDを用意し、一方を直流、他方をパルス点灯させる。被験者は2個のLEDを同時に直視し、またはLEDに照らされたミニチュアカーを見て（間接視）、どちらのLEDが明るいかを判断する。各LEDの発光強度をランダムに設定し、50回程度実験を繰り返す。被験者の判断として、同じ明るさと感じたときの各LEDの光束の組から、最小二乗法により（直流）／（パルス）光束比を算出し、実効光度向上率とした。同時に、各LEDのCIELAB色度空間上での距離により発光色シフト量を定量化し、実効光度向上率との関係を検証した結果、青色LEDを間接視として用いた場合、発光色シフトの影響を除いても、純粋なパルス点灯の効果で実効光度が向上するという結果が得られた。

DOI： 10.11515/ieijac.43.0.118.0

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人 照明学会  

近年市場では、無毒性かつ環境にやさしい製品が求められており、自動車の前照灯用ランプでは無水銀メタルハライドランプ（MHL）が製品化されている。無水銀MHLではXeガスが熱を保持する重要な役割担っている。したがって、Xe封入圧力のばらつきはランプの品質に大きく影響する。そこで著者らは、無水銀MHLの点灯初期のピーク電流を測定することによって、Xe封入圧力を推定する新規かつ簡便な手法を開発した。実験式を用いることにより、±(0.1～0.3) atm程度の精度でのガス圧推定が可能であることがわかった

DOI： 10.11515/ieijac.43.0.15.0

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人 照明学会  

Pr<sup>3+</sup>付活のアルミン酸ストロンチウム（SAO）は真空紫外領域の励起スペクトルによって、Pr<sup>3+</sup>の4f<sup>1</sup>5d<sup>1</sup>及び<sup>1</sup>S<sub>0</sub>からの遷移が主要な放射の量子分割（quantum cutting）を示す。本論文では、HIP（Hot-Isostatic-Pressing）炉及び管状炉により作製したSAO：Pr<sup>3+</sup>を、Xeの172 nmを用いたVUV光源で励起させることで室温（300 K）における発光スペクトルを調査した。蛍光体の焼成にHIP炉を用いた場合と、管状炉を用いた場合の2種類で比較を行った。HIP炉で作製した試料において、Xe 172 nmの励起光により253 nm（<sup>1</sup>S<sub>0</sub>→<sup>3</sup>F<sub>4</sub>）、273 nm（<sup>1</sup>S<sub>0</sub>→<sup>1</sup>G<sub>4</sub>）のUV領域と、402 nm（<sup>1</sup>S<sub>0</sub>→<sup>1</sup>I<sub>6</sub>）、486 nm（<sup>3</sup>P<sub>0</sub>→<sup>3</sup>H<sub>4</sup>）の青色領域の可視スペクトルが確認された。一方、管状炉で作製した試料においては1S0からの発光は無く、f-f遷移の特徴的な線スペクトルではない、広帯域スペクトルが250～350 nmに確認された。SEM像を比較すると、HIP炉で作製した試料は四角い大きな結晶が出来ているが、管状炉で作製した試料は小粒子であり、両者は大きく異なっていることが確認された。EDSによる組成分析の結果、HIP炉で作製した試料はSrAl<sub>14</sub>O<sub>25</sub>、管状炉で作製した試料はSrAl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>の化学量論比で生成されている可能性が高いことがわかった。

DOI： 10.11515/ieijac.43.0.127.0

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人 照明学会  

パルス駆動のキセノン蛍光ランプのランプ外壁に外部補助電極を配置することによって、陽光柱が拡大し、より多くの電流を流すことができるようになり、輝度および発光効率が改善されることが確認されている。本稿では主電極と同期した高電圧パルスを外部補助電極に印加することにより、最大輝度が2倍以上上昇し、発光効率も30%程度向上した。このとき、陰極と外部補助電極の間に収縮した放電（バリア放電）が生じており、ICCDを用いた時間分解撮影を行った結果、このバリア放電が予備放電となり、径方向に拡大した内部電極間の主放電を誘起することがわかった。

DOI： 10.11515/ieijac.43.0.5.0

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人 照明学会  

著者らは無水銀冷陰極蛍光ランプについて、外部補助電極による高輝度・高効率化を行ってきた。今までの研究では、管内径については26 mm程度の場合に最も外部補助電極の効果が高くなっていた。本研究では細管径（8.7 mm）のキセノン冷陰極蛍光ランプについて、外部補助電極の効果が得られるように、内部電極形状をスリーブ状とし、外部補助電極付きキセノン冷陰極蛍光ランプの電極構造の最適化を行った。陰極については細くて長いほうが、陽極については太くて短いほうが光束が上昇した。陰極については、細いほうが陰極上で電界が集中し、長いほうがホローカソード効果が高くなると考えられ、陽極については短いほうが陽光柱の陽極への接触位置が安定し、太いほうがより陽光柱が外側へ拡散するため、陽光柱の収縮が抑えられて光束が上昇したと考えられる。

DOI： 10.11515/ieijac.43.0.6.0

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人 照明学会  

キセノンを用いた冷陰極型無水銀蛍光ランプにおいて、外部補助電極を高電圧側電極（陰極）の近くに配置し、接地または正電圧を印加することで陽光柱が径方向に拡大し、放電の収縮を抑制しながらより多くの電流を注入できるようになる。ランプのさらなる高効率化のためには、電子密度分布の測定により、電離の局所的な集中から陽光柱の収縮に至る過程を系統的に解析する必要がある。しかし、従来用いられてきたプローブ法の場合、プローブ自身が外部補助電極と同様に電流分布を変化させてしまう。マイクロ波干渉法の場合、波長が長いため空間分布を得るのが困難である。そこで、本研究では波長10.6 μmのCO<sub>2</sub>レーザ光をプローブ光として用いることでビーム径（約1 mm）程度の空間分解能を確保し、ヘテロダイン干渉法によりプラズマの屈折率変化を検出することでランプ内の電子密度分布を測定した。測定対象のランプは、レーザ光の光路を確保するため、電極を管の側面に取り付け、両底面にZeSe窓をトールシールで貼り付けた。電極間距離は50 mm, 管内径は14 mmで、キセノンを50 Torr封入した。点灯時の電流を直流25 mAに保持し、0.5 ms点灯、1.5 ms消灯のサイクルで点滅を繰り返した。測定の結果、陽光柱中心での電子密度は約2.5×10<sup>13</sup> cm<sup>-3</sup>という値が得られた。今後外部補助電極配置により電子密度分布がどのように変化するかについて検証する。

DOI： 10.11515/ieijac.43.0.9.0

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記述言語：日本語  

J-GLOBAL

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記述言語：日本語  

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人日本機械学会  

Restricted gas region close to substrate is strongly heated by plasma, which is generated in open-air by microwave excitation through coaxial-cable plasma torch. The torch is constructed with thin central electrode-column which is surrounded by outer cylindrical metal tube, that is coaxial-cable, and the tip does not poke, or slightly does, out of the cross section of the end of outer cylinder. Heated plasma-spot emerges in the clearance between the tip of electrode and substrate which is placed in parallel close to the end cross section of torch. Temperature change is measured in the reverse of substrate, the other surface of which is heated by plasma.

DOI： 10.1299/jsmemecjo.2009.3.0_45

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記述言語：日本語  

DOI： 10.11515/ieijac.42.0.19.0

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人 照明学会  

環境問題への関心の高まりや、RoHS指令等を初めとする有害物質規制の動きを受けて、光源に関しても将来的に水銀の使用が禁止される可能性がある。我々はヨウ化キセノンエキシマ（XeI*）の253 nmの発光（B-X遷移）を利用した殺菌ランプの開発を行っている。ランプは合成石英ガラス製二重管構造となっており、外管の外側（外径30 mm）と内管の内側（内径8 mm）にそれぞれ電極を設け、内外管に挟まれた空間で誘電体バリア放電させる。ランプ中にXeガス（13 kPa）とヨウ素の粉末を封入し、放電によりXeI*エキシマを生成する。<BR>ランプの発光スペクトルを観測すると、水銀代替発光の253 nm（XeI*）に加えて、200 nm前後に複数のI*原子の発光が観測された。これらはいずれもDNAの吸収スペクトルのピークとほぼ重なる。ランプの発光を芽胞に照射したところ、市販の殺菌用低圧水銀ランプ（東芝ライテック、GL-4）よりも少ない照射量で同等の殺菌効果が得られることがわかった。今後、波長の違いが及ぼす効果を検証する必要がある。

DOI： 10.11515/ieijac.42.0.134.0

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人 照明学会  

我々は、無水銀キセノン蛍光ランプを点灯させる場合、陽光柱の収縮を抑制するために、ランプの接地側に大きなバラスト抵抗を接続していた。この場合、接地側電極の電位が高くなり、GNDから電気的に浮遊するため、ガラス管壁とGNDの間の浮遊容量を通して漏れ出る電流が無視できなくなる。本論文ではバラスト抵抗を高電圧側電極と接地側電極の両方に配置し、その比率を変えることで、漏れ電流がランプの光出力に与える影響を検証した。その結果、接地側電極の抵抗を小さくすることで発光効率が上昇し、拡散状態を保ちやすくなった。今後は電源周波数やパルス幅を変えて検証する必要がある。

DOI： 10.11515/ieijac.42.0.1.0

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人 照明学会  

メタルハライドランプの無水銀化を実現するために、ランプ内封入物質の発光スペクトルの空間分布の解明が重要となっている。しかし、水平点灯高圧ランプではアーク形状が軸対称とならないため、アーベル変換法を用いることができない。そこで我々は、メタルハライドランプの分光分布を測定しCT法を用いてランプ内分光分布の断層像の構成を行った。 測定した発光スペクトルより、特徴的な波長に着目し、波長ごと発光断層像を構成し、空間分布の比較を行った。In (450.87 nm)とNa (818.92 nm)の発光断層像を比較したところ、Inの発光のほうがアーク中心に集中していることが確認された。これは、InはNaに比べて原子半径が大きいため、拡散が抑制されることが一因であると推測される。

DOI： 10.11515/ieijac.42.0.19.0

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人 照明学会  

我々は、LEDによるパルス光を、パルス光に対する人間の明るさ知覚の検証に用いている。LEDを用いたパルス光は、立ち上がり、立ち下がりが非常に速いため、実際よりも明るく知覚されることが期待できる。これまでの実験から、青色LEDを用いることにより、パルス光の知覚される明るさが直流点灯光よりも1.49倍 から 2倍に増加する結果が得られている。 本論文では、LEDを駆動するパルス波形のDuty比を制御することにより、 被験者に知覚される明るさがどのように変化するかを検証した。その結果として、 Duty比を変化させた場合、低いDuty比であるほどより明るく知覚されることが分かった。

DOI： 10.11515/ieijac.42.0.74.0

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記述言語：英語  

DOI： 10.1109/PLASMA.2009.5227300

Scopus

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記述言語：英語  

DOI： 10.1109/PLASMA.2009.5227474

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記述言語：英語  

DOI： 10.1109/PLASMA.2009.5227352

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記述言語：英語  

DOI： 10.1109/PLASMA.2009.5227286

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記述言語：日本語  

J-GLOBAL

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人電子情報通信学会  

従来、繰り返しパルス光に対して人間はその時間平均値を明るさとして知覚するというタルボットの法則が広く知られてきたが、本研究では、従来の回転円盤や回転鏡などによるパルス光に比べて立ち上がり、立下りの非常に早いLEDを用いて、高速立ち上がり立ち下がりのパルス光に対する人間の知覚を検証した。その結果、青色と緑色ではパルス駆動のLEDを直視した場合においては、定常光(直流光)に比べて1.01〜2.22倍程度、物体を照射した場合は、定常光(直流光)に比べて0.71〜2.70倍程度明るく感じることが明らかになった。今回はこの実験結果について報告する。

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記述言語：日本語  

J-GLOBAL

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記述言語：日本語  

J-GLOBAL

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記述言語：日本語  

J-GLOBAL

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人照明学会  

This article makes a report on the 11th International Symposium on the Science and Technology of Light Sources [LS:11] held in Shanghai, China in May, 2007.

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：化学工業社  

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人日本機械学会  

CiNii Books

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人 照明学会  

パルス駆動のキセノン蛍光ランプのランプ外壁に外部補助電極を配置することによって、陽光柱が拡大し、より多くの電流を流すことができるようになり、輝度および発光効率が改善されることが確認されている。今回は外部電極を配置したパルス駆動キセノン蛍光ランプの管径を変化させ、輝度および発光効率を比較した結果について報告する。放電管にはキセノンが封入されており、封入ガス圧は10.7 kPaとした。放電管の内径は14 mm、27 mm、32 mmの3種類用意し、電極間距離はいずれも50 mmとした。放電管の内壁には三波長域発光形白色蛍光体を塗布している。外部補助電極には幅3 mmのアルミテープを陰極から5 mmの位置に1巻きの円環状に巻きつけた。ランプは負のパルス電圧で点灯させ、周波数30 kHz、パルス幅3 μsとした。いずれの場合もRextを大きくすることにより外部電極経由の消費電力が抑えられた。その一方で浮遊容量経由の消費電力は上昇し、トータルの消費電力はRextに依存せずほぼ一定となった。管径に関しては、14 mmの場合に他の2つに比べて輝度が高く、消費電力が低くなっている。発光効率については、高い順に14, 32, 27 mmとなったが、外部補助電極による効率の改善率は27 mmの場合に最大となった。

DOI： 10.11515/ieijac.41.0.7.0

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人 照明学会  

人間の目は一瞬の強い光を受けると、実際の光量よりも明るく認識するという現象がある。これは、Ｂroca-Sulzer効果と呼ばれ、知られている。

DOI： 10.11515/ieijac.41.0.65.0

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人 照明学会  

今日、照明光源は我々が生活していく中で必要不可欠なものとなった。現在照明光源の中で最も使用されているものは蛍光ランプであるが、その多くには水銀が使用されている。環境問題への関心が年々強くなっていく中で、「EUはRoHS指令により蛍光ランプにも使用されている水銀の使用を制限し、米国でも水銀の使用を制限し、米国でも水銀の使用が徐々に厳しくなってきている。」そのため、照明業界においても早急な環境対応策が必要となっている。本研究では、水銀を使用しない照明光源である無水銀無電極光源に着目した。水銀の代わりに封入したガスは希ガスであるAr,Xeといったものであり、内部電極の代わりに電力供給のためのアンテナを、ランプ外部に取り付けてある。なお、ランプの放電方式としては誘導結合型放電を採用した。無水銀無電極光源は水銀を使用しないため環境にやさしく、また、内部に電極を用いないため寿命が長くなるといった利点がある。輝度測定中、無水銀であるにも関わらず、輝度が管壁温度により大きく変化することが確認されたため、今回はその結果について報告する。

DOI： 10.11515/ieijac.41.0.18.0

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記述言語：日本語  

CiNii Books

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記述言語：日本語  

J-GLOBAL

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記述言語：日本語  

J-GLOBAL

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記述言語：日本語  

J-GLOBAL

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人 照明学会  

本学でプロジェクト学習を始めて３年が経過した。その中で歩行が不自由な学生から夜間の行動範囲を広くしたいため車椅子用照明器があればという要望があり製作に取り掛かった。製作に当たっては既にマイクロコンピュ－タを用いたロボットの製作技術を持っているロボット製作チームが担当した。 一般に市販されている昭光器から高輝度なハロゲンランプ、小電力用のＬＥＤ2個を組み合わせて独自の照明器にした。また、ハロゲンランプは集光と散光の機能を持たせ照射範囲を大きく変化できるようにした。製作中に人に役に立つものを作っているという意識が学生達に高まり、ハードウェアとソフトウェアの両面でより高い学習効果を上げることができた。

DOI： 10.11515/ieijac.40.0.3.0

J-GLOBAL

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：IOP PUBLISHING LTD  

As the environmental awareness of people becomes stronger, the demand for mercury-free light sources also becomes stronger. The authors have been keeping their interest in developing mercury-free discharge lamps, especially in low-pressure xenon as the most promising UV sources to substitute mercury. In this paper the authors report the effect of auxiliary external electrode (AEE) on the pulsed xenon fluorescent lamps. In this research two types of structures are used. One is the standard type, which has one anode and one cathode inside the lamp. The other is the double anode type, which has two anodes and one cathode inside the lamp. By using the AEE the luminance and the efficacy are improved simultaneously. The luminance is improved by about 129% for the standard structure type and 20% for the double anode type. The efficacy is improved by 60% for the standard type and by 63% for the double anode type. We call this effect/method the Jinno-Motomura effect/method (JM-effect/method). Regarding the result of the xenon metastable atom distribution, measured by LIF, this effect is attributed to the plasma potential control and enlargement of the positive column by AEE.

DOI： 10.1088/0022-3727/40/13/S08

Web of Science

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記述言語：日本語  

J-GLOBAL

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記述言語：日本語  

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記述言語：日本語  

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記述言語：日本語  

J-GLOBAL

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記述言語：日本語  

CiNii Books

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記述言語：日本語  

CiNii Books

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記述言語：日本語  

CiNii Books

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記述言語：日本語  

CiNii Books

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記述言語：日本語  

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記述言語：日本語  

CiNii Books

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記述言語：日本語  

CiNii Books

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記述言語：英語  

In these days, the damage of hot springs quality by bacilli is getting serious problem. The bacilli can be killed out by heating, chlorination or ultraviolet rays irradiation in general. However, some of bacilli have the tolerance in heat and chlorine, on the other hand they do not have the tolerance in ultraviolet rays. Therefore, most bacilli can be killed out by using ultraviolet rays [1]. The wavelength of effective ultraviolet rays for sterilization is in the vicinity of 250 nm. Mercury has a spectrum with strong resonance wavelength 253.7 nm. Therefore, mercury is used for the ultraviolet source. However, there are strong needs to reduce harmful mercury, because mercury can cause environmental problems. Then, the authors have paid attention to XeI emitting the radiation of 253 nm, which is near resonance radiation (253.7 nm) of mercury. In this study, the authors investigated the characteristics of the ultraviolet-rays light source that used XeI. Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) is used as a lighting method. Parameter of xenon filling pressure was 39.9 Pa or 1.33 kPa. The vapor pressure of the iodine in the discharge tube was assumed to be 46.6 Pa from the temperature of the discharge tube wall. Two aluminum tapes (60 mm long and 20 mm wide) have been set in the opposite position of the outer wall of a discharge tube to each other as external electrodes. And the sinusoidal wave voltage or the pulsed negative voltage was impressed to the external electrode. By the dielectric barrier discharge, XeI excimers were generated and radiation around 253 nm from XeI was obtained. Consequently, when the partial pressure of the xenon was low, the continuous spectrum (peak wavelength 342 nm) from the iodine molecule was strongly radiated. However, when the partial pressure of the xenon was high, the continuous spectrum (peak wavelength 253 nm) from XeI was strongly radiated. © 2006 IEEE.

DOI： 10.1109/DEIV.2006.357395

Scopus

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人 照明学会  

現在、一般照明やバックライトには水銀蛍光ランプが使用されているが、環境への影響が懸念されているため無水銀化が望まれいる。そこで、筆者らは無水銀窒素ランプの基礎研究を行っている。これは、アルゴンの準安定準位（11.50 eVまたは11.70 eV）と窒素のC<SUP>3</SUP>Π<SUB>u</SUB>準位（約11.05 eV）のエネルギー準位が近いため、前者から後者へのエネルギー転移が生じ、C<SUP>3</SUP>Π<SUB>u</SUB>からの2nd Positive Bandの近紫外光が期待できるからである。しかし、放電中に窒素が消耗してしまうため、窒素消耗の対策法を開発した。点灯条件は、点灯周波数30 kHzの正弦波で点灯し、点灯開始（0分後）から120分後までの分光の経時変化の測定を行った。ここで、ランプはAr:N<SUB>2</SUB>=95:5を4.66kPaで封入する前に、放電による前処理を行ったランプとこの前処理を行わないランプの2種類を用いて測定を行った。<BR>前処理を行わなかったランプは点灯開始から窒素分子の発光強度が徐々に低下していき、60分後には最初の発光強度の50%程度、120分後に10%程度まで低下してしまう。それに対し、前処理を行ったランプは120分後でも最初の発光強度の50%程度にまで抑えることができるという結果になった。

DOI： 10.11515/ieijac.39.0.15.0

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人 照明学会  

近年, 光源は多種多様になり使用目的も様々である。一般に使用される照明光源は 白色のものを使用するが, このとき光源の色の良し悪しの指標となるのが演色性である。本研究では, キセノンを封入した無電極無水銀光源の演色性評価を行ったのでそれについて報告する。封入ガス圧力が133 Pa以外は平均演色評価数が80程度またはそれ以上という高い演色性が得られ, 26.6 Paのときに最も高く95.5となっている。26.6 Paにおいては可視領域全体に亘って連続スペクトルが現れているのに対し, 133 Paではほとんど連続スペクトルが見られず線スペクトルのみが観測された。266 Paや1.33 kPa以上の場合にも強度は弱いが同様に連続スペクトルが現れ, そのために高い演色性が得られた。キセノンの誘導結合プラズマ光源においては, 133 Paでは演色性が悪化し, それよりも低いガス圧力や高いガス圧力では可視域の連続スペクトルにより高い演色性が得られた。これにより, ガス圧力の最適化によって蛍光体を塗布しなくても高い演色性の一般照明用光源の実現が期待できる。今後は, 連続スペクトル発光と封入ガス圧力の関係を明らかにする必要がある。

DOI： 10.11515/ieijac.39.0.13.0

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人 照明学会  

キセノン蛍光ランプの放電管外壁に外部電極を配置することで陽光柱が径方向に拡大し，拡散状態を維持したままでより多くの電流を流せるようになり，光束が増加する。 しかし，具体的にプラズマ中で生じている現象は不明である。そこで，外部電極がプラズマに与える影響を解明するためにキセノン準安定原子密度の測定を行い，また，1対1の電極配置のキセノン蛍光ランプにおいて，外部電極による電力消費を抑え高効率化を図った。 外部電極を配置することによって準安定準位の原子密度は放電管全体にわたって増え、高密度領域も完璧付近まで広がっている。 結果、準安定原子密度は紫外放射を発生するエキシマや共鳴原子の生成に大きく関与しているため，外部電極を配置することによって準安定原子密度が放電管全体にわたって増加していることが大光束を得られていることに大きく影響していると言える。 また，1対1電極のランプにおいても，外部電極による電力消費を電流制限用抵抗を接続することで抑制し高効率を得られた。

DOI： 10.11515/ieijac.39.0.12.0

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人 照明学会  

現在、一般照明や液晶バックライト用の光源として利用されている蛍光ランプには蛍光体を励起する紫外発光物質として水銀が使用されているが、環境への配慮から無水銀化が望まれている。そこで、筆者らは、水銀の代替として以前から紫外線放射が報告されている窒素を利用した低圧蛍光ランプの可能性を探索した。アルゴンと窒素の混合ガスを数kPa封入した冷陰極ランプを点灯すると、300 nm_から_400 nmの範囲に複数の放射が確認された。また、蛍光体を塗布したランプを作製し、窒素封入ランプと水銀封入ランプで発光効率を比較すると、窒素ランプは水銀ランプの3分1程度であった。しかし、窒素ランプにおいては、窒素分圧比を変更すると、大幅に発光効率が向上することが確認された。

DOI： 10.11515/ieijac.39.0.123.0

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人 照明学会  

近年、紫外光源は殺菌や半導体製造過程の洗浄、紫外線硬化樹脂などの光源として利用されている。しかし、これらの光源には水銀が含まれ、環境汚染の問題から無水銀化が望まれている。本研究ではヨウ素とキセノンを用いた放電管においてキセノンのガス圧が紫外線の放射特性に及ぼす影響を検討した。<BR>実験に使用した放電管は外径30mm、内径26mmとし、紫外線を透過させるためガラス管には石英ガラスを使用した。キセノン(39.9Pa)とヨウ素蒸気約(46.6Pa)を封入したものを放電管A、キセノン(13.3kPa)とヨウ素蒸気(約46.6Pa)を封入したものを放電管Bとした。<BR>放電管Aでは、ヨウ化キセノンからの放射(ピーク波長：253nm)は弱く、ヨウ素分子からの連続スペクトル(ピーク波長：341nm)が強く放射される。また、放電プラズマは拡散し、均一な放射が得られる。しかし、放電管Bでは、ヨウ化キセノンからの放射がヨウ素分子からの連続スペクトルよりも強く放射される。しかし、放電プラズマは、電極間でフィラメントを形成し、フィラメント部分で放射が強く、それ以外の部分で放射が弱くなり、放射強度が不均一になる。

DOI： 10.11515/ieijac.39.0.14.0

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記述言語：英語  

Emission characteristics of low-pressure, i.e. less than 6.65 kPa, xenon inductively coupled plasma (ICP) was investigated. The discharge tube was made of Pyrex glass with outer diameter of 30 mm. A 4-turns coil was wound on the tube and RF power up to 100 W with frequency of 13.56 MHz was input to initiate a discharge. The luminance of the xenon discharge drastically changed depending on the pressure. When decreasing the pressure from 6.65 kPa to 26.6 Pa, the luminance basically had a tendency to decrease except of the case when the pressure was around 39.9 Pa
the luminance was suddenly increased up to 28 000 cd/m2 at 39.9 Pa, whereas it was about 2500 cd/m2 at 133 Pa. The emission spectrum at 39.9 Pa showed a continuum ranged over the visible region, on the other hand, atomic and ionic line spectra were dominant at 133 Pa. At 39.9 Pa, the discharge color was white and general color rendering index was 90, which is enough for the general lighting. It is thought that the wide range visible continuum is attributed to the ion-electron recombination radiation and results in the increase in the luminance. The detailed investigation of the mode change mentioned above through the measurements of the plasma parameters such as electron density etc. is now under progress. © 2006 IEEE.

DOI： 10.1109/DEIV.2006.357376

Scopus

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記述言語：英語  

The fluorescent lamps are widely used for general lighting because of their high efficacy, long life and so forth. Mercury which is used in fluorescent lamps for general lighting has a possibility to cause environmental problems. The author's group has been developing fluorescent lamps which contain only rare gases without mercury. The wavelength of the xenon resonance line is the longest in the rare-gas resonance lines, so that the Stokes-loss becomes smaller than the other rare-gases' cases. Therefore the authors have investigated pulsed xenon fluorescent lamps. However luminous flux of xenon fluorescent lamps was not large enough. The authors have been making efforts to improve luminous flux of the xenon lamp by expanding positive column. By setting an auxiliary external electrode on the outside wall of the lamp, positive column expands and luminous flux increases. However luminous efficacy decreases because power consumption through the external electrode is too large. So by using resistor, the current flowing through the external electrode is suppressed and power consumption decreased. Consequently higher luminous efficacy up to 100 lm/W with high luminance 6894 cd/m2 is achieved. © 2006 IEEE.

DOI： 10.1109/DEIV.2006.357375

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記述言語：英語  

Nitrogen is known as a gas that has many emission spectra in ultraviolet region named 2nd positive band and they are thought to be suitable for phosphor excitation instead of harmful mercury. However, a molecular gas in a discharge has a tendency to get a high temperature because energy is stored as vibrational and rotational energy. This is a serious problem when the nitrogen discharge is used for light sources. Moreover, nitrogen requires fairy higher voltage to ignite and maintain a discharge compared with mercury-argon mixture. Because argon metastable levels (11.5 eV and 11.7 eV) lie near nitrogen C 3Πu level (11.05 eV), which is upper state of 2nd positive band, energy transfer from argon metastable to nitrogen C 3ΠΠu state is expected in the nitrogen-argon discharge. By limiting the amount of nitrogen to small portion, which is like a relationship between mercury and argon as a Penning gas, the discharge becomes stable and the temperature decrease, whereas the positive column of pure nitrogen or pure argon discharge tend to shrink and the pure nitrogen discharge have a high temperature. This result is attributed to the efficient energy flow to the C3Πu level through the energy transfer mentioned above. However, there is another problem that the amount of nitrogen molecule decreases during discharge, possibly by adsorption of nitrogen to the wall of discharge tube or the electrodes, which is confirmed from decrease in intensity of nitrogen molecule emission. The mechanisms of decrease in nitrogen molecule are under investigation. © 2006 IEEE.

DOI： 10.1109/DEIV.2006.357394

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記述言語：英語  

Xenon dielectric barrier discharges are expected to be useful as an environmentally friendly light sources instead of that containing mercury. The authors have demonstrated new type of dielectric barrier discharge using double helical external electrodes (DHEL) method with xenon. The filling gas pressure ratio of Xe: Ne was 7:3, total pressure was 1.33 kPa and external electrode pitch was 10 mm. This DHEL was operated by sinusoidal waveform voltage, which is preferable to pulsed operation for preventing EMI, with enough phosphor luminance, i.e. 10 000 cd/m2. As a result of the observation of temporal behavior of the discharge by an ICCD camera, two discharges were observed in a half cycle of the sinusoidal input voltage. Moreover, it is found that the emission from the first discharge is intense on the electrode wire, whereas the intense emission position separates and repulsively moves to both sides of the electrode wire. This is explained from the repulsive force between the wall charge and the electrode polarity. © 2006 IEEE.

DOI： 10.1109/DEIV.2006.357377

Scopus

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：社団法人プラズマ・核融合学会  

Argon-Mercury fluorescent lamp is one of the most old and popular plasma applications. The argon-mercury fluorescent lamp is one of the oldest discharge light sources. Its materials and structure have been modified and improved. Recently new-type of fluorescent lamps, cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFL) have become popular as back light of liquid crystal panel display (LCD backlight). In this section basics of fluorescent lamps are described.

DOI： 10.1585/jspf.81.801

J-GLOBAL

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：社団法人プラズマ・核融合学会  

As interests in environmental friendly products, demands from market for mercury-free fluorescent lamps become stronger. Xenon is the most expected material as a substitution for mercury for fluorescent lamps. So many researches have been done by so many researchers and recently by using external electrode with conventional discharge tube with internal electrodes droved by pulsed discharge has achieved 90 lm/W and 12000cd/m^2. Another effort is using molecular gas as discharge medium. For example Ar-N_2 mixture and CO are proposed.

DOI： 10.1585/jspf.81.807

J-GLOBAL

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人 照明学会  

蛍光ランプは電子安定器の発達に伴い、直流、正弦波、パルス波電流またそれらの周波数を変化させるなど、様々な条件で点灯が可能となっている。そして多様な条件の検討にはコスト削減や時間短縮等のためにコンピュータシミュレーションが必要不可欠である。回路モデルにおいて今までは蛍光ランプは単に抵抗とインダクタンスとして扱われており、ランプ内の粒子の衝突、放射等のプラズマ物理を考慮したモデルは使用されなかった。しかし、点灯周波数の高周波化により、電子とイオンを別々に考えなくてはならない等のためプラズマを定常素子として扱えなくなっている。そこで、プラズマ物理を考慮したより精度の高いランプモデルを構築することが求められている。<BR>低圧水銀-アルゴン蛍光ランプは高輝度、高効率のため一般照明に広く使われているが、未だ半径方向における放電特性のデータが十分ではない。そこで今回は１次元モデルを構築し、特性を調べることを目的とした。

DOI： 10.11515/ieijac.38.0.23.0

J-GLOBAL

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人照明学会  

CiNii Books

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人照明学会  

CiNii Books

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人照明学会  

CiNii Books

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人照明学会  

CiNii Books

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人照明学会  

CiNii Books

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人照明学会  

CiNii Books

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人照明学会  

CiNii Books

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人照明学会  

CiNii Books

J-GLOBAL

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人照明学会  

CiNii Books

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記述言語：日本語  

J-GLOBAL

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：速報，短報，研究ノート等（大学，研究機関紀要）  

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人 電気学会  

In these days, there are strong needs to reduce harmful mercury used for light sources. We have been developing mercury-free fluorescent lamps using xenon. In this study, we have investigated characteristics of the xenon fluorescent lamps which have an internal and an external electrodes by changing the shape of the electrodes and how to set them. It is shown that luminance is improved by enhancing ionization by thin inner electrode, or increasing the capacitance between electrodes by increasing the pitch of wound external electrode.

DOI： 10.1541/ieejfms.125.434

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記述言語：日本語  

J-GLOBAL

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人照明学会  

本研究で我々は、誘導結合型放電（ICP : Inductively Coupled Plasma）を用いてランプを放電させ、電源周波数の変化が輝度と光束に与える影響を測定した。<BR> コイルに高周波電流を流すことで高周波磁界が発生し、電磁誘導の法則により電界が誘起され、プラズマ内にはコイル電流が作る磁界を打ち消す向きにうず電流が流れる。周波数が高くなると磁界の時間変化が大きくなり、より強い電界が誘起され、より大きなうず電流が流れる。つまり、運動エネルギーを持った電子がキセノン原子と衝突する確率が増えることで電離確率が増えて、生成される電子とイオンの量も増える。そのため周波数を高くすることにより輝度および光束が上昇した。また、磁界は表皮効果によって表皮厚さまでしか入れず、うず電流はここを流れる。電源周波数が高くなることで表皮厚さが狭くなり、うず電流が流れる電流路の断面積が小さくなり、コイル電流によりプラズマに供給される電力部分が増えるために、EモードからHモードへのモードジャンプする際の電力が低くなった。

DOI： 10.11515/ieijac.38.0.26.0

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記述言語：日本語  

J-GLOBAL

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記述言語：日本語  

J-GLOBAL

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記述言語：日本語  

J-GLOBAL

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記述言語：日本語  

J-GLOBAL

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記述言語：日本語  

J-GLOBAL

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記述言語：日本語  

J-GLOBAL

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記述言語：日本語  

J-GLOBAL

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記述言語：日本語  

J-GLOBAL

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記述言語：日本語  

CiNii Books

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：IOP PUBLISHING LTD  

Web of Science

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：IOP PUBLISHING LTD  

Web of Science

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：IOP PUBLISHING LTD  

Web of Science

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：IOP PUBLISHING LTD  

Web of Science

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：IOP PUBLISHING LTD  

Web of Science

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：IOP PUBLISHING LTD  

Web of Science

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：IOP PUBLISHING LTD  

Web of Science

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：IOP PUBLISHING LTD  

Web of Science

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Xenon emits strong radiation in the ultra-violet (UV) region and hence is one of the most promising candidates as an alternative to mercury. Nevertheless, the efficiency with which UV radiation is emitted from a xenon discharge is in general lower than that of mercury. Besides, the positive column of a xenon discharge tends to contract at high current density and the intensity of the phosphor-converted emissions from a contracted discharge is very low. In this study, the relations between the contraction process and the pulse width used in the pulsed discharge are discussed. Moreover, two pairs of electrodes are placed in a xenon fluorescent lamp so that the positive column in a diffused state occupies a larger volume for improving the luminance and the efficiency. The lamps were sustained by pulsed discharge. In the diffused state, as the current was gradually increased, the contraction of the,positive column occurred at a specific value. Under all conditions, the luminous intensity of the phosphor-converted emissions reached a maximum prior to the transition of the state of discharge from diffused to contracted. When the pulse width was decreased, the luminance and efficiency of the lamps of any electrode types increased. However, the energy consumed from the turn-on of the current pulse to its peak did not vary as the pulse width was varied. This shows that narrow pulse width is preferred for improving the luminance as a higher current density is attained before the positive column becomes contracted. In fact, the measured current peaks at which the positive column entered a contracted state are increased by decreasing the pulse width. At narrow pulse widths, the maximum luminance was 3000 cd/m2 obtained at a pulse repetition frequency of 17 kHz and a pulse width of 1 μs for the lamp with a single pair of electrodes, whereas 5000 cd/m2 was obtained for the lamp with two pairs of electrodes. However, the efficiency decreased from 65 lm/W to 30 lm/W by increasing the number of electrodes. In general, the contraction of the positive column in rare gas discharges at higher current density causes non-linear process in the plasma such as step-wise ionization. The results shows that the energy consumption mentioned above limits the excitation and ionization processes in xenon fluorescent lamps. More detailed discussions about the mechanism of these processes are presented in the full paper and at the conference.

Scopus

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人照明学会  

CiNii Books

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記述言語：日本語  

J-GLOBAL

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記述言語：日本語  

J-GLOBAL

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記述言語：英語   出版者・発行元：愛媛大学工学部  

CiNii Books

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出版者・発行元：一般社団法人 照明学会  

我々の研究室では、無水銀蛍光ランプの研究を行っている。キセノン放電管の高効率化のために、内部電極方式と外部電極方式の2種類のランプの特長を取り入れた片側外部電極方式ランプを試作した。片側外部電極方式ランプとは、外部電極として、ガラス管の外周にアルミニウムテープを管軸方向に貼り付け、内部電極として、ニッケル線をガラス管内部に外部電極と平行に設置したものである。また比較のために、アルミニウムテープを2枚ガラス管の外周に貼り付けた外部電極方式のランプを用いた。この2つのランプに、点灯周波数が10~60kHzの負極性パルスを印加したときの、電圧、電流、電力、および輝度を測定した。 光束、効率ともに片側外部電極方式ランプの方が大きくなった。これは、片側外部電極方式ランプは外部電極を1枚しか貼り付けていないため、ランプの開口面積が広くなり、大きな光束が得られ、効率が良くなったためと考えられる。今後の課題として、印加電圧波形、封入ガス種および圧力などの最適性を求めて一層の高効率化を図りたい。

DOI： 10.11515/ieijac.36.0.15.0

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記述言語：日本語  

J-GLOBAL

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記述言語：日本語  

CiNii Books

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出版者・発行元：一般社団法人 照明学会  

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人照明学会  

CiNii Books

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記述言語：日本語  

CiNii Books

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記述言語：日本語  

CiNii Books

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記述言語：日本語  

CiNii Books

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人照明学会  

CiNii Books

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人照明学会  

CiNii Books

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J-GLOBAL

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開催年月日： 2023年3月

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記述言語：日本語   会議種別：口頭発表（一般）  

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開催年月日： 2020年9月

記述言語：日本語   会議種別：シンポジウム・ワークショップ パネル（指名）  

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開催年月日： 2020年3月

記述言語：日本語   会議種別：シンポジウム・ワークショップ パネル（指名）  

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開催地：札幌  

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開催地：札幌  

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開催地：札幌  

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開催地：Boston, USA  

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開催地：東京  

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開催地：福岡  

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開催地：名古屋  

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開催地：平塚  

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開催地：平塚  

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記述言語：日本語  

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記述言語：日本語  

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記述言語：日本語  

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記述言語：日本語  

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記述言語：英語   会議種別：口頭発表（一般）  

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記述言語：日本語   会議種別：口頭発表（一般）  

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記述言語：英語   会議種別：ポスター発表  

開催地：Bratislave, Slovakia  

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記述言語：英語   会議種別：口頭発表（一般）  

開催地：Bratislave, Slovakia  

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記述言語：英語   会議種別：口頭発表（一般）  

開催地：京都  

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記述言語：英語   会議種別：ポスター発表  

開催地：京都  

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記述言語：英語   会議種別：ポスター発表  

開催地：京都  

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記述言語：英語   会議種別：ポスター発表  

開催地：京都  

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記述言語：英語   会議種別：ポスター発表  

開催地：京都  

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記述言語：英語   会議種別：ポスター発表  

開催地：京都  

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記述言語：英語   会議種別：口頭発表（一般）  

開催地：Bochum, Germany  

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開催地：新潟  

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記述言語：日本語   会議種別：口頭発表（一般）  

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記述言語：英語   会議種別：ポスター発表  

開催地：Bratislave, Slovakia  

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記述言語：英語   会議種別：ポスター発表  

開催地：Bratislave, Slovakia  

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記述言語：英語   会議種別：ポスター発表  

開催地：Bratislave, Slovakia  

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記述言語：日本語   会議種別：口頭発表（一般）  

開催地：新潟  

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記述言語：英語   会議種別：ポスター発表  

開催地：Bratislave, Slovakia  

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記述言語：日本語   会議種別：ポスター発表  

開催地：新潟  

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記述言語：日本語   会議種別：ポスター発表  

開催地：新潟  

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記述言語：日本語   会議種別：口頭発表（一般）  

開催地：平塚  

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