Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Wiley  

DOI： 10.1002/tqem.21714

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Other Link： https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full-xml/10.1002/tqem.21714

DOI： 10.1007/s12560-019-09372-6

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japan Society of Civil Engineers  

Public concerns have recently emerged due to sanitary microorganism in sanitary sewer overflows (SSOs) from sewerage systems in rainy events. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of SSO on chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) and sanitary microorganisms in a river, Seta River receiving a sewage treatment plant (STP) discharge at the outlet of Lake Biwa. To this end, we conducted field survey during four rainy events whose total rainfalls ranged 10 to 177 mm, and measured CDOM constituents in the STP discharge and the river water. EEM-PARAFAC analysis of CDOM revealed that there are three components of CDOM in the STP discharge and the river water. During the three rainy events, SSOs occurred in the STP. As the results, the CDOM component indicating protein origin in the river water (Comp.2) and summation of the three CDOM components (Comp.f) were confirmed to increase due to untreated sewage discharge in total rainfall events of 28 mm and 68 mm. However, in 177 mm rainfall event when SSOs had occurred before sampling campaign started, Comp.2 did not increase, while Comp. f had gradually increased due to untreated sewage discharge. In addition, in 64 mm and 177 mm rainfall events, increase in sanitary microorganisms in the river water was identified probably due to untreated sewage discharge.

DOI： 10.2208/jscejer.75.7_iii_185

CiNii Research

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Other Link： https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-18H01568/

Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Springer Science and Business Media LLC  

DOI： 10.1007/s12560-018-9355-3

PubMed

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Other Link： http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12560-018-9355-3.pdf

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Elsevier Ltd  

We investigated the effects of the addition of two coagulants−polyaluminium chloride (PACl) and chitosan−into the membrane bioreactor (MBR) process on membrane fouling and the removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs). Their addition at optimized dosages improved the permeability of the membrane by reducing the concentration of soluble microbial products in mixed liquor, the content of inorganic elements, and irreversible fouling of the membrane surface. During long-term operation, the addition of PACl increased removal efficiencies of tetracycline, mefenamic acid, atenolol, furosemide, ketoprofen, and diclofenac by 17–23%. The comparative evaluation using mass balance calculations between coagulation-MBR (with PACl addition) and control-MBR (without PACl addition) showed that enhanced biodegradability played a key role in improving removal efficiencies of some PPCPs in coagulation-MBR. Coagulation-MBR also had higher oxygen uptake rates and specific nitrification rates of microorganisms. Overall, our findings suggest that the combination of MBR with coagulation reduced membrane fouling, lengthening operation period of the membrane, and improved the removal of some PPCPs as a result of enhanced biodegradability.

DOI： 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.01.063

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Elsevier B.V.  

Fifty-five pharmaceuticals were monitored at four rivers and inlets and/or outlets of three sewage treatment plants (STPs) in Yodo River watershed, Japan over 17 sampling events. Twenty-six quantified pharmaceuticals were classified by source and fate. The load per person (LPP) of nine pharmaceuticals, including six with observed mass balance in studied river stretch of &lt
80%, was appreciably lower in river water (RW) than in the effluent (EF) of STPs (RW/EF &lt
0.5), indicating that they were susceptible to in-stream attenuation in the study area, while the others were relatively conservative. The LPP of 12 pharmaceuticals in RW were within ± 50% of that in EF. Because their mass loadings in rivers were correlated with human population in the catchment and most people use the sewer system, the major source of the 12 pharmaceuticals was considered to be STPs. The LPP of the three most labile pharmaceuticals in STPs (caffeine, theophylline, and acetaminophen) was &gt
1.5 in RW/EF and &lt
1.0 in RW/influent (IF) of STPs. Poorly treated sewage discharged from households without using the sewer system was considered to be influential source of the three pharmaceuticals. The LPP (RW/EF) of caffeine, a pharmaceutical contained in food and beverage, was considerably higher than that of the other two, and this is attributable to untreated gray water discharged at households using the night-soil treatment system. The LPP of two veterinary drugs (sulfamonomethoxine and lincomycin) were &gt
1.5 (RW/EF) and &gt
1.0 (RW/IF). Their mass loadings in rivers showed a positive correlation with swine population in the catchment, although sulfamonomethoxine is equally used in both cattle and swine farming. This was attributable to application of cattle excrement as manure, and lability of sulfamonomethoxine during composting processes. The major source of the two veterinary drugs was considered to be on-site treatment facilities of swine urine.

DOI： 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.013

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Springer Verlag  

Little is known about the mechanisms influencing the differences in attenuation of antibiotics between rivers. In this study, the natural attenuation of four antibiotics (azithromycin, clarithromycin, sulfapyridine, and sulfamethoxazole) during transport along the Thames River, UK, over a distance of 8.3 km, and the Katsura River, Japan, over a distance of 7.6 km was compared. To assist interpretation of the field data, the individual degradation and sorption characteristics of the antibiotics were estimated by laboratory experiments using surface water or sediment taken from the same rivers. Azithromycin, clarithromycin, and sulfapyridine were attenuated by 92, 48, and 11% in the Thames River stretch. The first-order decay constants of azithromycin and sulfapyridine were similar to those in the Katsura River, while that of clarithromycin was 4.4 times higher. For sulfamethoxazole, the attenuation was limited in both rivers. Loss of sulfapyridine was attributed to both direct and indirect photolysis in the Thames River, but to only direct photolysis in the Katsura River. Loss of azithromycin and clarithromycin was attributed to sorption to sediment in both rivers. The probable explanation behind the difference in loss rates of clarithromycin between the two rivers was considered to be sediment sorption capacity.

DOI： 10.1007/s11356-017-0523-z

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japan Society of Civil Engineers  

EEM-PARAFAC analysis was applied to reveal the dynamics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) contained in effluent water in Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) and river water at Katsura-river in wet weather. The objective of this study is to evaluate water quality change of effluent water in STP and river water by combined sewer overflow (CSO) and sanitary sewer overflow (SSO).<br> As a result of the water sampling survey, the main component of DOM, which had the largest influence on the quality of river water by CSO and SSO, was a protein-like component.<br> The above results suggested that it is effective to constantly monitor this component with a fluorescent sensor as a simple alternative indicator of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in evaluation of effluent water quality and river water quality by CSO and SSO.

DOI： 10.2208/jscejer.74.iii_275

CiNii Research

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Other Link： https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-18H01568/

Language：English  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

We carried out batch experiments using biomass from a membrane bioreactor (MBR) to study the influence of ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) on the removal of 45 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs). Kinetic parameters such as biodegradation constants and adsorption coefficients with and without AOB inhibition were estimated. No significant differences in adsorption tendency were found, but the biodegradability of most compounds was enhanced when ammonia was completely oxidized, indicating that AOB present in MBR played a critical role in eliminating the PPCPs. Moreover, target PPCPs were degraded in 2 stages, first by cometabolic degradation related to AOB growth, and then by endogenous respiration by microorganisms in the absence of other growth substrate. The compounds were classified into 3 groups according to removal performance and cometabolic degradation. Our approach provides new insight into the removal of PPCPs via cometabolism and endogenous respiration under AOB enrichment cultures developed in MBR. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.155

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SPRINGER  

The evaluation of virus reduction in water reclamation processes is essential for proper assessment and management of the risk of infection by enteric viruses. Ultrafiltration (UF) with coagulation-sedimentation (CS) is potentially effective for efficient virus removal. However, its performance at removing indigenous viruses has not been evaluated. In this study, we evaluated the reduction of indigenous viruses by UF with and without CS in a pilot-scale water reclamation plant in Okinawa, Japan, by measuring the concentration of viruses using the real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Aichi virus (AiV) and pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) were targeted in addition to the main enteric viruses of concern for risk management, namely, norovirus (NoV) genogroups I and II (GI and GII) and rotavirus (RoV). PMMoV, which is a plant pathogenic virus and is present at high concentrations in water contaminated by human feces, has been suggested as a useful viral indicator. We also investigated the reduction of a spiked model virus (F-specific RNA bacteriophage MS2) to measure the effect of viral inactivation by both qPCR and plaque assay. Efficiencies of removal of NoV GI, NoV GII, RoV, and AiV by UF with and without CS were &gt; 0.5 to 3.7 log(10), although concentrations were below the detection limit in permeate water. PMMoV was the most prevalent virus in both feed and permeate water following UF, but CS pretreatment could not significantly improve its removal efficiency (mean removal efficiency: UF, 3.1 log(10); CS + UF, 3.4 log(10); t test, P &gt; 0.05). CS increased the mean removal efficiency of spiked MS2 by only 0.3 log(10) by qPCR (t-test, P &gt; 0.05), but by 2.8 log(10) by plaque assay (t-test, P &lt; 0.01). This difference indicates that the virus was inactivated during CS + UF. Our results suggest that PMMoV could be used as an indicator of removal efficiency in water reclamation processes, but cultural assay is essential to understanding viral fate.

DOI： 10.1007/s12560-017-9301-9

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SPRINGER  

The objective of this work was to evaluate the biological effect of the secondary effluent (SE) of a wastewater treatment plant and reclaimed water treated via ultrafiltration (UF) followed by either reverse osmosis (RO) membrane filtration or nanofiltration (NF) to be used for environmental use by comparing the results of algal growth inhibition tests of concentrated samples of the SE and permeates of RO and NF with those of six rivers in southern Okinawa Island. Although the SE water had no adverse effects on the growth of the algae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, it could lead to water quality degradation of rivers in terms of its toxic unit value, whereas the use of RO and NF permeates would not lead to such degradation. The recharge of rivers, into which domestic wastewater and livestock effluents might be discharged in southern Okinawa Island, with reclaimed water subjected to advanced treatment could dilute the concentrations of chemicals that cause biological effects and improve the water quality of the rivers, based on the results of the bioassay using P. subcapitata. Comparing the results of bioassays of reclaimed water with those of the ambient water at a site might be effective in assessing the water quality of reclaimed water for environmental use at the site.

DOI： 10.1007/s10661-017-6160-7

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE  

Antimicrobial resistant bacteria are widespread in aquatic environments. The aim of the present study was to obtain information on the occurrence of bacteria with antimicrobial resistance and their multiple antimicrobial resistance (MAR) patterns in a river basin in Japan. In addition, the occurrence of fecal bacteria producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) and metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL) in the aquatic environment was determined. Among the Escherichia coil isolates recovered from river samples upstream, 55% isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial and 18% were MAR. Among the E. colt isolates recovered from wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent samples, 74% isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial and 46% were MAR. These findings suggest that the presence of WWTP effluent will increase the degree of contamination with MAR in the aquatic environment. Among the ampicillin-resistant isolates recovered from river samples, 21% isolates were judged as ESBL-producing and none (0%) was judged as MBL-producing. Among the ampicillin-resistant isolates recovered from WWTP effluent samples, 21% were judged as ESBL-producing and 1% was judged as MBL-producing. As for the hospital wastewater samples, 48% were judged as ESBL-producing and 3% were judged as MBL-producing. The percentage of ESBLs and MBL production was highest in hospital wastewater samples. All of the ESBL-producing isolates detected had resistance to ampicillin, cephazolin, and cefpodoxime and many ESBL-producers had resistance not only to beta-lactams but also to other kinds of antimicrobials such as aminoglycosides and quinolones. The frequency of detection of MBL-producers was much lower than that of ESBL-producers and MBL-producers were not detected in the river samples. However, the detection in WVVTP effluent samples indicated that bacteria with MBL were present downstream of the WWTP at low concentrations. Thus, ESBLs and MBL have already been spread around aquatic environments.

DOI： 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.04.053

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：MDPI AG  

Reverse osmosis (RO) concentrate from wastewater reuse facilities contains concentrated emerging pollutants, such as pharmaceuticals. In this research, a paper-like composite sheet consisting of titanium dioxide (TiO2) and zeolite was synthesized, and removal of the antipruritic agent crotamiton from RO concentrate was studied using the TiO2/zeolite composite sheet. The RO concentrate was obtained from a pilot-scale municipal secondary effluent reclamation plant. Effective immobilization of the two powders in the sheet made it easy to handle and to separate the photocatalyst and adsorbent from purified water. The TiO2/zeolite composite sheet showed excellent performance for crotamiton adsorption without obvious inhibition by other components in the RO concentrate. With ultraviolet irradiation, crotamiton was simultaneously removed through adsorption and photocatalysis. The photocatalytic decomposition of crotamiton in the RO concentrate was significantly inhibited by the water matrix at high initial crotamiton concentrations, whereas rapid decomposition was achieved at low initial crotamiton concentrations. The major degradation intermediates were also adsorbed by the composite sheet. This result provides a promising method of mitigating secondary pollution caused by the harmful intermediates produced during advanced oxidation processes. The cyclic use of the HSZ-385/P25 composite sheet indicated the feasibility of continuously removing crotamiton from RO concentrate.

DOI： 10.3390/app7080778

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Other Link： http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4530-7906

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

We investigated the concentrations of 57 target compounds in the different treatment units of various biological treatment processes in South Korea, including modified biological nutrient removal (BNR), anaerobic-anoxic-aerobic (A2O), and membrane bioreactor (MBR) systems, to elucidate the occurrence and removal fates of PPCPs in WWTPs. Biological treatment processes appeared to be most effective in eliminating most PPCPs, whereas some PPCPs were additionally removed by post-treatment. With the exception of the MBR process, the A2O system was effective for PPCPs removal. As a result, removal mechanisms were evaluated by calculating the mass balances in A2O and a lab-scale MBR process. The comparative study demonstrated that biodegradation was largely responsible for the improved removal performance found in lab-scale MBR (e.g., in removing bezafibrate, ketoprofen, and atenolol). Triclocarban, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and tetracycline were adsorbed in large amounts to MBR sludge. Increased biodegradability was also observed in lab-scale MBR, despite the highly adsorbable characteristics. The enhanced biodegradation potential seen in the MBR process thus likely plays a key role in eliminating highly adsorbable compounds as well as non-degradable or persistent PPCPs in other biological treatment processes. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.03.135

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

Reclaimed water (i.e., reused advanced-treated wastewater) offers an alternative water resource. To reduce the health risks associated with its use, efficient virus removal such as with advanced wastewater treatment processes is important. Virus removal by coagulation followed by ultrafiltration (UF) for the treatment of drinking water has been well examined. But its efficacy in wastewater reclamation purpose using secondary treated effluent (SE) from wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) as feed water is unclear. Here, we optimized the virus removal efficiency of coagulation-UF in pilot-scale wastewater reclamation plants using SE as feed water, using the F-specific RNA bacteriophage MS2 as a model virus, at two wastewater treatment plants in Japan. We investigated how using coagulation as a pretreatment for UF improved virus removal efficiency. The efficiency varied greatly between SEs. To reveal the cause of the variation, we conducted laboratory-scale batch coagulation experiments. The efficiency of viral coagulation was negatively correlated with the concentration of dissolved organic matter in the feed water. The optimum pH for coagulation differed between SEs, and the efficiency of coagulation could be dramatically improved by optimizing the pH. We confirmed that the virus removal efficiency in the pilot-scale facility actually could be improved by adjusting the pH. In addition, we confirmed that coagulation -sedimentation-UF with pH adjustment could operate stably for more than 30 days at the pilot scale, with a high virus removal rate. Thus, the wastewater reclamation process described here offers promise in terms of reduced health risks and practical operation. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.watres.2017.02.017

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japan Society of Civil Engineers  

&nbsp;This study evaluated removal efficiency of virus by coagulation and UF process aimed at water reuse and compared removal efficiencies between bacteriophage MS2 and Q&szlig;. From the results of batch experiment, removal of MS2 during coagulation was increased depending on increase of coagulant dose. Removal efficiency of Q&szlig; was higher than that of MS2 during coagulation. From the results of pilot plant experiment using coagulation and UF process, removal efficiency of MS2 during coagulation process was increased depending on the coagulant dose increase. The removal efficiency of MS2 was also increased during UF process by the addition of coagulant before UF process. Although removal efficiency of Q&szlig; was higher than that of MS2 during coagulation process in the pilot plant experiments, removal efficiency of MS2 was higher during UF process.

DOI： 10.2208/jscejer.73.101

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：社団法人 環境科学会  

DOI： 10.11353/sesj.30.250

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Language：Japanese  

DOI： 10.2208/jscejer.73.159

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Elsevier B.V.  

Photoproducts of pharmaceuticals have been studied in order not to overlook their potential risks to aquatic organisms. However, no studies have verified an equation for predicting the fate of photoproducts in aquatic environment (Poiger equation) by field measurements, leaving uncertainties in its practical utility. Therefore, we conducted this study to test the applicability of the Poiger equation to 3-ethylbenzophenone (EBP), a photoproduct of ketoprofen (KTP). Photolysis experiments determined the fraction of KTP transformed into EBP as 0.744 ± 0.074 and the quantum yield of EBP degradation as 0.000418 ± 0.000090. Field studies in urban rivers and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) revealed that EBP was produced by sunlight, mainly in the rivers, but also appreciably in outdoor primary and secondary clarifiers in the WWTPs. We developed a model in the secondary clarifiers, disinfection tanks, and rivers by incorporating the Poiger equation, which was effective at predicting the concentrations of EBP in the river waters and wastewaters. Thus, our first trial of verification by field measurements enhanced the practical utility of the Poiger equation, though further study including several photoproducts should be conducted.

DOI： 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.189

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Taylor and Francis Ltd.  

When ultrafiltration (UF) membrane processes that are able to effectively reduce viruses are installed in a waste water reclamation system, the security of sanitation safety for water-borne diseases is essential. It is important to understand the behaviour of enteric viruses such as Adenovirus, Rotavirus and Norovirus (NV), the detection rate of which is relatively high in sewage. This study focused on the UF membrane process for the reclaimed water treatment process, and investigated the removal performance in NV type GI and GII in the UF membrane process by performing coagulation and sedimentation as the pre-treatment process in a pilot-plant by considering the concentration fluctuation of the influent. The removal ratio of GI and GII by the UF membrane process alone was 3.3 ± 0.7 Log in GI and 3.6 ± 1.0 Log in GII, and no clear difference in the removal ratio by NV species type was observed. The removal ratio of NV GII was increased by about 0.6 Log on average (4.2 ± 1.1 Log) compared with the UF membrane process only when the coagulation and sedimentation process were conducted as pre-treatment. However, there was no significant difference in the removal of NV GI by conducting the coagulation and sedimentation process.

DOI： 10.1080/09593330.2016.1164760

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY  

F-specific RNA phages (FRNAPHs) are considered potential viral indicators of water pollution due to their occurrence and stability in water environments. However, their suitability as viral indicators is not fully elucidated because the characteristics of FRNAPHs are variable depending on the genotype. In this study, for the characterization of infectious FRNAPH genotypes, integrated culture reverse transcription-PCR coupled with the most probable number approach was applied to surface water samples. Further, to recover low concentrations of FRNAPH genotypes, an FRNAPH recovery method was developed. The novel FRNAPH recovery method using a noncharged microfiltration membrane could effectively recover FRNAPH strains without inactivation, while a method using an electronegative microfiltration membrane resulted in the inactivation of some strains. Infectious FRNAPH genotypes in surface water samples were successfully quantified with an efficiency comparable to that of the conventional plaque assay. Genotype I (GI) and GII FRNAPHs tended to be predominant at locations impacted by treated and untreated municipal wastewater, respectively. The numbers and proportions of infectious FRNAPHs tended to be higher during the winter season when water temperature decreased.
IMPORTANCE
Properties of FRNAPHs are highly variable depending on their genotypes. Previous typing methods for FRNAPHs are not quantitative and/or are based on molecular assays, which cannot differentiate infective strains from inactive strains. Due to the reasons mentioned above, the utility of FRNAPHs as viral indicators of water pollution has not been fully validated. In this study, a quantitative genotyping method for infectious FRNAPHs was developed and applied to surface water samples. The method enabled characterization of infectious FRNAPH genotypes in terms of their occurrence and seasonality. Moreover, comparison of the method to a conventional molecular assay (reverse transcription-quantitative PCR) enabled characterization of their stability. Our approach can provide novel findings for further validation of FRNAPHs as viral indicators of water pollution.

DOI： 10.1128/AEM.00621-16

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本下水道協会  

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本下水道協会  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本下水道協会  

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本下水道協会  

CiNii Books

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

A year-round monitoring survey of sewage flowing into sewage treatment plants located in urban Japan was conducted by targeting seven representative pharmaceutical components-atenolol (ATL), ciprofloxacin (CFX), clarithromycin (CTM), diclofenac (DCF), diltiazem (DTZ), disopyramide (DSP), and sulpiride (SPR)-detected in the river environment. For each of these components, two types of predicted concentration were estimated on the basis of two types of data (the shipping volume and sales volume of each component). The measured concentration of each component obtained through the survey and the two types of estimated predicted concentration of each component were then compared. The correspondence ratio between the predicted concentration estimated from the shipping volume of the component and the measured concentration (predicted concentration/measured concentration) was, for ATL, 3.1; CFX, 1.4; CTM, 1.4; DCF, 0.2; DTZ, 0.9; DSP, 11.6; and SPR, 1.1. The correspondence ratio between the predicted concentration estimated from the sales volume of the component and the measured concentration was, for ATL, 0.5; CFX, 1.1; CTM, 0.8; DCF, 0.1; DTZ, 0.2; DSP, 0.7; and SPR, 0.8. Although a generally corresponding trend was seen regardless of whether the prediction was based on shipping volume or sales volume, the predicted concentrations estimated from the shipping volumes of all components expect DSP were found, to our knowledge for the first time in Japan, to correspond better than those based on sales volumes to the measured concentrations. These findings should help to improve the prediction accuracy of concentrations of pharmaceutical components in river waters. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.07.073

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY-BLACKWELL  

This study describes the occurrence, fate, and removal of free estrogens (estrone (E1), 17 beta-estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), 17 alpha-ethynylestradiol (EE2)) and their glucuronide and sulfate conjugates (estrone-3-sulphate (E1-3S), 17 beta-estradiol-3-sulfate (E2-3S), estriol-3-sulfate (E3-3S), estrone-3-glucuronide (E1-3G), 17 beta-estradiol-3-glucuronide (E2-3G), and estriol-3-glucuronide (E3-3G)) in 12 sewage treatment plants in Japan. Glucuronide conjugates were only rarely detected in sewage influents and entirely eliminated within the treatment plants. E1 was found at 69 ng/L, E2 at 108 ng/L, E1-3S at 18 ng/L, and E2-3S at 78 ng/L in the sewage influents. The average removal efficiency for E1, E2, and sulfate conjugates was 88, 92, and 93%, respectively, following activated sludge treatment. The removal of E1 and E2 was improved with increasing the sludge retention time (SRT), with the highest removal typically found from 12 days SRT onward. The removal of sulfate conjugates was also related to SRT with highest removals found from eight days SRT onward. No correlation was found between the hydraulic retention time and the removal of any of the estrogens. The ozone dosage of 4-7 mg/L reduced E3 and E2-3S and E3-3S to below detection levels. Overall ozonation reduced the estrogenicity of the effluents as expressed as estradiol equivalents from 8.4 to 0.7 ng/L. The results suggest adequate river basin management of estrogens in Japan could be accomplished by a mixture of activated sludge plants with long SRT and where necessary, the addition of tertiary ozonation.

DOI： 10.1002/clen.201400498

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Elsevier  

To reduce the risk of producing an anti-influenza drug-resistant virus from wildfowl, it is important to estimate the concentrations of anti-influenza drugs in river water during an influenza pandemic and to evaluate the concentrations that keep river basins safe. We first created a newly designed infectious disease transmission model based on the Susceptible-Infected-Recovered model. This model was then applied to replicate the transitional changes of three representative anti-influenza drugs, oseltamivir (OS), oseltamivir carboxylate (OC), and zanamivir (ZAN), in the urban area of the Yodo River system, which is one of the major basins in Japan with a population of 12 million
this region contains nearly 10% of the country's flu cases during the seasonal influenza outbreaks between 1999 and 2010. The results showed high correlations between the estimated number of influenza cases and the concentrations of the three investigated anti-influenza drugs with the reported values.We then extended the application of the model to estimate the concentration level of these anti-influenza drugs during the several influenza pandemics. The maximum estimated concentrations for OS, OC, and ZAN were known to be 260-450. ng/L, 1500-2600. ng/L and 40-70. ng/L, respectively, at the peak of the influenza pandemic. These results suggest that it is possible that a drug-resistant influenza virus can originate from wild mallard when there is a large-scale influenza pandemic. However, ozonation before discharge at sewage treatment plants is known to significantly reduce the release of such drugs into the aquatic environment to reduce the risk of a drug-resistant virus outbreak. It was also suggested that further environmental risk could be reduced by decreasing these concentrations further in river water.

DOI： 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.03.069

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE  

This is the first report of the detection of two new anti-influenza drugs, peramivir (PER) and laninamivir (LAN), in Japanese sewage effluent and river waters. Over about 1 year from October 2013 to July 2014, including the influenza prevalence season in January and February 2014, we monitored for five anti-influenza drugs-oseltamivir (OS), oseltamivir carboxylate (OC), zanamivir (ZAN), PER, and LAN-in river waters and in sewage effluent flowing into urban rivers of the Yodo River system in Japan. The dynamic profiles of these anti-influenza drugs were synchronized well with that of the numbers of influenza patients treated with the drugs. The highest levels in sewage effluents and river waters were, respectively, 82 and 41 ng/L (OS), 347 and 125 ng/L (OC), 110 and 35 ng/L (ZAN), 64 and 11 ng/L (PER), and 21 and 9 ng/L (LAN). However, application of ozone treatment before discharge from sewage treatment plants was effective in reducing the levels of these anti-influenza drugs in effluent. The effectiveness of the ozone treatment and the drug dependent difference in susceptibility against ozone were further evidenced by ozonation of a STP effluent in a batch reactor. These findings should help to promote further environmental risk assessment of the generation of drug-resistant influenza viruses in aquatic environments.

DOI： 10.1371/journal.pone.0131412

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：AMER CHEMICAL SOC  

The in vitro estrogen receptor (ER) reporter gene assay has long been used to measure estrogenic activity in wastewater. In a previous study, we demonstrated that the assay represents net estrogenic activity in the balance between estrogenic and antiestrogenic activities in waste:water. However, it remained unclear whether the net estrogenic activity measured by the in vitro ER alpha reporter gene assay can predict the in vivo estrogenic effect of wastewater. To determine this, we measured the following: estrogenic and antiestrogenic activities of wastewater and reclaimed water by the in vitro ER alpha reporter gene assay, expression of vitellogenin-1 (vtg1) and choriogenin-H (chgH) in male medaka (Oryzias latipes) by quantitative real-time PCR, and estrone, 17 beta-estradiol, estriol, and 17 alpha-ethynylestradiol concentrations chemically to predict estrogenic activity. The net estrogenic activity measured by the in vitro medaka ER alpha reporter gene assay predicted the in vivo vtg1/chgH expression in male medaka more accurately than the concentrations of estrogens. These results also mean that in vivo vtg1/chgH expression in male medaka is determined by the balance between estrogenic and antiestrogenic activities. The in vitro medaka ER alpha reporter gene assay also predicted in vivo vtg1/chgH expression on male medaka better than the human ER alpha reporter gene assay.

DOI： 10.1021/acs.est.5b01027

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本下水道協会  

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：公益社団法人 土木学会  

DOI： 10.2208/jscejer.71.III_179

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Royal Society of Chemistry  

To improve the risk assessment of pharmaceuticals, it is helpful to know how rapidly they are removed from river water. Direct photolysis by sunlight could be an important process, but so far few studies have attempted to compare modeled with actual losses in a river. Therefore, we quantified natural attenuation by monitoring 56 pharmaceuticals and personal care products over 2 full years in a 2.6 km stretch of an urban river. In addition, to screen photoproducts, we used the Microtox test with Vibrio fischeri to evaluate changes in the toxicity of two photolabile pharmaceuticals, ketoprofen and diclofenac, under sunlight. During transport along the river stretch, ketoprofen and the photolabile pharmaceutical furosemide were attenuated by median values of 77% and 39%. The observed attenuation showed good agreement with photochemical attenuation estimated by an existing method at each sampling, suggesting that the method appeared to be effective for estimating the direct photolysis of the pharmaceuticals during river transport. The toxicity of diclofenac decreased under sunlight, while that of ketoprofen increased immediately after exposure (around 12 times in EC&lt
inf&gt
20&lt
/inf&gt
) and remained high, indicating the existence of toxic and photostable photoproducts of ketoprofen. Therefore, ecological risks of photolabile pharmaceuticals may increase during river transport in some cases, indicating the necessity to incorporate their photoproducts into the estimation method.

DOI： 10.1039/c4em00448e

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：American Chemical Society  

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals are exogenous substances that alter the function of the endocrine system, with adverse health effects on organisms or their progeny. In vitro estrogen receptor (ER) reporter gene assays have long been used to measure estrogenic activity in wastewater. Nevertheless, there is still uncertainty about their usefulness in environmental monitoring on account of a discrepancy between the estrogenic response of the in vitro assay and concentrations of estrogenic compounds determined by chemical analysis. Here, we measured estrogenic and antiestrogenic activities in wastewater by ERα reporter gene assay. All samples were simultaneously analyzed for estrone, 17β-estradiol, estriol, and 17α-ethynylestradiol, and the concentrations were used to predict estrogenic activity. All samples in which measured estrogenic activity was significantly lower than predicted showed strong antiestrogenic activity. In addition, we confirmed that the fraction that did not have antiestrogenic activity showed stronger estrogenic activity than the unfractionated wastewater extract. These results indicate that antiestrogenic compounds in wastewater suppress the activity of natural estrogens, and the reporter gene assay represents the net activity. © 2014 American Chemical Society.

DOI： 10.1021/es5014938

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A simple model was set up to predict estrogen concentrations and endocrine disruption risk in the Yodo River, Japan. This catchment spans the conurbations of Kyoto and Osaka and is the main source of drinking water for Osaka City, Japan. From the river survey data (5 separate occasions between 2005 and 2008), a maximum of 32 g per day estrone (E1) load was observed in the most downstream site of the river. Predicted E1 concentrations were in reasonable agreement with the measurements taken at several points within the basin from a series of sampling campaigns. The predicted concentrations exceeded a net estradiol (E2) equivalent of 1 ng L-1 on only a few occasions, suggesting that only limited endocrine disruption phenomena in fish along the Yodo River is likely. The model was then used to examine the impact on estrogen concentrations and endocrine disruption of a number of different scenarios. It was found that in-river biodegradation had little effect on predicted concentrations and the outcome of endocrine disruption along the catchment. However, reduced sewage treatment removal, as can be experienced in winter in Japan, led to levels of 3.1 ng L-1 E2 equivalents being possible. The reduced river flow in winter in Japan exacerbates the situation as it offers less dilution. It was found that the application of the ozonation process as a tertiary sewage treatment in winter could prevent this higher risk endocrine disruption situation. This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2014.

DOI： 10.1039/c3em00219e

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：京都大学環境衛生工学研究会  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japan Society of Civil Engineers  

The gene expression that swiftly reacts to external stimulation can be applied to the rapid evaluation of the biological effect of fish. Sex-specific genes of medaka were searched using microarray in order to evaluate the estrogenic activity of the fish; the evaluation required an exposure time of 96 h. We evaluated the reduction of the estrogenic activity by the nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) membranes using the feminization factor calculated from the genes expression profile. The average reduction ratios of the feminization factor for the NF and RO membranes were 47% and 95%, respectively.

DOI： 10.2208/jscejer.70.III_73

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japan Society of Civil Engineers  

In this study, reduction efficiencies of viruses in secondary treated waters by coagulation treatment and following membrane filtration, which are supposed to be treatments for wastewater reclamation, were studied. The coagulation followed by UF filtration showed only a 3-log reduction in the pilot plant test. Consequently, lab-scale tests for evaluating effects of coagulation condition, i.e., types and dosages of coagulants, and raw water quality, i.e., SS, pH, DOC, E260, were conducted.Regarding raw water quality parameters, pH and DOC showed a great effect on virus reduction by coagulation and following membrane filtration (0.45 μm) while particles larger than 0.01 μm were not seemed to affect that. It was found that the pH5 condition was optimization of viral adsorption to/entrapment in floc. As the result, we could achieved 7-log virus reduction by coagulation under pH5 following by membrane filtration.

DOI： 10.2208/jscejer.70.III_313

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Society of Environmental Conservation Engineering  

In this study, the number of influenza patients treated with anti-influenza drugs oseltamivir and zanamivir during the influenza outbreak seasons in 2010-2011 and 2011-2012 in Kyoto district was estimated by monitoring drug concentrations in influent at sewage treatment plants. The results were positively correlated with values estimated by the Pharmacy Surveillance Institute of the Infectious Disease Surveillance Center in the National Institute of Infectious Disease, Japan. Our estimation method of the number of influenza patients has the potential to be used as a tool for epidemiological surveillance of other infectious diseases.

DOI： 10.5956/jriet.43.226

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD  

We optimised the simultaneous analysis of four analytes, namely three anti-influenza drugs (oseltamivir (OS), zanamivir (ZAN) and amantadine (AMN)) and one metabolite of OS (oseltamivir carboxylate (OC)), in sewage treatment plant (STP) influent and effluent by verifying the types and conditions of solid phase extraction (SPE) appropriate for LC-MS/MS analysis. In summary, these target analytes were extracted from aqueous samples (30-50 mL) by using strong cation-exchange SPE cartridges (500 mg adsorbent) under acidic conditions (pH 3-4). After washing of the cartridges with acidified water (pH 3.0, 3 mL) and methanol (3 mL), the analytes were eluted with a mixed solvent (2 mL) of 10% (v/v) triethylamine in a 1:1 (v/v) mixture of acetone and water. Application of this technique to the target compounds should yield a comprehensive understanding of the occurrence and fate of anti-influenza drugs in the water environment.

DOI： 10.1080/03067319.2014.921290

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：AMER CHEMICAL SOC  

Existing stochastic models for predicting concentrations of down-the-drain chemicals in aquatic environments do not account for the diurnal variation of direct photolysis by sunlight, despite its being an important factor in natural attenuation. To overcome this limitation, we developed a stochastic model incorporating temporal variations in direct photolysis. To verify the model, we measured 57 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in a 7.6-km stretch of an urban river, and determined their physical and biological properties in laboratory experiments. During transport along the river, 8 PPCPs, including ketoprofen and azithromycin, were attenuated by &gt
20%, mainly owing to direct photolysis and adsorption to sediments. The photolabile PPCPs attenuated significantly in the daytime but persisted in the nighttime. The observations were similar to the values predicted by the photolysis model for the photolabile PPCPs (i.e., ketoprofen, diclofenac and furosemide) but not by the existing model. The stochastic model developed in this study was suggested to be a novel and useful stochastic model for evaluating direct photolysis of down-the-drain chemicals, which occurs during the river transport. © 2013 American Chemical Society.

DOI： 10.1021/es4035478

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

In February 2011, at the peak of an influenza outbreak, we performed a comprehensive analysis of the mass balances of four anti-influenza drugs-oseltamivir (OS), oseltamivir carboxylate (OC), amantadine (AMN), and zanamivir (ZAN)-in the urban area of the Yodo River system. This area includes three main river catchments (the Katsura, Uji, and Kidzu Rivers) and is home to 12 million people, about 10% of Japan's population. Water was sampled at six main rivers and 13 tributary sites and eight sewage treatment plants (STPs). We concluded that the STP effluents were the major sources of the anti-influenza drug load in the Yodo River system (68-94% of total mass fluxes). Extended measurement throughout the Yodo River system further showed only small fluctuations of the ratio of OS to OC from 0.2 to 0.3, suggesting that OS and its metabolite are environmentally stable. The results also clearly showed the importance of reducing the levels of anti-influenza drugs in the water environment by reducing their emission at STPs. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.05.025

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

The fate and removal of 48 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) during anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge were investigated in four full-scale sewage treatment plants (STPs). We measured concentrations in both the liquid and solid phases of the sludge to compare the distribution ratios (Kd) between phases before and after digestion. The results showed changes in Kd values of PPCPs with carboxyl or amino functional groups, probably due to a shift of dissociation equilibrium with the increase in pH. Sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim were almost completely degraded (&gt
90%)
triclosan, triclocarban, and ofloxacin were moderately degraded (around 30-50%)
but carbamazepine was not eliminated. To our knowledge, this is the first report that shows (i) the occurrence and removal of several tens of PPCPs by anaerobic sludge digestion in full-scale municipal STPs and (ii) the change of distribution between the liquid and solid phases during digestion. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.05.032

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：京都大学環境衛生工学研究会  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本下水道協会  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：京都大学環境衛生工学研究会  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本下水道協会  

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Time-dependent dynamics in the concentrations of four anti-influenza drugs (oseltamivir, oseltamivir carboxylate, zanamivir, and amantadine) in environmental waters collected from the Yodo River basin, Japan, were monitored for the first time over a 1 year period (July 2010 to June 2011). The clear, convex dynamic profiles of oseltamivir, oseltamivir carboxylate, and zanamivir during a 3 month seasonal influenza outbreak (January to March 2011) were synchronized well with that of the numbers of influenza patients treated with the drugs. The highest levels in sewage treatment plants (STPs) and river waters were, respectively, 177 and 60 ng/L (oseltamivir), 827 and 288 ng/L (oseltamivir carboxylate), and 30 and 15 ng/L (zanamivir). Fixed levels of amantadine were detectable year-round (100-200 ng/L in the STPs and 10-30 ng/L in river waters). The predicted convex profiles of oseltamivir, oseltamivir carboxylate, and zanamivir in both STPs and river waters were significantly correlated (0.714 &lt
R &lt
0.932) with the observed values. The profiles were predicted successfully by simple mathematical principles, taking the number of influenza patients, quantities of Tamiflu and Relenza used, dilution by drainwaters passing through STPs, removal rates at STPs, dilution rates in river effluents, and attenuation rates in rivers into consideration. © 2012 American Chemical Society.

DOI： 10.1021/es303203c

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The fate and behavior of estrone-3-sulfate (E1-3S), estradiol-3-sulfate (E2-3S), estrone-3-glucuronide (E1-3G) and estradiol-3-glucuronide (E2-3G) were studied in raw sewage, activated sludge and river water using microcosms. The glucuronide conjugates had a half-life of 0.4. h in raw sewage, yielding 40-60% of their free estrogens. Field observations at three activated sludge processes suggested complete transformation of the glucuronide conjugates in the sewer. In river water glucuronide conjugates half-lives extended to over 2. d yielding 60-100% of their free parent estrogens. Transformation of the sulfate conjugates in raw sewage and river water was slow with little formation of the parent estrogens. Sulfate conjugates could readily be detected in sewage influent in the field studies. In activated sludge the sulfate conjugates had half-lives of 0.2. h with the transient formation of 10-55% of the free parent estrogens. Field studies indicated transformation of sulfate conjugates across the sewage treatment, although a proportion escaped into the effluent. These results broadly support the view that glucuronide conjugates will be entirely transformed within the sewer largely to their parent estrogens. The sulfate conjugates may persist in raw sewage and river water but are transformable in activated sludge and, in the case of E2-3S, reform a high proportion of the parent estrogen. © 2012 Elsevier B.V..

DOI： 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.04.078

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：京都大学環境衛生工学研究会  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japan Society of Civil Engineers  

In order to mitigate the pollution of the river water attributed to the urban wastewater discharged from the middle part of Yodo river basin, bypass channel system with river water treatment facilities was equipped at Yodo River basin. In this study, attenuation of 53 pharmaceuticals and personal care product (PPCPs) were clarified both in the Yodo river bypass channel system and the river by the field survey and these two were compared considering several scenarios for the system operation in order to evaluate the utility of the Yodo river bypass channel system. As the result, attenuation of PPCPs in the Yodo river bypass channel system was suggested to be comparable to that in the river line or smaller than that in the case of expansion of inflow and area covered by the channel, due to photolysis by sunlight and adsorption to the sediment in the river line.

DOI： 10.2208/jscejer.68.III_193

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japan Society of Civil Engineers  

The objectives of this study were to determine the occurrence and fate of <i>N</i>-nitrosamines in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs: X and Y), and to evaluate formation potential of <i>N</i>-nitrosamines on chlorination (FP_Cl) and efficiency of FP_Cl reduction by biological treatment. We also investigated the residual FP_Cl in the final discharge. As the results, the concentrations of <i>N</i>-nitrosamines in the influent were ranged from 3 to 237 ng/L. The removal efficiencies of <i>N</i>-nitrosamines were ranged from 28 to 99% by biological treatment. The production rates of <i>N</i>-nitrosamines were ranged from 14 to 66% by disinfection. The <i>N</i>-nitrosamines FP_Cl in WWTP X were higher than those in WWTP Y, and the efficiencies of <i>N</i>-nitrosamines FP_Cl reduction by biological treatment were ranged from 2 to 94% in WWTPs X and Y. The concentrations of residual <i>N</i>-nitrosamines FP_Cl were ranged from 2 to 848 ng/L in the both WWTPs. Thus, <i>N</i>-nitrosamines could be produced in water purification or reclamation plants using discharge from WWTPs.

DOI： 10.2208/jscejer.68.III_351

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCI LTD  

A detailed study of the free and conjugated estrogen load discharged by the eight major sewage treatment plants into the Yodo River basin, Japan was carried out. Sampling campaigns were focused on the winter and autumn seasons from 2005 to 2008 and the free estrogens estrone(E1), 17 beta-estradiol(E2), estriol(E3), 17 alpha-ethynylestradiol(EE2) as well as their conjugated (sulfate and glucuronide) forms. For both sewage effluent and river water E2 and El concentrations were greatest during the winter period (December March). This coincides with the period of lowest rainfall and lowest temperatures in Japan. El was the dominant estrogenic component in effluent (means of 10-50 ng/L) followed by E2 (means of 0.5-3 ng/L). The estrogen sulfate conjugates were found intermittently in the 0.5-1.7 ng/L concentration range in the sewage effluents. The greatest estrogen exposure was found to be in the Katsura River tributary which exceeded 1 ng/L E2-equivalents during the winter period. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.04.038

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

The occurrence of free and conjugated estrogens was examined in a survey of eleven sewage treatment plants (STPs) and their discharge water in the United Kingdom using grab sampling. The STPs included trickling filter with and without tertiary treatment, and activated sludge with tertiary treatment. For three activated sludge plants both influent and effluent samples were compared. For a further 8 STPs only the effluent was examined. The estrone-3-sulphate, estradiol-3-sulphate and estriol-3-sulphate concentrations (up to 20 ng L(-1)) were typically 5-fold that of the respective free estrogen concentration in the effluents. This represents a substantial additional &apos;potential&apos; estrogen load arriving in the receiving waters. Estrone-3-glucuronide was found at 9 ng L(-1), estradiol-3-glucuronide at 7 ng L(-1), and estriol-3-glucuronide at 32 ng L(-1) in sewage influent. Except on one occasion, no glucuronide conjugates could be found in the effluent. The results suggest in most cases glucuronide conjugates will be completely transformed in sewage treatment whilst sulphate conjugates will only be partially removed. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.11.040

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CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本下水道協会  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本下水道協会  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

We investigated the occurrence and fate of the two antiviral drugs oseltamivir carboxylate (OC) the active metabolite of Tamiflu and amantadine (AMT) at three sewage treatment plants (STPs) during the 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 influenza seasons in Japan. Both compounds were detected in all samples analyzed. The concentrations in raw influents at the STPs ranged from 140 to 460 ng L(-1) OC and from 184 to 538 ng L(-1) AMT. Primary treatment gave no substantial removal of the drugs (OC, 2-9%; AMT, 7-17%). Biological nutrient-removal-based secondary treatment (anoxic-oxic-anoxic-oxic and anaerobic-anoxic-oxic) removed 20-37% of OC, whereas extended-aeration-based conventional activated sludge treatment removed &lt;20%. STPs using primary plus biological secondary treatment removed &lt;50% of the drugs. The incorporation of tertiary treatment by ozonation removed &gt;90%. Ozonation after secondary treatment in STPs will be necessary during an influenza pandemic to reduce the risks associated with the widespread use of antiviral drugs. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.07.023

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE  

BACKGROUND: Oseltamivir phosphate (OP; Tamiflu) is a prodrug of the anti-influenza neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir carboxylate (OC) and has been developed for the treatment and prevention of both A and B strains of influenza. The recent increase in OP resistance in influenza A virus (H1N1; commonlly called "swine flu") has raised questions about the widespread use of Tamiflu in seasonal epidemics and the potential ecotoxicologic risk associated with its use in the event of a pandemic.
OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to develop an analytical method for quantitative determination of OC in sewage treatment plant (STP) effluent and receiving river water, and to investigate the occurrence of OC in STP effluent and river water in Japan during a seasonal flu outbreak.
METHODS: We developed an analytical method based on solid-phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Using this method, we analyzed samples from three sampling campaigns conducted during the 2008-2009 flu season in Kyoto City, Japan.
RESULTS: The highest concentration of OC detected in STP discharge was 293.3 ng/L from a conventional activated-sludge-based STP; however, we detected only 37.9 ng/L from an advanced STP with ozonation as a tertiary treatment. In the receiving river water samples, we detected 6.6-190.2 ng/L OC, during the peak of the flu season.
CONCLUSION: OC is present in STP effluent and river water only during the flu season. Ozonation as tertiary treatment in STP will substantially reduce the OC load in STP effluent during an influenza epidemic or pandemic.

DOI： 10.1289/ehp.0900930

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This article describes the development of a short pre-treatment method that allows the simultaneous analysis of free estrogens (estrone, 17β-estradiol, estriol and 17α-ethynylestradiol) and their sulphate and glucuronide conjugated forms. For a range of matrices, from sewage effluent to river water, the developed methodology based on solid-phase extraction and fractionation technique with ultra-performance liquid chromatography system showed effective separation of the targeted estrogens. The detection limits of this method ranged from 0.2 to 0.8 ng L-1 for river water. The recoveries for river water and sewage effluent varied from 63% to 127%. The problems of matrix effects and ion suppression or enhancement were allowed quantitatively for in the analysis using standard addition. The developed method was used successfully to detect estrogens and their conjugates in both raw and treated wastewater, and river water at a location in Japan. High concentrations of the free estrogens estrone, 17β-estradiol and estriol were found in the influent (22.6, 77.2, 64.6 ng L-1, respectively) but only E1 was still present at a high concentration in the effluent which was reflected in the downstream river concentration. Estrone-3-sulphate was detected up to 18.0 ng L-1 in influent water sample and 1.1 ng L-1 in downstream water. For the sulphate conjugates, removal efficiencies varied from 35 to 88%. Glucuronide conjugates were detected only once in the sewage influent. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd.

DOI： 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.08.052

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Photodegradation characteristics of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and the effectiveness of H2O2 addition for PPCPs photodegradation during UV treatment were examined in this study. Average k (1st order rate constant) value for all the PPCPs investigated increased by a factor of 1.3 by H2O2 addition during UV treatment using biologically treated water (TW) spiked with the 30 PPCPs. Therefore, the effectiveness of H2O2 addition for PPCPs removal during UV treatment in real wastewater treatment process was expected. It could be also known that H2O2 addition would improve photodegradation rates of PPCPs highly resistant for UV treatment such as DEET, ethenzamide and theophylline. UV dose required for 90% degradation of each PPCP was calculated from k values obtained in UV and UV/H2O2 treatment experiments using TW spiked with 30 PPCPs. For UV treatment, UV dose required for degrading each PPCP by 90% of initial concentration ranged from 38 mJ cm-2 to 5644 mJ cm-2, indicating that most of PPCPs will not be removed sufficiently in UV disinfection process in wastewater treatment plant. For UV/H2O2 treatment, all the PPCPs except seven PPCPs including cyclophosphamide and 2-QCA were degraded by more than 90% by UV irradiation for 30 min (UV dose: 691 mJ cm-2), indicating that H2O2 addition during UV treatment will be highly effective for improving the degradation of PPCPs by UV, even though much higher UV dose is still necessary comparing to for UV disinfection. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.07.041

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：環境システム計測制御学会  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

The effectiveness of UV-based processes (UV and UV/H2O2) for the removal of pharmaceuticals in real wastewater using bench-scale experiment setup with a treatment capacity of 10 m(3)/day was investigated. Forty-one kinds of pharmaceuticals including 12 antibiotics and 10 analgesics were detected in secondary effluent used for tested water. For UV process a good removal seems to be expected for just a few pharmaceuticals such as ketoprofen, diclofenac and antipyrine. Especially, the removal efficiencies of macrolide antibiotics such as clarithromycin, erythromycin and azithromycin for UV alone process were found to be very low even by the introduction of considerable UV dose of 2768 mJ/cm(2). For UV/H2O2 process, a 90% removal efficiency could be accomplished in 39 pharmaceuticals at UV dose of 923 mJ/cm(2), indicating that it will be possible to reduce UV energy required for the effective pharmaceuticals removal by the combination of H2O2 with UV process. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.12.020

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

In this study, occurrence of 66 PPCPs (pharmaceuticals and personal care products) in liquid and solid phases of sewage sludge was elucidated. The extraction methods for the PPCPs from sludge were newly developed employing Pressurized Liquid Extraction (PLE) and Ultrasonic Solvent Extraction (USE). As an appropriate method, PLE using water (pH2), PILE using methanol (pH4), and USE using mixture of methanol and water (1/9,v/v, pH11) was found most effective because total recovery of most of the PPCPs indicated 40 to 130%. The developed extraction method with previously developed method for liquid phase analysis was applied to field survey at wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Japan. 56 compounds were detected from the primary sludge and 61 compounds were detected from the excess sludge. The concentration was ranged between several ng/g and several mu g/g. Solid-water distribution coefficient (Log K(d)) ranged between 0.9 L/kg (Caffeine) and 3.7 L/kg (Levofloxacin) for primary sludge and between 1.4 L/kg (Sulpirid) and 4.3 L/kg (Mefenamic acid) for excess sludge. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.envint.2009.01.006

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：IWA PUBLISHING  

The applicability of O-3, UV/H2O2 and O-3/UV treatment processes as technologies for water reuse considering pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) removal was investigated. Electrical energies required for the effective removal of various PPCPs in secondary effluent were 0.09 kWh/m(3), 0.54 kWh/m(3) and 1.09 kWh/m(3) for O-3, UV/H2O2 and O-3/UV treatments, respectively, showing that O-3 treatment is the most cost-effective treatment option for the PPCPs removal. O-3 treatment showed the effective PPCPs removal at O-3 dose of 6 mg/L; however, the formation of bromate is expected for O-3 treatment using O-3 dose of more than 4 mg/L. In particular, bromate formation will be a critical issue when the reclaimed water is used for direct/indirect potable reuses. Therefore, in order to suppress the bromate formation as well as achieve the effective PPCPs removal, O-3/UV treatment will be recommended. UV/H2O2 treatment will be also a profitable treatment method because no bromate will be formed during the process. The evaluation for ecological risk of PPCPs by the applied processes showed that all the processes could decrease the ecological risk caused by parent PPCPs considerably. This means that the investigated treatment processes can play an important role in reducing unpredictable side effects caused by PPCPs in the aquatic environment.

DOI： 10.2166/wst.2009.076

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：I W A PUBLISHING  

The occurrence and elimination of seventeen antibiotics (three macrolides: azithromycin, clarithromycin and roxithromycin; five quinolones: ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, levofloxacin, nalidixic acid and norfloxacin; five sulfonamides: sulfadimethoxine, sulfadimizine, sulfamerazine, sulfamethoxazole and sulfamonomethoxine; and others: tetracycline, lincomycin, salinomycin and trimethoprim) were investigated at four full-scale sewage treatment plants in Japan. The highest concentration was recorded for clarithromycin (1,129 to 4,820 ng/L) in influent, followed by azithromycin (160 to 1,347 ng/L), levofloxacin (255 to 587 ng/L) and norfloxacin (155 to 486 ng/L). A vary inconsistence picture was obtained with negative to over 90% removal. Nalidixic acid (53 to 100%) exhibited higher removal efficiency followed by norfloxacin (75 to 95%), levofloxacin (40 to 90%), ciprofloxacin (60 to 83%) and enrofloxacin (38 to 74%). Among macrolides, clarithromycin (50 to 88%) and azithromycin (34 to 86%) showed relatively higher removal efficiency than roxithromycin (-32 to 59%). For most of the antibiotics removal efficiency was higher in A2O and AO based secondary treatment process than CAS process. The effect of the antibiotics on bacterial ammonia oxidation determined by oxygen uptake rate presented that there was no significant effect below 0.05 mg/L of each antibiotics. Even at the same concentration, antibiotics in mixed condition had higher inhibition effects than individuals.

DOI： 10.2166/wst.2009.067

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Language：Japanese  

DOI： 10.11532/proes1992.45.29

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：I W A PUBLISHING  

Reclaimed wastewater (RWW) will be introduced to the first large-scale irrigation project for dry-farming on Okinawa Island, Japan. The wastewater reclamation for agricultural use sounds attractive to the water resource management. Since there are no specific standards for the RWW irrigation, the monitoring and other demonstrative experiments have been conducted using the experimental reclamation facility, which is based on the criteria "Title22". The experiments showed that the existing system is sufficient to meet the above criteria of pathogens, protozoa and viruses, and the concentrations of hazardous chemicals are lower than the environmental standards in Japan. In addition, several laboratory soil column experiments were conducted to address the environmental issues. An increase of denitrification due to the continuous irrigation was observed. Salt and nitrate accumulation in the surface soil was observed as well. We can conclude that the RWW of the above facility assures the safety for human health, and further research based on environmental issues is needed in addition to an integrated risk assessment and communication.

DOI： 10.2166/wst.2008.247

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：I W A PUBLISHING  

Both biological treatment processes including conventional activated sludge (CAS) and biological nutrient removal (BNR) processes, and physico-chemical treatment processes including ozonation process and Title 22 process consisting of coagulation, sedimentation and filtration followed by UV or chlorination disinfection after the above biological processes, were compared from the viewpoint of removal efficiency. 66 pharmaceuticals including antibiotics, analgesics, psychoneurotic agents were measured with SPE-LC/MS/MS. 26 compounds Out Of 66 were detected in the influent ranging ng/L to mu g/L order. Particularly, disopyramide, sulpiride, and dipyridamole that have been rarely detected before in the WWTP, occurred at concentration levels of more than 100 ng/L. The total concentration of the individual pharmaceuticals in the influent was efficiently removed by 80% during the biological treatment. But removal efficiencies of carbamazepine and crotamiton were less than 30%. The total concentration of the individual pharmaceuticals in the effluent from CAS process was 1.5 times higher than that from BNR process. Further, the total concentration of the individual pharmaceuticals in the discharge from WWTPs applying ozonation following activated sludge process was reduced to less than 20%. Physico-chemical treatment train called Title 22 treatment after CAS could not efficiently remove the pharmaceuticals. However, ozonation process followed by biological activated carbon process could efficiently reduce all the residual pharmaceuticals below their quantification limits.

DOI： 10.2166/wst.2008.822

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japan Society of Civil Engineers  

Germination test was conducted with Komatsuna (Brassica rapa var. peruviridis) in order to evaluate the effect on plant growth of reclaimed water provided from demonstration plant which tried toapply the reclaimed wasterwater for dry-field irrigation in Okinawa Island, Japan. From this result, no significant effect on the germination and root extension was observed. We also conducted soil-column experiment to elucidate whether NH<SUB>4</SUB><SUP>+</SUP> and other salts in reclaimed wastewater have an impact on the chemical state and leachate of soil. The soil analysis revealed that as a result of nitrification of NH<SUB>4</SUB><SUP>+</SUP>, NO<SUB>3</SUB><SUP>-</SUP> is temporarily held in the soil matrix.For cations, by the effect of ion exchange, Na+ increased at the top layerand other cations such as Ca<SUP>2+</SUP>, Mg<SUP>2+</SUP> and K<SUP>+</SUP> flowed out with the effluents. It suggested the change of base balance in the soil column. Furthermore, we estimated the mass balance of nitrogen and cations using the result of soil-column experiment. Especially NH<SUB>4</SUB><SUP>+</SUP> and Na<SUP>+</SUP> in reclaimed wastewater moved into the soilmatrix, and/or induced ion exchange and nitrification, which then advanced other components to outflow. It was concluded that mass balance estimation can be as a reference index to predict the environmental load of reclaimed wastewater in practical crop cultivation.

DOI： 10.11532/proes1992.44.39

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DOI： 10.11532/proes1992.44.291

J-GLOBAL

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DOI： 10.11532/proes1992.44.283

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DOI： 10.11532/proes1992.44.307

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DOI： 10.11532/proes1992.43.501

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japan Society of Civil Engineers  

Reclaimed wastewater will be introduced to alternative irrigation in the southern part of Okinawa Island. One of the concerns is that nitrogen found in reclaimed wastewater may cause adverse effects on the environment such as soil and ground water. We set up laboratory soil column experiments with two irrigation types (continuous&intermittent) in order to examine the behavior of nitrogenous compounds below the ground. As a result, NH<SUB>4</SUB><SUP>+</SUP> concentration in pore water and effluent of the both columns decreased because of the adsorption to soil and nitrification. NO<SUB>3</SUB><SUP>-</SUP> concentration increased in the top and medium layers of the columns under both conditions. Then it decreased in pore water of the lower layers and the effluent of the column under the continuous condition. Nitrogen stable isotope ratio (δ15N) measurement was conducted to understand the behavior of nitrogen in the column. As a result, δ15N values of the effluent under the continuous condition tended to increase due to time and reached to a large value. These results suggest that the decrease in NO<SUB>3</SUB><SUP>-</SUP> concentration in the lower column under the continuous condition was caused by denitrification, which demonstrates that stable isotope analysis is effective for understanding the behavior of nitrogen in the soil.

DOI： 10.11532/proes1992.43.509

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japan Society of Civil Engineers  

In recent years, water pollution problem by Pharmaceuticals is interested mainly in Europe and U. S. In this research, we selected 65 compounds of pharmaceuticals as target compounds and we investigated in wastewater treatment plants using advanced treatment. The purposes are to determine the occurrence of pharmaceuticals in wastewater and to determine the behavior of pharmaceuticals during advanced wastewater treatment. As a result, 29 compounds among 65 compounds were detected in the influent by ng/L-μg/L order and some compounds which has not been detected ever were detected. It was confirmed that each compounds have some removal characteristics during activated sludge treatment process. Moreover, during the treatment process which used chemical coagulants, sand filtration and UV, selected compounds weren't removed too much. But, during ozonation process, almost selected compounds were removed below each limit of detection.

DOI： 10.11532/proes1992.43.65

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION  

This study investigated the fate of estrogenic substances in an urban river receiving discharge from wastewater treatment plants (WTP's) by flux calculation, focusing on the middle reaches of the Tama River in Tokyo, which is one of the most urbanized rivers in Japan. The level of estrogenic activity flux was almost negligibly small at,the upstream station. The level was considerably raised after inflows from the WTPs and then the level declined in the lower reaches of the river. When contributions of estrogenic substances to estrogenic activity were estimated, estrone (E1) was the primary conuibutor to the total estrogenic activity in all the sampling stations, followed by estradiol (E2). The contribution of nonylphenol to estrogenic activity was small. The El and E2 accounted for approximately 90% or more of estrogenic activity in the Tama River. As for the total fluxes of the estrogenic substances in the study area in the Tama River, the proportion of flux associated with WTP discharge was approximately 100% of the total fluxes, and the effects of the tributaries flowing into the river were almost negligible. When the reduction ratios of estrogenic activity were calculated by the flux, the ratios were found to increase toward the lower reaches of the river. Similar changes were observed for El. Meanwhile, the change of reduction ratios for E2 was different from that observed for estrogenic activity.

DOI： 10.2175/106143006X95438

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DOI： 10.11532/proes1992.43.57

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DOI： 10.11532/proes1992.43.47

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japan Society of Civil Engineers  

Few researchers have reported on influent or effluent load and the behavior of PFOS and PFOA, persistent fluorinated organic compounds. in wastewater treatment plants. In this study, water quality and quantity were investigated in a wastewater treatment plant (population: 570, 000), in September 2005 and January 2006. Main conclusions obtained are as follows: 1) More than 80% of PFOS and PFOA in an aeration tank were adsorbed to activated sludge and were likely accumulated in a wastewater treatment plant, 2) 84% PFOS decreased in an ultra-advanced treatment by ozonation and biological activated carbon and 3) the flux of PFOS and PFOA were 1.5, 10.0g/day in influent, 5.6, 12.4g/ day in effluent (flow: 185, 000m<SUP>3</SUP>/day), respectively.

DOI： 10.11532/proes1992.43.105

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：I W A PUBLISHING  

Contamination of surface waters by pharmaceutical chemicals is an emerging environmental problem. This study evaluated the toxic effects of the antibacterial agents levofloxacin (LVFX) and clarithromycin (CAM), which are widely used in Japan, on aquatic organisms. Ecotoxicity tests using a bacterium, alga and crustacean were conducted. Microtox test using a marine fluorescent bacterium showed that LVFX and CAM have no acute toxicity to the bacterium. From the results of the Daphnia immobilisation test, LVFX and CAM did not show acute toxicity to the crustacean. Meanwhile, an algal growth inhibition test revealed that LVFX and CAM have high toxicity to the microalga. The phytotoxicity of CAM was about 100-fold higher than that of LVFX from a comparison of EC50 (median effective concentration) value. From the Daphnia reproduction test, LVFX and CAM also showed chronic toxicity to the crustacean. Concentrations of LVFX and CAM in the aquatic environment were compared with PNEC (predicted no effect concentration) to evaluate the ecological risk. As a result, the ecological risk of LVFX is considered to be low, but that of CAM is higher, suggesting that CAM discharged into an aquatic environment after therapeutic use may affect organisms in the aquatic environment.

DOI： 10.2166/wst.2006.338

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japan Society on Water Environment  

The algal growth potential (AGP) test is a useful tool for assessing the eutrophication of rivers and lakes. Nevertheless, the AGP test is relatively expensive because of its large scale. In this study, a microplate technique was used in the AGP test to develop a microscale version. The algal growth in the microplate wells was monitored by examining the relationship between the absorbance (450 nm) measured using a microplate reader and cell concentration. A high correlation was observed between absorbance and cell concentration. There were few differences between the microplate wells with respect to well position, suggesting that the effect of well position on algal growth is negligible. The microscale AGP test using a microplate was compared with the conventional flask-size AGP test. A high similarity between the two methods was observed. Therefore, the microscale AGP test is a simple and useful method for conducting AGP tests on many water samples. The change in AGP level in the Tama River was investigated. AGP level increased considerably after inflow of water discharged from sewage treatment plants (STPs). This study has demonstrated that STP discharge has a considerable effect on river water quality.

DOI： 10.2965/jswe.28.493

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Other Link： https://jlc.jst.go.jp/DN/JALC/00255939209?from=CiNii

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japan Society on Water Environment  

In recent years, antibiotics resident in sewage and in the water environment have become an emerging public concern in many developed countries. However, limited knowledge is available on the occurrence of antibiotics in sewage and discharge from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Japan. Moreover, little is known on the significance of their occurrence in the water environment from the viewpoints of biological adverse effects. The objectives of this research were, therefore, to determine the occurrence of selected antibiotics, namely levofloxacin (LVFX) and clarithromycin (CAM). That are commonly used in Japan, in discharge from WWTPs and then to evaluate their possible effects on algal growth. Therefore, we developed a novel analysis method for LVFX and CAM in wastewater by LC/MS/MS whose detection limits and recovery ratios are 2-3ng·l-1 and 53-87%, respectively. We also conducted algal growth inhibition tests using Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, and results showed that the EC50s of LVFX and CAM are 1200μg·l-1 and 11μg·l-1, LOECs are 630μg·l-1 and 6.3μg·l-1, and NOECs are 310μg·l-1 and 3.1μg·l-1, respectively, LVFX and CAM concentrations in secondary effluent of five WWTPs that use the activated sludge process ranged from 152-323ng·l-1 and 303-567ng·l-1, respectively, which indicates that the PEC/PNEC ratio of LVFX is less than one but that of CAM exceeds two at the maximum secondary effluents if a safety factor of ten is considered. This suggests a possibility of algal growth inhibition due to CAM in WWTP discharge in the case of insufficient dilution of the receiving waters.

DOI： 10.2965/jswe.27.707

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Other Link： https://jlc.jst.go.jp/DN/JALC/00244435903?from=CiNii

Language：Japanese   Publisher：公益社団法人 土木学会  

Batch experiments using sediment mud liquors spiked with 17&amp;beta;-estradiol (E2) were performed at 5&amp;ordm;C and 20&amp;ordm;C under well-controlled aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The sediment mud liquors were prepared from the sliced surface, middle and bottom layers of sediment cores collected at a pre-reservoir of the Miharu Dam, respectively. By measuring the concentration profiles of E2 and its major biotransformation compound, estrone (E1), the great dependency of E2&#039;s behavior upon the vertical position of the sediment and temperature was clearly demonstrated; and the differences in the time course of E1 under both the aerobic and anaerobic conditions were clearly revealed. Besides, by assuming a first-order rate reaction, the disappearance rate (&lt;I&gt;k&lt;/I&gt;) of E2 under the aerobic condition was estimated to vary in the range of 0.002-0.12 hr&lt;SUP&gt;-1&lt;/SUP&gt;/(g-dry/&lt;I&gt;l&lt;/I&gt;), while that under the anaerobic condition in the range of 0.002-0.062 hr&lt;SUP&gt;-1&lt;/SUP&gt;/(g-dry/&lt;I&gt;l&lt;/I&gt;). Larger &lt;I&gt;k&lt;/I&gt; values were found to be associated with the surface sediment layers operated under the aerobic condition and with the higher temperature of 20&amp;ordm;C. The addition of ammonia and nitrate to runs carried out under the aerobic and the anaerobic conditions, respectively, seemed to be responsible for promoted dissipation of E2 from solutions. Furthermore, through combined analysis of the behavior of E2 and E1 in both the liquid and the solid phases of the mud liquors, possible biotransformation pathways of E2 under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions were proposed.

DOI： 10.11532/proes1992.41.447

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DOI： 10.2208/jscej.2003.748_33

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：MEDIMOND S R L  

The prognosis after the surgical procedures has been evaluated by Scheck('62). The anatomical articular surfaces after the reconstruction of wrist joint have been gained in 98%. (Table 1).

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：MONDUZZI EDITORE  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：京都大学環境衛生工学研究会  

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Other Link： https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-18H01568/

Language：Japanese   Publisher：京都大学環境衛生工学研究会  

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N-nitrosamines are well known as carcinogens present in the environment. However, studies of the occurrence and fate of N-nitrosamines and their N-nitrosamine formation potential (FP) in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are lacking. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine the occurrence of N-nitrosamines in WWTPs, the FP of N-nitrosamines on chloramination during wastewater treatment, and the efficiency of FP NH2Cl reduction by biological treatment. Also, the residual FP NH2Cl in the final discharge was investigated. The efficiencies of removal of Nnitrosamines ranged from 35 to 94% (WWTP O
residential area), from 58 to 98% (WWTP E
industrial area), and from 58% to &gt
99% (WWTP N
industrial area). In WWTP O, the rates of production of Nnitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) (42%) and NDBA (58%) were the highest. In WWTP E, only NDBA (34%) was produced. In WWTP N, NPYR and NPIP (both &gt
99%) were produced. NDMA FPNH2Cl values were very high in influent in all WWTPs. The efficiencies of removal of N-nitrosamine FPNH2Cl during biological treatment ranged from 20% to &gt
99%, but there is no obvious explanation for this variability. Residual N-nitrosamine FPNH2Cl ranged from 2 to 22 ng L-1. Thus, N-nitrosamines could be produced in water purification or reclamation plants using discharge from WWTPs. © IWA Publishing 2013.

DOI： 10.2166/wst.2013.458

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：環境システム計測制御学会  

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese  

CiNii Books

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Language：English  

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Language：English  

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Language：English  

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Language：Japanese  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本下水道協会  

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese  

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：産業用水調査会  

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：京都大学環境衛生工学研究会  

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：京都大学環境衛生工学研究会  

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本下水道協会  

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：国立保健医療科学院  

CiNii Books

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Other Link： http://search.jamas.or.jp/link/ui/2005228630

Language：Japanese   Publisher：都市計画協会  

CiNii Books

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J-GLOBAL

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J-GLOBAL

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Language：Japanese  

J-GLOBAL

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J-GLOBAL

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J-GLOBAL

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J-GLOBAL

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