Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Authorship：Last author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)  

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Authorship：Lead author,　Last author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：CRC Press  

DOI： 10.1201/9781003323020-376

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Authorship：Lead author,　Last author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：CRC Press  

DOI： 10.1201/9781003323020-369

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Authorship：Lead author,　Last author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)  

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Authorship：Lead author,　Last author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.127718

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japan Cement Association  

DOI： 10.14250/cement.74.294

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© 2020 Elsevier Ltd This paper reports the result of experimental on the resistance to chloride diffusion and steel corrosion of concrete mixtures. A series of tests were performed to investigate the effect of copper slag as partial replacement of fine aggregate on corrosion processes and behavior in prism specimens. Chloride migration tests in steady-state were executed at the age of 28 and 91 days in accordance with Japan Society of Civil Engineers (JSCE) G571-2003 to determine the diffusion coefficient of chloride ions permeated through concrete specimens. In addition, some electrochemical tests were carried out through the repeated wet and dry (NaCl 10%) cycles up to 1 year to examines the probability of corrosion of steel bars in concrete, corrosion current density, and the rate of oxygen permeability. Based on the chloride migration test, which was obtained from the cumulative increase of chloride ion concentration, the results indicate that concrete with a longer curing period achieved lower chloride-ion concentration, thus suggesting that there is an increase in the resistance of concrete against chloride attack. The chloride penetration depth and distribution of chloride content in CUS prism specimens after exposure to wet and dry cycles for one year are almost similar to those of the OPC specimens. Thus, the durability performance of CUS concretes with respect to the resistance against chloride ingress was comparable to that of OPC concrete. Besides that, it is generally recognized that the incorporation of fly ash in blended cement by its the pozzolanic reaction of fly ash improves concrete protection against chloride-induced corrosion of steel bars by reducing its diffusivity and the rate of oxygen permeability.

DOI： 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121909

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Authorship：Last author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：CIMNE  

DOI： 10.23967/dbmc.2020.053

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DOI： 10.23967/dbmc.2020.052

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© 2020 Elsevier Ltd Deterioration due to chloride penetration has been regarded as the major problem among the factors leading to a decrease in the durability of reinforced concrete (RC). Corrosion of steel bars in concrete propagates in the presence of water and oxygen by electro-chemical reactions. In recent years, the use of industrial by-products as construction materials has been promoted since it reduces pollutant waste and beneficial in construction works toward sustainable development. Copper slag fine aggregate (CUS) is an industrial by-product produced through the process of manufacturing copper. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of CUS on the ingress of corrosive substances, including chloride ions and water, including dissolved oxygen associated with corrosion behavior and processes of horizontal steel bars in the reinforced concrete prototype specimen. A detailed analysis was carried out on the heterogeneity in cover concrete and integrity of horizontal steel bars due to bleeding water in concrete mixtures with a partial replacement of CUS and fly ash (FA) and ordinary Portland cement (OPC) as a control specimen. In this study, it is assumed that the deterioration of concrete structures results from chloride ion penetration in the sea. Chloride-induced corrosion through the wet and dry cycles are examined with respect to chloride ion concentrations and some parameters related to electro-chemical measurements. The results show that the partial replacement of fine aggregate with CUS (30 vol%) in reinforced concrete column specimens led to a lower rate of oxygen permeability on the cathodic reactions, which could be illustrated by changes of cathodic polarization properties in column specimens. Although macrocell corrosion is partly pronounced in CUS concrete due to cracking caused by segregation, the microcell corrosion current density observed in CUS concrete specimens is generally less severe compared to those observed in OPC concrete specimens. Based on the results obtained by XRD analysis, the addition of CUS in concrete mixtures as a sand replacement does not register new peaks but increases in peak intensity. The result indicates that CUS replacement does not affect the composition of minerals of concrete mixtures tested, and thus, it is evidently compatible with OPC mixtures. This beneficial effect of the addition of copper slag fine aggregate could contribute to good durability performance in concrete as a solution to the environmental problem of disposal industrial waste, and copper slag concrete has a wide application in the structures constructed in a marine environment.

DOI： 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119265

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (conference, symposium, etc.)  

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© 2019 IOP Publishing Ltd. The durability of reinforced concrete proved to be predominantly controlled by the resistance against ingress of harmful substances including chloride ions, carbon dioxide, and moisture. The corrosion of steel bars taking place especially in a marine environment was likely to be severe, which depends on the availability of oxygen and moisture consumed by cathodic reactions. This study aims to investigate the effects of bleeding on the corrosion of horizontal steel bars placed in reinforced concrete column specimens. This was examined through electro-chemical tests including the half-cell potential, polarization resistance, and corrosion current density carried out using specimens in which corrosion was induced via dry and wet (NaCl 10%) cycles. The presence or absence of copper slag fine aggregate and fly ash replacement were taken up as experimental factors. The results suggested that the corrosion of horizontal steel bars in the upper part of the column concrete specimen was adversely affected even for the case of OPC specimens with relatively lower bleeding water. This was attributed to less resistance against the ingress of corrosive substances especially in those locations. In the case of fly ash mixtures, the corrosion resistance was significantly improved owing to lower oxygen permeability measured via cathodic polarization technique.

DOI： 10.1088/1757-899X/620/1/012058

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© 2019 Elsevier Ltd Dissolved oxygen in pore solution is often a controlling factor determining the rate of corrosion processes of steel bars in concrete. This study reports on corrosion resistance and polarization properties of steel bars in mortar specimen mixed with aerobic microorganisms. The properties are essentially associated with the permeability of dissolved oxygen in pore solution. This could be affected via metabolic activities of aerobic Bacillus subtilis natto mixed in hardened mortar specimens. Mortar specimens with segmented steel bars were prepared using culture solution as a partial replacement of mixing water. The mortar specimens cast with a w/c ratio of 0.50 were cracked by 4-point bending test and then they were exposed to dry (4 days) and wet (3 days) cycles using tap water containing 10% NaCl in order to accelerate corrosion especially at cracked parts. Electro-chemical measurements were carried out to examine the corrosion processes by AC impedance method, half-cell potential measurements, and macrocell corrosion measurements using zero-resistance ammeters. Cathodic polarization curves were measured at the ages of 28 and 91 days before and after the specimens were exposed to chloride-induced corrosion tests through dry and wet cycles. The results indicate that the rate of oxygen permeability inferred based on limiting current density is substantially smaller in the case of mortar specimens mixed with the bacillus subtilis natto. This can be explained by the fact that the dissolved oxygen is consumed by the oxidation of organic matter, a process initially catalyzed by Bacillus subtilis natto present in hardened mortar specimen during the monitoring periods. Based on the results obtained, the addition of culture solution containing Bacillus subtilis natto reacting with dissolved oxygen resulted in higher resistance against corrosion processes, which was confirmed by the results of half-cell potential and microcell and macrocell corrosion current density. There is a strong possibility that the reduced dissolved oxygen in pore solution through the aerobic processes could enhance the corrosion resistance in cracked mortar specimens.

DOI： 10.1016/j.cemconres.2019.105822

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© IJTech 2019. The durability of reinforced concrete has proven to be predominantly influenced by its resistance against the ingress of harmful substances such as chloride ions, carbon dioxide and moisture. The corrosion of steel bars which occurs especially in marine environments is likely to be severe, depending on the availability of oxygen and the moisture consumed by cathodic reactions. This study aims to investigate the effects of bleeding on the corrosion of horizontal steel bars placed in reinforced concrete column specimens. The issue was examined through electro-chemical tests, including half-cell potential, polarization resistance and corrosion current density, conducted using specimens in which corrosion was induced via dry and wet (NaCl 10%) cycles. The presence or absence of copper slag fine aggregate and fly ash replacement was employed as an experimental parameter. The results suggest that the corrosion of horizontal steel bars in the upper part of the column concrete specimens was adversely affected, even in the case of OPC specimens with relatively lower bleeding water. This was attributed to lower resistance against the ingress of corrosive substances, especially in such locations. In the case of fly ash mixtures, resistance to corrosion was significantly improved owing to lower oxygen permeability of less than 1.0×10-11mol/cm2/sec, measured via the cathodic polarization technique. The replacement of fly ash is effective in facilitating more uniform quality in the column specimens due to a lower level of bleeding water and higher resistance to segregation and pozzolanic reactions.

DOI： 10.14716/ijtech.v10i4.2503

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© 2018 The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. Electrical resistance tomography (ERT) has been studied for visualizing variations of conductivity in concrete specimens. In recent years, unsaturated water flow through pores formed in concrete has been intensively examined though ERT systems to visualize the permeation front that gradually changes with elapsed time. This study examines water movement through internal cracks which are typically not observed on the surface of mortar or concrete specimens via ERT systems. The results indicate the gradual increase of saturated region owing to the ingress of water through cracked surface up to 120 hours. And, the region with higher conductivity estimated in uncracked parts is evidently in good agreement with higher moisture content measured by moisture meter on the split surface. In addition, the presence of crack in concrete specimen subjected to water ingress is clearly visualized via ERT images owing to rapid water movement in cracked zones. This study has provided the important insight that the ingress and the movement of water through pores and cracks formed in cementitious mixtures could be assessed via electrical measurements.

DOI： 10.1051/matecconf/201819911016

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© 2018 Elsevier Ltd Microplastics have adverse effects on marine life. This study examined the abundance and size of microplastics as well as their polymer types in the surface water and the bottom and beach sediments of Hiroshima Bay. The fragmentation process and sinking factors of foamed polystyrene (FPS) microplastics were also examined. Serious FPS pollution spread out not only in the beach sediments but also in the bottom sediments. The average size of FPS particles in the bottom sediments was significantly smaller than that of beached FPS particles. Field emission scanning electron microscopy images suggest that large amounts of microsized or nanosized FPS fragments are likely to be generated from the margins of beached FPS microplastics. X-ray computed tomography images show that FPS microplastics from the bottom sediments had tunnel-like structures inside the particle. Based on these images, FPS microplastics in the bottom sediments were susceptible to biofouling and soil deposition.

DOI： 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.05.036

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J-GLOBAL

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Society of Materials Science Japan  

© 2017 The Society of Materials Science, Japan. Drying shrinkage is inevitable in concrete mixtures when exposed to dry environment. This is not only dependent on hardened cement paste comprising the types of cement and water content, but the properties of aggregates including water absorption capacity and elastic modulus. Generally materials design with respect to enhance the resistance against drying shrinkage cracking aims at higher strength development and reduced drying shrinkage, which can be obtained by lower water content and the proper use of cement and mineral admixtures in concrete mixtures and the use of aggregates with lower water absorption capacity and higher elastic modulus. This study examined the resistance against drying shrinkage cracking in concrete mixtures mixed with two types of slag fine aggregates (copper and manganese slag) and fly ash, which was investigated using restrained reinforced concrete specimens. The results showed that the cracking resistance was enhanced in concrete mixtures mixed with copper slag fine aggregate and fly ash, which could be explained by the fact that the restrained stress was partially relaxed during the early stages of exposure to dry environment. In addition, fresh properties including slump, air content and bleeding rate were also tested for practical application.

DOI： 10.2472/jsms.66.615

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Society of Materials Science Japan  

© 2017 The Society of Materials Science, Japan. This study reports on the effect of initial curing on corrosion resistance of fly ash (FA) concretes, which was examined through chloride-induced corrosion tests induced by dry and wet cycles. Detailed analysis was carried out on the resistance against ingress of harmful corrosive substances assessed via air permeability tests and cathodic polarization measurements in determining oxygen permeability on embedded steel bars. They were largely affected by the moisture content, the pore structure including pore volume, size distribution and its connectivity which were examined via mercury intrusion porosimetry. In addition, the results showed that the corrosion resistance was observed to be dependent on the availability of calcium hydroxide consumed via the pozzolanic reactions which could affect the initiation of corrosion in the incubation period and the oxygen permeability on embedded steel bars with wet conditions for the early propagation period. Higher resistance against chloride ingress in the FA concrete could be attributed to denser pore structure formed and relatively lower moisture content in the deeper zones especially when cured under dry environment.

DOI： 10.2472/jsms.66.608

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Authorship：Lead author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Society of Materials Science Japan  

© 2017 The Society of Materials Science, Japan. Protecting steel bars in concrete against corrosion through the use of cathodic protection system has been successfully used for marine structures as the most effective method in controlling corrosion current taking place in reinforced concrete. DC current flowing into steel bars in concrete is required to be uniformly distributed, which is essential in controlling the corrosion via lowered potentials along the steel bars. The design criteria commonly used for the cathodic protection is a polarization measured on the steel bars which is greater than 0.1V immediately after power supply stops (instant-off). It has been pointed out that the current distribution varies owing to the heterogeneity of composite materials in concrete including moisture distribution and chloride ion concentration, defects typically present in concrete including cold-joint and cracks and the deterioration stages such as incubation and propagation periods. This led to variations observed in the potentials which may result in unsatisfactory protection potentials. In this study, the influence of localized defects and corrosion on the current density and potentials were examined using segmented steel bars embedded in concrete, which was investigated via electro-chemical measurements. Based on findings, a design criteria required for reinforced concrete with defects in the case of chloride-induced corrosion was shown in controlling the potential on the steel bar below -0.85V vs. CSE reference electrode especially during propagation period.

DOI： 10.2472/jsms.66.601

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DOI： 10.2473/journalofmmij.133.132

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Insight Society  

This research examined differences in the concentration of Tris buffer solution on calcium carbonate precipitation in biobased repair materials. Four concentrations of Tris buffer solution were chosen based on previous research with initial pH 8.0 and 9.0. Initial experiments demonstrated that the concentration and pH of Tris buffer solution had an influence on the amount of precipitation of calcium carbonate. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis elucidated the morphological and structural differences of the calcium carbonate crystal, including calcite and vaterite. They are the prominent forms of CaCO3 detected based on results obtained by according to FT-IR analysis. The result further explains the effectiveness of Tris buffer concentration.

DOI： 10.18517/ijaseit.7.5.3452

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© 2017 Taylor & Francis Group, London. This study reports on the influence of bleeding on the durability of reinforced concrete, especially horizontally placed steel bars in RC column specimens. This was examined through the use of insitu air permeability tests and electro-chemical tests. The results showed that air permeability coefficients measured in the upper parts of column specimen were relatively higher when the specimens were dried under room conditions, which was dependent on bleeding rate. Although the durability of horizontal steel bars was aggravated by bleeding in a form of segregation, which was confirmed by larger corrosion current density caused by chloride attack through dry and wet cycles, the adverse effect on the durability of horizontal steel bars was less prominent in fly ash mixtures tested in this study.

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Copyright © 2017 ISEC Press. This study reports on a fundamental study on the investigation of electrical resistivity measurements for detecting internal defects or damages, which aims at developing Electrical Resistance Tomography techniques based on electrical resistivity distribution measured via Wenner method. In particular, this study examined the changes of resistivity upon the presence of damages in the bottom of concrete specimens which mirror internal cracking not visually observed on the concrete surface in typical reinforced concrete structure. For the experimental investigation, ten electrodes comprising stainless steel and electric conductive epoxy were partially embedded on the surface of prism concrete specimen. Then, electrical resistivity was measured via Wenner method using four electrodes selected among the electrodes placed 20 mm apart each other. In addition, analytical investigation simulating the influence of internal damages on current flow and measured voltage or potential was carried out by FEM analysis. As a result, electrical resistivity increased depending on the depth of slits with 1 mm width, which was sawed at the bottom of the specimen. This could be attributed to the influence of the damages on the current flow and equipotential planes, thus suggesting that there is a good possibility that internal damages can be detected based on the changes and the distributions of the electrical resistivity.

DOI： 10.14455/isec.res.2017.102

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：CRC PRESS-TAYLOR & FRANCIS GROUP  

© 2016 Taylor & Francis Group, London. This paper presents some considerations on repair methods using bio-based materials comprising yeast, glucose or sucrose and calcium acetate mixed inTris buffer solution.The investigation revealed that calcium carbonate can precipitate as crystals within 24 hours depending on the concentrations of these materials used in the mixture and pH levels. The results suggested that reaction rate at early stages e.g. 6 hours later and resulting precipitates up to 24 hours after mixing may have a significant effect on the effectiveness of sealing cracks in concrete.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：CRC PRESS-TAYLOR & FRANCIS GROUP  

© 2015 Taylor & Francis Group, London. This paper presents the investigation on an in-situ assessment technique for durability performances of cover concrete based on the relationship between air permeability coefficients and moisture content. First, an assessment technique for the quality of cover concrete using insitu air permeability tests in conjunction with moisture content measurements was examined. Durability performances of concrete specimens subjected to different curing conditions at an early age were subsequently studied via accelerated tests. Finally, this study exemplified the application of the assessment technique to existing RC structure.

DOI： 10.1201/b17618-178

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS  

© ASCE. Internal cracking tend to arise from the edge of knots present in deformed bars embedded in tension zone of reinforced concrete structure when loaded up to 100 N/mm. This could be further exacerbated by drying shrinkage depending on types of aggregate used in concrete mixtures under dry environment. The objective of this study was to examine the durability performance of internally cracked RC beam specimens cast using aggregate including crushed limestone and sandstone with different absorption capacity obtained in regional resources. Based on accelerated chloride-induced corrosion tests carried out via a cycle of 3-day wet and 11-day dry until the age of 1 year, although corrosion tended to occur severely in the cracked parts with higher chloride content depending on the drying shrinkage of concrete specimens, the results showed that internal cracking could trigger localized corrosion initiated especially at the knots of deformed steel bar.

DOI： 10.1061/9780784479346.057

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：CRC PRESS-TAYLOR & FRANCIS GROUP  

This paper presents influencing factors on repair methods using bio grout comprising dry yeast, sucrose and calcium acetate.The investigation reveals that calcium carbonate can precipitate as crystals depending on the concentrations of those materials used in the grout and pH levels. The results suggest that the precipitates can increase even at higher concentrations than materials used, which could be attributed to the proper treatment of pH adjustment. It was found that the precipitates were large enough to seal gaps formed between concrete specimens and the effectiveness in reducing water permeability was also shown. © 2014 Taylor & Francis Group.

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