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Language：Japanese   Publisher：JAPANESE SOCIETY OF AGRICULTURAL, BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS AND SCIENTISTS  

In the present study, amenity effect on human psychology as affected by ornamental foliage plants used as a screen was analyzed by means of electroencephalogram (EEG) and semantic differential technique.<BR>The experiments were carried out in a room at Ehime University in November and December of 1997. The following three conditions concerning the arrangement of ornamental foliage plants or screens around the subject were rated by eleven students.<BR>(a) a screen on each side of the subject<BR>(b) a screen on the one side and three ornamental foliage plants on the other side of the subject<BR>(c) three ornamental foliage plants on each side of the subject<BR>Electroencephalogram of each student were measured in the room. Ratio of alpha wave to beta wave was calculated as an index expressing the degree of amenity. As for semantic differential technique, factor analysis was performed based on nineteen SD scales.<BR>Higher ratio of alpha wave to beta wave was observed in the condition (c). Two factors were extracted by the factor analysis. The factor scores of the condition (b) and the condition (c) were higher than the factor score of the condition (a). These results indicated the amenity effect on human psychology by plants.

DOI： 10.2525/jshita.11.136

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Other Link： https://jlc.jst.go.jp/DN/JALC/00086238274?from=CiNii

Language：Japanese  

DOI： 10.2525/ecb1963.37.73

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：JAPANESE SOCIETY OF AGRICULTURAL, BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS AND SCIENTISTS  

The authors are making researches for production of tomato fruits with high Brix in nutrient solution cultivation system with granular rockwool. As the first step of the researches, physiological information of tomato plants under water stress was measured and analyzed.<BR>Tomato plants (<I>Lycopersicon esculentum</I> Mill. cv. Hausu-Momotaro) were grown in the nutrient solution cultivation system with granular rockwool in a glasshouse in Ehime University. Measurements of water potential of leaf, transpiration rate, photosynthetic rate, stem diameter and leaf temperature of the tomato plants were made on December 3rd of 1996. It was sunny on the day and no nutrient solution supply was made from 0 : 00 of the day in the no irrigation treatment.<BR>The water potential of leaf in the no irrigation treatment was lower than that in the control treatment. Difference between the two treatments of the water potential of upper leaf was 0.08 MPa and that of lower leaf was 0.7 MPa at 14 : 30. The transpiration rate in the no irrigation treatment was much lower than that in the control treatment after 10 : 30. While the stem diameter in the control treatment decreased by only 0.1 mm, the stem diameter in the no irrigation treatment decreased by 0.7 mm. The leaf temperature in the no irrigation treatment at 10 : 30 was 3.6°C higher than that in the control treatment. It was considered that this difference was caused by the difference of the transpiration rate.<BR>Furthermore, relationships between the water potential of leaf and the other factors were analyzed. As the results, it was considered that the water potential of leaf could be estimated by the stem diameter or the accumulated solar radiation.

DOI： 10.2525/jshita.10.113

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DOI： 10.2525/jshita.10.65

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Architectural Institute of Japan  

Recently, amenity of human being by plants have been called "green amenity". The authors have been making a series of studies on "green amenity". In the present study, physiological and psychological effects of ornamental foliage plants, flowers(roses) and fragrance on human being were analyzed by means of brain waves (ratio of alpha wave to beta wave) and semantic differential technique. The results are as follows. Higher ratio of alpha wave to beta wave was observed in the case of the presence of fragrance. It is considered that presence of fragrance affects physiological aspect of human being. On the other hand, the presence of roses brought about higher score of factor analysis. It is considered that presence of flowers affects psychological aspect of human being.

DOI： 10.3130/aija.63.71_3

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Other Link： http://www.aij.or.jp/paper/detail.html?productId=171665

Language：English   Publisher：PERGAMON PRESS LTD  

As an air temperature control system in a nursery plants production system, the authors assumed a linear multivariable system with an input (operation of heater/cooler) and two outputs lair temperature and water temperature). The authors applied a 2nd order AR (auto-regressive) model to the system and designed a LQI (Linear Quadratic Integrating) control with Kalman filter. The control experiments were carried out, changing the values of the weight coefficients in the quadratic type performance index and the covariance matrix of the observation noise and the system noise. The results indicates that LQI control with Kalman filter is effective for environment control in greenhouse systems.

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Language：English   Publisher：NEDERLANDSE VERENIGING TECHNIEK LANDBOUW  

The objective of the present study is to control NH3 gas by ventilation in semiclosed type poultry house and to analyze the NH3 control effect of ventilation through experiments. The authors performed experiments in a commercial semi-closed type poultry house in summer, autumn and winter season.
In summer season, eight ventilating fans were operated continuously all day for the purpose of lowering the inside air temperature. As the results, the NH3 gas concentration was kept enough low (4-7ppm).
In autumn season, two or four ventilating fans were operated almost continuously. The NH3 gas concentration was about 6-10ppm.
In winter season, ventilation was limited in order to keep the inside air temperature above 15 degrees C. Two or three ventilating fans were operated for only about fifteen minutes per hour in the nighttime. NH3 gas concentration of 36ppm was observed when the ventilating fans were not operated. On the other hand, the fifteen minutes ventilation brought about decrease of 10-15ppm in the NH3 gas concentration, indicating the NH3 control effect of ventilation in poultry house.

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Language：English   Publisher：NEDERLANDSE VERENIGING TECHNIEK LANDBOUW  

The objective of the present study is to control NH3 gas by manure removal in open type high-rise poultry house and to demonstrate and analyze the NH3 control effect of the manure removal through experiments and simulation. in the present study, the "manure removal" means to drop the manure on the shelf at the 2nd floor to the ist floor.
The authors performed experiments in a commercial open type high-rise poultry house. The manure on the shelf was removed by a new self-running manure-removing-machine which the authors had developed. NH3 gas concentration in the poultry house after the manure removal was lower than that before the manure removal. it is considered that NH3 gas generation from the manure on the shelf caused the higher NH3 gas concentration in the cage and that decrease of about 10ppm of NH3 gas concentration will be expected by the manure removal.
Furthermore, the authors made a non-steady state model of NH3 gas balance and performed simulation. The calculated terms before and after the manure removal show that the NH3 gas generation from the manure on the shelf plays a major part to increase the NH3 gas concentration at the 2nd floor before the manure removal.

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DOI： 10.2525/ecb1963.33.277

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：JAPANESE SOCIETY OF AGRICULTURAL, BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS AND SCIENTISTS  

In this study, three experiments were performed in order to investigate the effect of ornamental foliage plants on visual fatigue caused by visual display terminal operation. Visual fatigue was evaluated as critical flicker fusion frequency (CFF). Four students served as subjects in each experiment.<BR>The experiment (1) was carried out to examine the reduction of visual fatigue by viewing plants during visual display terminal operation. As the results, the CFF of the subjects in case of viewing plants was higher than that in case of viewing no plant. Especially, the difference of the CFF of the subject A was 9.3%.<BR>The experiment (2) was carried out to examine the recovery of visual fatigue by viewing plants after visual display terminal operation. As the results, the CFF of the three subjects except A increased in case of viewing plants and decreased in case of viewing no plant. The differences of the CFF of the subjects B and D were 4.6% and 3.6% respectively.<BR>The experiment (3) was carried out to determine whether difference in kinds of plants could bring about difference of the recovery of visual fatigue. As the results, average of the CFF of the subjects in case of viewing <I>Schefflera arboricola</I> "Hong Kong", <I>Cupressus macrocarpa</I> "Gold Crest" and no plant decreased by 2.7%, 3.1% and 6.0% respectively, while average of the CFF of the subjects in case of viewing <I>Dracaena fragrans</I> "Massangeana" showed an increase of 0.6%.

DOI： 10.2525/jshita.7.138

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：JAPANESE SOCIETY OF AGRICULTURAL, BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS AND SCIENTISTS  

In the present study, in order to investigate the psychological effect of ornamental foliage plants on human being, the authors carried out the following two experiments.<BR>The experiment (1) was the evaluation of the impression of ornamental foliage plants. The authors obtained the information about the impression of sixteen kinds of ornamental foliage plants through questionnaires from one hundred and two students (seventy-eight male and twenty-four female) who served as subjects. As the results, the ornamental foliage plants which were evaluated as "restful" were <I>Cupressus macrocarpa</I> "Gold Crest", <I>Ficus benjamina</I> "Rich" and <I>Dracaena fragrans</I> "Massangeana". The ornamental foliage plants which were evaluated as "refreshing" were <I>Chrysalidocapus lutescens</I> and <I>Dracaena fragrans</I> "Massangeana".<BR>The experiment (2) was the psychological rating of the rooms with ornamental foliage plants by means of semantic differential method. Sixteen types of rooms without plants or with ornamental foliage plants were rated by sixteen students (eight male and eight female) using twenty-two SD scales and factor analysis was performed. As the results, the first factor "evaluation", the second factor "activity" and the third factor "energy" were extracted by the factor analysis. The rooms with plants were evaluated higher than the rooms without plants in the first factor "evaluation" and the second factor "activity". As for the arrangement of plants, the rooms with plants interspersed in the room were evaluated a little higher in the first factor "evaluation" than the rooms with plants in line inside the window.

DOI： 10.2525/jshita.7.34

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本生物環境調節学会  

DOI： 10.2525/ecb1963.32.225

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Architectural Institute of Japan  

In order to investigate the effects of foliage plants on the thermal environment and comfort inside a room, experiments were carried out in two rooms with the same size in winter. Foiiage plants used in the experiments were Schefflera arboricola "Hong Kong" and Dracaena fragrans "Massangeana". In our previous experiments, the former showed the highest transpiration rate and the latter showed little transpiration. The following three experiments were performed. In the experiment R, S. arboricola "Hong Kong" plants were placed in line at the southern end in one room and no plant was placed in the other room. In the experiment R, S. arboricola "Hong Kong" plants were placed in line at the southern end in one room and D. fragrans "Massangeana" plants were placed in line at the southern end in the other room. In the experiment (D, S. arboricola "Hong Kong" plants were placed in line at the southern end in one room and interspersed in the other room. In the experiment (D, S. arboricola "Hong Kong" in line at the southern end in the room brought about an increase in air temperature of about l.S°C and an increase in relative humidity of more than 20%. In the experiment c, relative humidity in the room with S. arboricola "Hong Kong" in line at the southern end was 20% higher than that with D. fragrans "Massangeana". This effect is considered to be caused by higher transpiration of S. arboricola "Hong Kong". In the experiment (D, S. arboricola "Hong Kong" interspersed in the room showed the same increase in relative humidity as S. arboricola "Hong Kong" in line at the southern end in the room. Furthermore, MRT and PMV was calculated from the measured data. The MRT showed some difference between the two rooms in the experiment c and the experiment (3), but there was little difference between the PMV of the two rooms in the three experiments.

DOI： 10.3130/aija.59.39_4

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Other Link： http://www.aij.or.jp/paper/detail.html?productId=169968

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DOI： 10.11449/sasj1971.24.231

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本生物環境調節学会  

DOI： 10.2525/ecb1963.31.37

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：JAPANESE SOCIETY OF AGRICULTURAL, BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS AND SCIENTISTS  

In order to analyse the effect of "Amenity Plants"on environment inside room, the authors measured transpiration rate, stomatal resistance and shading ratio of eight kinds of ornamental foliage plants.<BR>In the first place, transpiration rate and stomatal resistance were measured in a controlled glasshouse in Ehime University. Diurnal changes in transpiration rate under air temperature of 27°C are shown in Fig.1, indicating that transpiration rate of <I>Scheffleraera arboricola</I>"Hong Kong" is more than those of the other plants. Figure 2 shows relationship between solar radiation and stomatal resistance. Stomatal resistance of the plants except <I>Dracaena fragrans</I> "Massangeana" increases according as solar radiation decreases.<BR>Schematic diagram of measurement blocks in which shading ratio was measured is shown in Fig.3. Figure 4 shows shading ratio in each block and average shading ratio of the whole plant of <I>Schefflera arboricolacola</I> "Hong Kong" in relation to angle of light incident. Figure 5 shows relationship between angle of light incident and average shading ratio of the whole plant of eight kinds of ornamental foliage plants. Shading ratio except <I>Schefflera arboricola</I> "Hong Kong"and <I>Epipremnum aureum</I> approaches to 1.0 according to increase of angle of light incident.<BR>The data obtained in this experiment would be important when we make simulative estimation of the environment inside room from green amenity aspect.

DOI： 10.2525/jshita.4.131

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本生物環境調節学会  

DOI： 10.2525/ecb1963.31.189

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：JAPANESE SOCIETY OF AGRICULTURAL, BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS AND SCIENTISTS  

Occurrence of blossom-end rot of tomato fruits is serious problem in tomato cultivation in greenhouses and is considered to be caused by lack of calcium. In order to prevent occurrence of blossom-end rot, effect of air flow to fruits was tested and the mechanism of prevention of occurrence of blossom-end rot was analysed.<BR>Data were collected in the experiment of zone cooling with cold water or fog, the results of which were reported in previous paper (Cho et al., SHITA JOURNAL, 4 (1) : 30-39, 1992). Average relative humidity in cold water cooling was 67-68% and that in fog cooling was 75-76%. Tomato plants (<I>Lycopersicum esculentum</I> MILL. cv. House momotaro) were cultivated in hydroponics with nutrient solution of EC of 0.4 S-m<SUP>-1</SUP>.<BR>The results were as follows.<BR>(1) Percentages of occurrence of blossom-end rot of tomato fruits in cold water cooling with air flow to fruits, in cold water cooling, in fog cooling with air flow to fruits and in fog cooling were 0%, 4%, 0% and 55%, respectively. Air flow to fruits was effective for prevention of occurrence of blossom-end rot.<BR>(2) Solar radiation, water uptake rate and calcium uptake rate showed similar changes (Fig. 1 and Fig. 2), indicating that calcium movement follows water movement in tomato plants. Fig. 2-A indicates that occurrence of blossom-end rot in this experiment was not due to decrease in calcium uptake from nutrient solution.<BR>(3) Air flow to fruits was effective for increasing distribution ratio rather than concentration of calcium in dry matter of fruits (Table 1 and Table 2).<BR>(4) Blossom-end rot occurred about 8-12 days after anthesis, when diameter growth rate of fruits was fastest (Fig. 4).<BR>(5) Occurrence of blossom-end rot was affected by humidity. High humidity leads to decrease in transpiration of tomato plants, which would result in occurrence of blossom-end rot. The mechanism of the effect of air flow to fruits is considered that air flow to fruits promotes transpiration from fruit surface and inflow of water and calcium into fruits.

DOI： 10.2525/jshita.5.26

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本生物環境調節学会  

DOI： 10.2525/ecb1963.31.81

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：JAPANESE SOCIETY OF AGRICULTURAL, BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS AND SCIENTISTS  

In this study, air cooling in the zone only around plants in greenhouse in the daytime in summer was investigated.<BR>Two types of air cooling systems were constructed in a greenhouse in Ehime University. One was the system which used cold water and water-air heat exchanger (cold water cooling system), and the other was the system which utilized heat of vaporization of fog (fog cooling system). Schematic diagrams of these systems are shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2.<BR>The results of air cooling on a fine day are shown in Fig. 4, Fig. 5 and Fig. 6. Furthermore, Fig. 7 shows the effectiveness of system identification in analysis and control in cold water cooling system.<BR>The effect of environment of above-ground part on occurrence of blossom-end rot of tomato plants was also investigated. The effect of air flow to fruits was also examined using the system shown in Fig. 3. The results are shown in Fig. 8 and Table 1.

DOI： 10.2525/jshita.4.30

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：JAPANESE SOCIETY OF AGRICULTURAL, BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS AND SCIENTISTS  

Recently, we often hear the word "amenity". The amenity effects of plants on human being is called "green amenity". The authors recognize the importance of "green amenity" and are making a series of studies on "green amenity".<BR>The green amenity effects can be divided into perceptible effect, environmental control effect and image effect (Fig. 1).<BR>In this paper, the authors focused on the environmental control effect by plants, and made simulation of inside environment of two types of office rooms; the one has plants in it and the other has no plants.<BR>The authors assumed simulation model shown in Fig. 2 and Table 1, and made simulation according to the flow chart shown in Fig. 3. The plant in the room was tomato plant, and its relationship between light intensity and stomatal resistance is shown in Fig. 4.<BR>The result of simulation on the standard sunny day in December is shown in Fig. 5, indicating that the inside air temperature with plants is lower than that without plants in the daytime and that the maximum temperature difference is 2.6°C.Figure 6 shows that the maximum temperature difference on the standard sunny day in July is 2.7°C.

DOI： 10.2525/jshita.3.31

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Publisher：Japanese Society of Agricultural, Biological and Environmental Engineers and Scientists  

As the first step of application of AI (Artificial Intelligence) to agriculture, an expert system was constructed. This system makes diagnoses of disease and insect damage of satsuma mandarin and also suggests control methods for better growth. The system was constructed on 'NEC PC-9801' personal computer, using 'Sogen' which is a Japanese expert shell. Knowledge on disease and insect damage was rearranged and expressed in production rules, composing knowledge base.<BR>The expert system works well and makes correct diagnoses. In the future, such applications of AI would be more important in agriculture.

DOI： 10.2525/ecb1963.26.185

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DOI： 10.2525/ecb1963.25.127

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：養賢堂  

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Publisher：The Society of Agricultural Meteorology of Japan  

DOI： 10.2480/agrmet.39.311

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Publisher：The Society of Agricultural Meteorology of Japan  

As the first step of a study on solar greenhouses with latent heat storage systems, thermal properties of phase change materials (PCMs) were tested and solar heating experiments applying these PCMs to small greenhouses were performed.<br>Several PCMs which have melting points between 10-30°C were selected from the literatures (<i>e.g</i>. Hale <i>et al</i>., 1971), and measurements of melting points and heats of fusion were made. Considering these test results (Table 1 and Fig. 1), and because of the extremely high price of paraffin, we chose polyethylene glycol (PEG) and calcium chloride hexahydrate as the most suitable PCMs for solar heating greenhouses at the present time.<br>Three types of solar greenhouse systems were constructed, and solar heating experiments were performed in both 1979 and 1980. We used two small identical glasshouses (floor area is 7.2m², surface area 25.2m²) with the north wall (4.8m²) insulated.<br>In the Type I solar greenhouse (without thermal screen), polyethylene tubes (3.0cm in diameter) were filled with 600kg of PEG (# 600 and # 400) and hung by steel bars in the insulated heat storage unit. Air was circulated by a fan between the greenhouse and the heat storage unit, and solar heat was collected from the air inside the greenhouse (Fig. 2). Typical patterns of diurnal changes in temperatures in the Type I solar greenhouse on a clear day are shown in Fig. 3. Solar heat stored in the daytime was 9, 900kcal and heat released in the nighttime was 11, 060kcal. The average efficiency of heat storage on clear days was 20%, based on the outside solar radiation.<br>In the Type II solar greenhouse (with one layer thermal screen), three 1.6m² air-type solar collectors were attached. PCMs, 300kg of CaCl₂⋅6H₂O and 200kg of PEG (# 600), were encapsulated in double-layered polypropylene panels (1.2cm in thickness) and were installed in the heat storage unit. In the daytime, air was sucked from the greenhouse to the collectors, and heated air was then sent to the heat storage unit and was returned to the greenhouse. In the nighttime, the path to the collectors was closed by a damper, and air was circulated between the greenhouse and the heat storage unit, although the direction of the air flow through the heat storage unit was opposite to that in the daytime (Figs. 4 and 5). The heat collected in the collectors was 12, 060kcal, and the heat stored in the heat storage unit was 8, 380kcal (7, 520kcal to CaCl₂⋅6H₂O, 860kcal to PEG) on Feb. 3, 1980. The temperatures of CaCl₂⋅6H₂O and PEG were kept almost at the melting point of each, which indicated that the storage capacity of latent heat was not yet filled. The inside air temperature was kept at 8.0°C in the early morning on Feb. 4, when the outside air temperature was -0.6°C. The average efficiency of heat storage on clear days was 17%, taking into account the receiving area of both the collectors and the greenhouse.<br>In the Type III solar greenhouse (with one layer thermal screen), double-layered polypropylene panels (1.5cm in thickness) which contained 56kg of CaCl₂⋅6H₂O were installed in front of the inside surface of the north wall. They could be called a heat storage panel. In addition to this, 200kg of PEG (#600) was encapsulated in PVC pipes (3.2cm in diameter) and was installed in the small heat storage unit. The heat storage panel can store heat from direct solar radiation. In the heat storage unit, heat was collected from the inside air by circulating air between the greenhouse and the heat storage unit. Typical patterns of diurnal changes in temperatures in the Type III solar greenhouse on a clear day are shown in Fig. 6. The heat stored in the heat storage panel and the heat storage unit was 2, 860kcal and 7, 560kcal, respectively.

DOI： 10.2480/agrmet.39.201

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