© 2018, Springer Nature B.V. The measurement of total volatile organic compound (TVOC) is effective for evaluating indoor air quality. This study aimed to develop a procedure for TVOC measurement using a passive solvent extraction method (SD_passive). The quantitative and qualitative performances of SD_passive for TVOC measurement were compared to those of the active thermal desorption method (TD_active). TVOC concentrations of the SD_passive method were highly correlated with those of the TD_active method. However, below 600 μg/m 3 , they were slightly underestimated compared to those of the TD_active method. This was because the sampling rates (SRs) of specific volatile organic compounds (VOCs), such as cyclic siloxane and nonanal, which are often detected in indoor air, were lower than those of toluene used for calculating TVOC concentration in the SD_passive method. Therefore, several correction methods using the appropriate SR were explored to obtain TVOC concentrations equivalent to those obtained using the TD_active method. In the proposed method, individual SRs were used for specific VOCs and estimated SRs were used for other VOCs as a function of the total ion chromatogram retention time (Rt) (SR = 96, Rt < 25; SR = − 3.2, Rt + 150, Rt ≧ 25). Consequently, below 600 μg/m 3 , the SD_passive method could achieve a qualitative performance equivalent to that of the TD_active method. The ten major compounds of TVOC identified using the SD_passive method agreed with those using the TD_active method. Overall, the proposed method is easy to implement, inexpensive, and suitable for rapid evaluation of indoor air quality.

DOI： 10.1007/s11869-018-0639-4

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人 室内環境学会  

Measurement of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) using the passive sampling method have received increasing attention owing to their simplicity and ease of use. However, there are still few applications of passive samplers for high-boiling point VOCs. The Japanese Health, Labor and Welfare Ministry is discussing new standards for indoor concentration levels of three substances (new guideline VOCs): 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol monoisobutyrate (Texanol) and 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate (TXIB). Texanol and TXIB have higher-boiling points than general VOCs. Obtaining accurate sampling rates (SRs) of the high boiling point VOCs is an issue in establishing passive sampling methods. In this study, we investigated the control method of generating sufficient concentrations of these VOCs in an exposure chamber to obtain accurate SRs of Texanol and TXIB. The obtained SRs for investigated VOCs were in the range of approximately 10-200% of the prescribed guideline value concentration. The reproducibility of the exposure test was high and the coefficients of variation of the exposure tests conducted under each exposure conditions were less than 10%. For sampling in a prefabricated house, the values calculated using the passive sampling method and the obtained SRs were equivalent to those using the active sampling method. Therefore, measuring new guideline VOCs using this passive air sampler method is feasible.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人 日本環境化学会  

<p>Passive sampler for measuring total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) in the indoor air was developed. This sampler has characteristics with a large surface area of sampler case and high adsorption / desorption efficiency of adsorbent. Sampling rate (SR) of toluene was estimated by small chamber exposure test. Exposure tests were carried out to evaluate the effects of temperature, humidity and wind velocity on SR various. The results show that this sampler has high SR of toluene about 100 mL/min. The effects of temperature and humidity on sampling rate of this sampler are insignificant. On the other hands, the SR increased as the wind velocity increased from 0.05 to 0.7 m/s. And this sampler has strong adsorption force and has little effect of back diffusion and transportation. To survey indoor air quality, passive samplings were carried out at 34 new and 33 old houses. In most new houses, TVOC concentration were exceeded to the current provisional target value (400 µg/m<sup>3</sup>). The result of qualitative analysis, there are obvious difference between VOCs detected from wooden house and other house.</p>

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人 室内環境学会  

Passive sampling method for measuring total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) in indoor air was explained in this article. TVOC means the amount of volatile organic compounds (VOC) in indoor air. TVOC measurements have been beneficial in determination of indoor air pollution by VOC. In many studies, TVOC measurements have been done as Sum of VOCs which is the total value of individual VOC. But, TVOC measurements occasionally have been done as total area with response factor of toluene. Passive sampling for TVOC is suitable for indoor air quality survey, because it is convenient. Since TVOC is composed of different VOC of various physical-chemical properties, adsorbents that have high adsorption / desorption efficiency are recommended to use for the passive sampler. And samplers that have high SR are recommended to select. TVOC measurements by passive sampler are expected to have high performance as screening method. Furthermore, it will be necessary to consider recalculation of TVOC concentration carried out by applying unique sampling rate values of some VOC and estimated value of sampling rate to the retention time of total ion chromatogram for accurate quantification.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCI LTD  

This study reports a new membrane filtration-based cleanup method for the analysis of pesticides. Recovery and cleanup by membrane filtration using 11 different membranes, classified by their molecular weight cut-off, pore size, and material, were examined. Three different eluent mixtures were also examined. The results indicated that membranes with a 0.1-jfm pore size were the most effective among those tested. In particular, hydrophobic polyvinylidene difluoride and hydrophobic polytetrafluoroethylene gave better recoveries and cleanup than other membranes. Results from GC chromatograms and matrix effects showed that membrane filtration afforded better cleanup than the modified QuEChERS method. Furthermore, over 90% of the 89 pesticides tested had acceptable recoveries using these two membranes, according to an acceptable recovery range of 70-120%. Therefore, this technique has potential as an effective cleanup method. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.03.045

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In this study, we developed a facile fabrication method to access a highly reproducible plasmonic surface enhanced Raman scattering substrate via the immobilization of gold nanoparticles on an Ultrafiltration (UF) membrane using a suction technique. This was combined with a simple and rapid analyte concentration and detection method utilizing portable Raman spectroscopy. The minimum detectable concentrations for aqueous thiabendazole standard solution and thiabendazole in orange extract are 0.01 mu g/ and 0.125 mu g/g, respectively. The partial least squares (PLS) regression plot shows a good linear relationship between 0.001 and 100 mu g/mL of analyte, with a root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 0.294 and a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.976 for the thiabendazole standard solution. Meanwhile, the PLS plot also shows a good linear relationship between 0.0 and 2.5 mu g/g of analyte, with an RMSEP value of 0.298 and an R-2 value of 0.993 for the orange peel extract. In addition to the detection of other types of pesticides in agricultural products, this highly uniform plasmonic substrate has great potential for application in various environmentally-related areas. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.02.232

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人 日本環境化学会  

<p>In this study, we have developed the rapid and simple analytical method by FT-IR for dithiocarbamate pesticides: Mancozeb, Maneb, Ziram, Propineb and Thiuram. These pesticides are used in various crops as insecticides and fungicides. Spirodiclofen, Chlorfenapyr and Cyenopyrafen which were often used for citrus fruits were also examined. The developed analytical method consists of the following sequence of operation: wiping with water-soluble fiber, filtration concentration, and FT-IR analysis (transmission method). Linear calibration curves were obtained for all pesticides tested. In addition, the detection lower limit for each pesticide was low enough to comparison with the pesticide maximum residue level. Especially, the average recovery rate of dithiocarbamate pesticide in tomato was more than 70%. Kiyomi and green peppers also had average recovery rates of 60% or more. Conversely, the recovery rate of plums was low, and the average recovery rate was less than 50%. <br>PLS quantitative model for calculating the total amount of dithiocarbamate pesticide (carbon disulfide conversion value) was also prepared. By using this PLS quantitative model, it was possible to measure the total amount of dithiocarbamate pesticides even if more than two dithiocarbamate pesticides are used. These results shows that this method is enable to do rapid screening of pesticides on site and it has great potential for application in food safety and security.</p>

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人 日本環境化学会  

<p>In this study, we proposed the rapid and simple analytical method for mancozeb (Product name : Jimandaisen) in agricultural products. The analysis of mancozeb is known to be difficult in a simultaneous quantification as well as requires complicated operation in a separated quantification method. <br>We used two types of methods which are the wiping method, and the wiping and filteration method with FT-IR (ATR or transmission) according to conditions of measurement. With these method, measurement and quantification of mancozeb can be completed within one hour. <br>Especially, the limit of detection (LOD) of the wiping and filteration method which is capable of quantification with the entire sample was 10 times less than the regulatory value. It showed that this method can be used to determine whether to exceed of regulatory value or not. Furthermore, this method is not affected by other pesticides in quantification. The results showed that this rapid on site measurement method can contribute to the safety and security for agricultural products through inspection of products before the distribution of the market.</p><p></p>

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人 日本環境化学会  

<p>Total Volatile Organic Compound (TVOC) measurement is one of the effective methods which evaluate indoor air pollution by volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In order to carry out this TVOC measurement by solvent extraction method instead of thermal desorption method, pore structures of the adsorbents were evaluated for their applicability in the analysis of TVOC and extraction conditions of solvent extraction were optimized. The results of adsorption and desorption test show the following three point: adsorbents with micro pore area higher than 1000 m<sup>2</sup>/g absorb strongly the VOCs with boiling points lower than 100 ℃, the adsorbents with pore diameter higher than 2 nm were able to desorb polar VOCs efficiently and the adsorbents with mesopore ratio more than 30 % had high desorption ratio of VOCs such as styrene and trimethylbenzene that are difficult to desorb. In the optimization of the extraction conditions, ultrasonic extraction temperature and extraction solvent were examined. As the result of optimization, the optimum condition was 20～30 ℃ of temperature and carbon disulfide containing 5 % acetone was used as extraction solvent. In this condition, high adsorption and desorption efficiency were obtained in the 38 kinds of compounds examined in this research.</p>

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.5985/jec.26.203

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCI LTD  

The recovery and purification characteristics of membrane filtration for pesticide analysis of agricultural products were investigated. Eight different types of membranes classified by their molecular weight cut off (MWCO) and material were used. The results showed that the recovery and purification characteristics varied according to the eluting solvent used, as well as the membrane's MWCO and material. The recovery increased as the MWCO increased, and the purification increased when the eluting solvent contained water. A GK membrane with acetonitrile-water (1:1, v/v) was the most effective membrane filtration method among those tested. The pesticide analysis of spinach using the GK filtration method indicated that this method results in better purification than the modified QuEChERS method. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.12.003

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japan Institute of Energy  

The effective production of chemical feedstock from biomass is one of the important issues for building of a sustainable society. Hydroxy methyl furfural (HMF) is one of the key compounds for biorefinary chemical processes. In this report, effective HMF synthesis method was developed. HMF was synthesized by the dehydration reaction from glucose directly with metal and acid catalysts. The reaction conditions were optimized and the reaction with the bilayer system of water and organic solvent showed the high yield performance. It is expected that effective and environment-friendly HMF manufacturing process should be able to be constructed by this reaction system.

DOI： 10.20550/jiebiomassronbun.9.0_36

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The diploid Miscanthus sinensis "Shiozuka" which was selected as a high-biomass producing line, and the triploid M. x giganteus (M x G) were treated by ball milling (physical treatment) and alkaline hydrogen peroxide treatment (AHP; chemical treatment), and their structural sugar compositions and enzymatic digestibility were compared. The structural sugar content of Shiozuka was moderate and lower than that of M x G. The Klason lignin content of Shiozuka was also lower than that of M x G. However, Shiozuka was sensitive to ball milling and AHP treatment; ball milled and AHP-treated Shiozuka had higher enzymatic digestibility than ball milled and AHP-treated M x G. Shiozuka would be promising feedstock to obtain fermentable sugars with low energy consumption. Finally, enzymes for the hydrolysis of chemically treated Miscanthus were isolated from Trichoderma reesei ATCC 66589 and Penicillium pinophilum. The sugar yield could be increased by enzymatic hydrolysis of AHP-treated samples with NaOH and H2O2 and the isolated enzymes. (c) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.07.084

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SPRINGER  

Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) is a recalcitrance softwood widely used as building material in Japan. A combined technique of alcohol-based organosolv treatment and ball milling (BM) of this softwood for the production of fermentable sugars from lignocellulose was investigated. Ethanol, ethylene glycol, water, and their mixtures were used as solvents, and acetic acid was used as a proton donor. After solvolysis, a residual sample was subjected to short-time BM, and the entire residue was evaluated by saccharification with Acremonium cellulase. Short-time BM after alcohol-based organosolv treatment greatly improved the enzymatic digestibility and decreased the required severity of organosolv treatment. Moreover, alcohol-based organosolv treatment increased the efficiency and reduced the time required for BM despite small quantity of removed lignin. It was found that the combination of alcohol-based organosolv treatment in mild condition and short-time BM had a synergistic effect on the enzymatic digestibility of Japanese cypress.

DOI： 10.1007/s00226-012-0504-9

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

In Japan, softwood is one of the suitable materials for production of bio-fuels, since forest of softwood accounts approximately 90% in artificial forest in Japan, and it is widely used for constructing the traditional Japanese house. Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa ), which is known for its high quality lumber has been attracted a lot of interest as a potential feedstock in Japan. The conditions of alkaline peroxide pretreatment were investigated for the enzymatic hydrolysis of Japanese cypress in this study. The suitable condition of the pretreatment was as follows
at 70 °C with 2M sodium hydrate (NaOH) of and 6M hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Almost of hemicellulose and approximately 60% of lignin were disappeared in the AP-pretreated sample. The AP-pretreated sample had the high-crystallinity and the celluolose nano fibers and nano scale "raising" on the surface. The suitable enzyme was Accellease1500 resulted in approximately 60%-glucose yield with 20 mg-protein/ g-substrate. These results suggest that the alkaline peroxide hydrogen treatment has the potential as the pretreatment for obtaining glucose from softwood such as Japanese cypress in enzymatic hydrolysis.

DOI： 10.3775/jie.92.1197

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Elsevier Ltd  

The effects of adding trace acids in ethanol based organosolv treatment were investigated to increase the enzymatic digestibility of Japanese cypress. A high glucose yield (60%) in the enzymatic hydrolysis was obtained by treating the sample at 170 °C for 45. min in 50% ethanol liquor containing 0.4% hydrochloric acid. Moreover, the enzymatic digestibility of the treated sample was improved to ∼70% by changing the enzyme from acremonium cellulase to Accellerase1500. Field emission scanning electron microscopy revealed the presence of lignin droplets and partial cellulose nanofibers on the surface of the treated sample. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of the treated samples using thermotolerant yeast (Kluyveromyces marxianus NBRC1777) was tested. A high ethanol concentration (22.1. g/L) was achieved using the EtOH50/W50/HCl0.4-treated sample compared with samples from other treatments. © 2013.

DOI： 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.01.048

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japan Society for Environmental Chemistry  

It has been known that dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl (DL-PCB) is present in almost all types of environments worldwide. Adsorption treatment of DL-PCB has been expected for one of the simple and low-cost removal technology. In the present study, DL-PCB adsorption capability of bamboo powder charcoal and activated carbon were investigated. Bamboo charcoal and activated carbon were prepared by carbonization and activation with air, carbon dioxide, and steam. The pore properties of obtained adsorbents were analyzed by the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) for surface area, t-plot analysis for micropore, and the Barrett-Joyner- Halenda (BJH) method for mesopore. Then, adsorption experiments using DL-PCB in hexane solution were conducted. These experiments revealed that every charcoal samples did not show high DL-PCB adsorption activity. On the other hand, activated carbon samples prepared by air and carbon dioxide activation having area of over 1000 m<SUP>2</SUP>/g and micropores with diameters of about 0．7 nm exhibited high activity for the adsorption of DL-PCB.

DOI： 10.5985/jec.22.9

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Other Link： https://jlc.jst.go.jp/DN/JALC/10003369585?from=CiNii

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：IOP PUBLISHING LTD  

A radio frequency plasma was generated and maintained in water over a wide range of water conductivities (0.2-7000 mS m(-1)). The conductivity of water was changed by adding NaCl to it. The size of the plasma increased with conductivity. Although the intensity of the OH (A-X) line monotonically decreased with increasing conductivity, the generation of hydrogen peroxide and the degradation of methylene blue suggested that the number of generated OH radicals decreased with increasing conductivity in the range 0.2-80 mS m(-1) and increased in the range 80-7000 mS m(-1). Ultraviolet irradiation was found to enhance the degradation of methylene blue not only in pure water but also in high-conductivity water (similar or equal to 5000 mS m(-1)).

DOI： 10.1088/0963-0252/20/3/034016

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The excitation temperature, electron density, temperature of OH, and behavior of bubbles generated by a 27.12 MHz in-liquid plasma are investigated in water under pressures ranging from 0.1 to 0.4 MPa. The excitation temperature decreases as the pressure increases and, conversely, the temperature of OH and the electron density increase. Since the plasma can be generated stably even under high-pressure conditions and the liquid provides a cooling effect, the electrode is not damaged by the heat. The bubbles generated from the tip of the electrode have a fixed relationship between their diameter and departure frequency. The in-liquid plasma can be stably generated even under high pressures and it maintains a high superheated state of a few thousand K. A boiling phenomenon in the in-liquid plasma uses the plasma itself as a heat source.

DOI： 10.1088/0963-0252/20/3/034012

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：IOP PUBLISHING LTD  

A radio frequency plasma was generated and maintained in water over a wide range of water conductivities (0.2-7000 mS m(-1)). The conductivity of water was changed by adding NaCl to it. The size of the plasma increased with conductivity. Although the intensity of the OH (A-X) line monotonically decreased with increasing conductivity, the generation of hydrogen peroxide and the degradation of methylene blue suggested that the number of generated OH radicals decreased with increasing conductivity in the range 0.2-80 mS m(-1) and increased in the range 80-7000 mS m(-1). Ultraviolet irradiation was found to enhance the degradation of methylene blue not only in pure water but also in high-conductivity water (similar or equal to 5000 mS m(-1)).

DOI： 10.1088/0963-0252/20/3/034016

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCI LTD  

In this study, the effective utilization of lignocellulose residue as an adsorbent was investigated. Japanese cypress wood flour subjected to hydrothermal pretreatment and ball-mill grinding was saccharified with an enzyme. The residual wood flour was carbonized and activated by physical and chemical activation to produce adsorbents for persistent organic pollutant removal. The adsorption properties were investigated by pore analysis using the N-2 adsorption/desorption isotherm and adsorption tests for dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in a hexane solution. The obtained adsorbents showed high production yields and adsorption properties for dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.01.033

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

It has been known that dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) are present: in almost all types of environments worldwide. Activated carbon treatment has been expected for the removal of DL-PCBs because it is a simple and low-cost removal technology. In the present study, the physicochemical properties of activated carbon were investigated to identify the characteristics of 16 different types of activated carbon on adsorption properties for DL-PCBs. To accomplish this, micropore volume, and pore diameter were calculated by t-plot analysis and the mesopore volume was analyzed by the Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) method. In addition, the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area, pH, metal elements, and surface acid functional groups were analyzed. Then, adsorption experiments using DL-PCB in hexane solution were conducted, and the relationship between adsorption and physicochemical properties of activated carbon was investigated. The results showed that activated carbons having a surface area of 700-1200 m(2) g(-1) and micropores with diameters of about 0.7-0.8 nm exhibited high activity for the adsorption of PCBs. The results also clearly showed that the mesopore volume of activated carbon influenced the adsorption rate and the equilibrium adsorption. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.074

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

Plasma was generated in water by irradiation at high frequency of 13.56 MHz, and the behavior of bubbles including the plasma was observed by a high-speed camera. The generation pattern of the bubbles was classified into four types according to liquid temperature and supplied power. Conducting the simulation, the maximum temperature in the bubble was found to be from 3500 K to 4300 K. and the decomposition of water molecule occurred. The gas in the bubble was found to become high ratio of hydrogen. The phenomenon can be regarded as a film boiling of exceptionally high heat flux. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2010.03.021

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

The degradation of methylene blue by radio frequency (RF) plasmas in water under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation was studied experimentally. When the methylene blue solution was exposed to RF plasma, UV irradiation from a mercury vapor lamp enhanced degradation significantly. A lamp without power supply also enhanced degradation since weak UV light was emitted weakly from the lamp due to the excitation of mercury vapor by stray RF power. Such an enhancement is explained by the fact that after hydrogen peroxide is produced via the recombination process of OH radicals around the plasma, OH radicals reproduced from hydrogen peroxide via the photolysis process degrade methylene blue. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.09.076

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：AMER INST PHYSICS  

Spectroscopic measurements of radio frequency (rf) plasma were performed under high pressure CO2 conditions (5 and 7 MPa) and supercritical (sc) CO2 conditions (8-20 MPa). The temperatures evaluated from C-2 Swan bands increased from 3600 K to 4600 K with increasing pressure. The broadening and shifting of the O I line profile (similar to 777 nm) of rf plasma was observed under scCO(2) conditions. The width of the line profile increased with increasing pressure. The reason for the broadening and shifting is still unclear because the present theory used to explain them is not valid for such high pressure conditions. Further, the broadening of the Ar I line profile (similar to 811.5 nm) in rf plasmas was observed under atmospheric Ar (0.1 MPa), high pressure Ar conditions (1-4 MPa), and scAr condition (5 MPa); the observation of the 0 I line profile in CO2 plasmas is difficult in this pressure range owing to its weak intensity therein. Similar to the case of the O I line in CO2 plasmas, the reason for the broadening of the Ar I line profile at 5 MPa is unclear.

DOI： 10.1063/1.3517580

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：AMER INST PHYSICS  

Distributions of emission intensity from radicals, electron temperature, and rotational temperature at a radio frequency of 27.12 MHz plasma in water are clarified by detailed spectroscopy measurement. Through this investigation, the following were observed. The points of maximum emission intensity of H alpha, H beta, O (777 nm), and O (845 nm) are almost the same, while that of OH shifts upward. The electron temperature decreases, while the rotational temperature increases with pressure. The distribution of the electron temperature changes at a threshold pressure, which is concerned with a change in the electron discharge mechanism. The self-bias of the electrode changes from a negative to positive at a threshold pressure. The point of the maximum rotational temperature of OH radicals shifts to approximately 1 mm above that for the maximum intensity of OH emission.

DOI： 10.1063/1.3264671

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：AMER INST PHYSICS  

Hydrogen is produced by generating in-liquid plasma in a conventional microwave oven. A receiving antenna unit consisting of seven copper rods is placed at the bottom of the reactor furnace in the microwave oven. 2.45 GHz microwave in-liquid plasma can be generated at the tips of the electrodes in the microwave oven. When the n-dodecane is decomposed by plasma, 74% pure hydrogen gas can be achieved with this device. The hydrogen generation efficiency for a 750 W magnetron output is estimated to be approximately 56% of that of the electrolysis of water. Also, in this process up to 4 mg/s of solid carbon can be produced at the same time. The present process enables simultaneous production of hydrogen gas and the carbide in the hydrocarbon liquid. (C) 2009 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3236575]

DOI： 10.1063/1.3236575

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An economic feasibility study on four batch processes for the production of biodiesel ranging from 1452 tonnes/year (5000 1/day) to 14,520 tonnes/year (50,000 1/day) is conducted. The four processes assessed are the (1) KOH-W process, characterized by a homogeneous KOH catalyst and hot water purification process; (2) KOH-D process, characterized by a homogeneous KOH catalyst and vacuum FAME distillation process; (3) CaO-W process, characterized by a heterogeneous CaO catalyst and hot water purification process; and (4) CaO-D process, characterized by a heterogeneous CaO catalyst and vacuum FAME distillation process. The costs of the waste cooking oil, fixed costs, and manufacturing costs for producing 7260 tonnes/year (25,000 1/day) of biodiesel by means of the four processes are estimated to be $248-256, $194-232, and $584-641 per tonne of biodiesel, respectively. Among the four processes, the manufacturing costs involved in the CaO-W process are the lowest, in the range from 1452 tonnes/year to 14,520 tonnes/year. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

DOI： 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.02.010

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

It has been known that fish oils are prone to contamination by polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs). In this study, the removal of contaminants from fish oil by countercurrent supercritical CO2 extraction (CC-SCE) and activated carbon treatment was investigated. Fish oil was treated by CC-SCE at 70 degrees C and 30 MPa and with a CO2/oil ratio of 72; this resulted in a 93% reduction in the sum of PCDDs, PCDFs and DL-PCBs concentration level by and 85% reduction in toxic equivalency (TEQ). CC-SCE uses 40% less CO2 and yields 30% more refined oil than semi-batch-type processes. Subsequent treatment by activated carbon reduced the concentration level by 94% and TEQ by 93%. CC-SCE is effective for the removal of DL-PCBs, whereas activated carbon treatment is effective for the removal of PCDD/Fs. These results reveal that the combination of CC-SCE and activated carbon treatment is applicable to the removal of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs from fish oil. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.12.057

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：AMER INST PHYSICS  

Spectroscopic measurements of high frequency (hf) plasma were performed under high pressure conditions (5 and 7 MPa) and supercritical (sc) CO2 conditions (8-20 MPa). Temperature evaluated from C-2 Swan bands (d (3)Pi(g)-&gt; a (3)Pi(u)) increased from 3600 to 4600 K with an increase in pressure. The first observation of broadening and shifting of the O I line profile (3p (5) P-3,P-2,P-1 -&gt; 3s (5) S-2(0)) of hf plasma under sc CO2 conditions was carried out. However, the origin of broadening and the shifting cannot be understood because the present theory explaining them is not valid for such high pressure conditions.

DOI： 10.1063/1.3091927

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCI LTD  

This research was aimed at studying the acceleration of the catalytic activity of calcium oxide (CaO) for developing an effective heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production by the transesterification of plant oil with methanol. CaO was activated by pretreatment with methanol and was used for the transesterification reaction. The activation and transesterification reaction conditions were examined. The obtained optimal reaction conditions were 0.1-g CaO, 3.9-g methanol, 15-g rapeseed oil, and 1.5-h activation time at room temperature that provided methyl ester in approximately 90% yield within a reaction time of 3 h at 60 degrees C. The activation mechanism was also investigated, and the proposed mechanism is as follows. By pretreatment with methanol, a small amount of CaO gets converted into Ca(OCH(3))(2) that acts as an initiating reagent for the transesterification reaction and produces glycerin as a by-product. Subsequently, a calcium-glycerin complex, formed due to the reaction of CaO with glycerin, functions as the main catalyst and accelerates the transesterification reaction. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

DOI： 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.06.049

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japan Society for Environmental Chemistry  

We researched the adsorption properties of 36 agrichemicals and 14 dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) on activated carbons. We examined the adsorption ratio of substrates on activated carbons, and then the influences of chemical structure of substrate, pore structure of activated carbon, and solvent effect for adsorption were studied. These experiments revealed that the substrates having not just higher logPow value than 3 but also aromatic ring with sterically-unhindered substituent groups in its chemical structure showed high adsorption property on activated carbons. It was found that the activated carbon which had the large surface area of micro pores in the diameter of around 0.7-0.8 nm and low functional groups on activated carbon surface, had the high adsorption capacity for substrates. It also became clear that solvent polarity greatly affected to the adsorption proparties and high adsorption ratio were observed in the case of water solution for all substrates.

DOI： 10.5985/jec.19.519

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SPRINGER  

Radio frequency (RF) plasma in water was used for the degradation of methylene blue. The fraction of decomposition of methylene blue and the intensity of the spectral line from OH radical increased with RF power. RF plasma in water also produced hydrogen peroxide. The density of hydrogen peroxide increased with RF power and exposure time. When pure water (300 mL) is exposed to plasma at 310 W for 15 min, density of hydrogen peroxide reaches to 120 mg/L. Methylene blue after exposed to plasma degraded gradually for three weeks. This degradation may be due to chemical processes via hydrogen peroxide and tungsten. The comparison between the experimental and calculated spectral lines of OH radical (A-X) shows that the temperature of the radical is around 3,500 K. Electron density is evaluated to be similar or equal to 3.5 x 10(20) m(-3) from the stark broadening of the H(beta) line.

DOI： 10.1007/s11090-008-9142-2

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCI LTD  

Investigations were conducted on heterogeneous base catalysts for the transesterification of oil aimed at effective production of biodiesel. Thirteen different kinds of metal oxides containing calcium, barium, magnesium, or lanthanum were prepared as catalysts. Their catalytic activities were tested for transesterification at 60 degrees C with a 6:1 molar ratio of methanol to oil and a reaction time of 10 h. The calcium-containing catalysts - CaTiO3, CaMnO3, CaFe2O5, CaZrO3, and CaO-CeO2 - showed high activities and approximately 90% yields of methyl ester. Furthermore, catalytic durability tests were performed by repeating the transesterification reaction several times with the calcium-containing catalysts recovered from the previous reaction mixture. It was found that CaZrO3 and CaO-CeO2 show high durability and have the potential to be used in biodiesel production processes as heterogeneous base catalysts. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.biortech.2007.08.009

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：JAPAN SOC APPLIED PHYSICS  

The plasma in water is generated by applying high-frequency (HF) irradiation of 27.12 MHz or microwave (MW) radiation of 2.45 GHz from an electrode. The electrode is heated by joule heating by the HF or MW irradiation, and vapor bubbles are generated simultaneously. The plasma is then ignited inside the bubbles on the electrode. The glow discharge plasma can be maintained in spite of atmospheric pressure due to the cooling effect of the liquid itself. The electron temperature of the plasma generated by the 27.12 MHz radiation is higher than that generated by the 2.45 GHz radiation. (C) 2008 The Japan Society of Applied Physics.

DOI： 10.1143/APEX.1.046002

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

A method involving supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with a solid phase trap containing activated alumina was investigated for the rapid analysis of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and dioxin like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) in soils and sediments. The samples were extracted by using supercritical carbon dioxide with water (2% versus CO2 flow velocity) being used as an entrainer at a pressure of 30 MPa and a temperature of 130 degrees C for 50 min. The extracts were adsorbed on an activated alumina trap that was maintained at a temperature of 150 degrees C, and then, PCDD/DFs and DL-PCBs were eluted with 20 ml of hexane at 60 degrees C. After concentration, they were measured with a high-resolution gas chromatograph interfaced to a high-resolution mass spectrometric detector. The average concentrations of PCDD/DFs and DL-PCBs corresponded to the results obtained by the conventional method, and the reproducibility of this SFE method was below 21% of the relative standard deviations for all samples. The total time required for the analysis of the pretreatment of this method was only 2 h. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.06.068

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japan Institute of Energy  

DOI： 10.20550/jietaikaiyoushi.17.0_182

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：化学工業社  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：IOP PUBLISHING LTD  

A supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) plasma process for fabricating one-dimensional tungsten oxide nanowires coated with amorphous carbon is presented. High-frequency plasma was generated in supercritical carbon dioxide at 20 MPa by using tungsten electrodes mounted in a supercritical cell, and subsequently an organic solvent was introduced with supercritical carbon dioxide into the plasma. Electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy investigations of the deposited materials showed the production of tungsten oxide nanowires with or without an outer layer. The nanowires with an outer layer exhibited a coaxial structure with an outer concentric layer of amorphous carbon and an inner layer of tungsten oxide with a thickness and diameter of 20-30 and 10-20 nm, respectively.

DOI： 10.1088/0957-4484/18/49/495603

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：AMER INST PHYSICS  

An experiment was conducted for generating high-frequency plasma in supercritical carbon dioxide; it is expected to have the potential for applications in various types of practical processes. It was successfully generated at 6-20 MPa using electrodes mounted in a supercritical cell with a gap of 1 mm. Emission spectra were then measured to investigate the physical properties of supercritical carbon dioxide plasma. The results indicated that while the emission spectra for carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide could be mainly obtained at a low pressure, the emission spectra for atomic oxygen could be obtained in the supercritical state, which increased with the pressure. The temperature of the plasma in supercritical state was estimated to be approximately 6000-7000 K on the assumption of local thermodynamic equilibrium and the calculation results of thermal equilibrium composition in this state showed the increase of atomic oxygen by the decomposition of CO2. (C) 2007 American Institute of Physics.

DOI： 10.1063/1.2724240

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japan Institute of Energy  

DOI： 10.20550/jietaikaiyoushi.16.0_242

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：公益社団法人 化学工学会  

DOI： 10.11491/scej.2007.0.602.0

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：AMER CHEMICAL SOC  

Recently, it has been found that fish oils contain a high proportion of contaminants, namely, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (cPCBs). In this study, the removal of contaminants from fish oil by supercritical CO2 extraction (SCE) and by using adsorbents (0.13 wt % of oil) was investigated. Dioxins and cPCBs were extracted from fish oil by SCE at a temperature of 60 degrees C and a pressure of 28 MPa, and the removal efficiencies for PCDDs and PCDFs were in the range of 15-90% and those for cPCBs were in the range of 70-90%. However, 40% of the oil was extracted simultaneously with contaminants. On the adsorbent treatment, activated carbon showed high efficiency, and the removal efficiencies were &gt; 90% for PCDDs and PCDFs, but below 30% for cPCBs. A combination of both of these methods is more effective, and almost 100% of the total toxicity equivalence quantity value could be reduced.

DOI： 10.1021/jf061962d

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Publisher：Acoustical Society of America (ASA)  

<jats:p>In-liquid plasma is a useful invention because its chemical reaction rate is several thousand times higher than those of conventional plasma techniques. However, in-liquid plasma is not so familiar now because its fundamental characteristics remain unclear. We investigated characteristics of in-liquid plasma in a continuous liquid flow to facilitate its application as a chemical decomposition or synthesis device. N-dodecane is supplied by the pump and a stable liquid flow is set in the rectangular vessel. Because the flow velocity is insufficient, a nozzle is set 2 mm distant from the microwave electrode tip. The average flow velocity of n-dodecane at the nozzle top is 0–19 m/s and the Reynolds number is as high as 1.2×104. A 2.45-GHz microwave is introduced by a monopole antenna electrode inserted into a rectangular cavity resonator. In-liquid plasma is generated and observed in the flowing cavitation bubbles generated from the ultrasonic horn tip. The vessel’s inner pressure is adjusted to 65–450 hPa. The temperature in the plasma reached 3600±300 K; it was almost independent of the flow velocity because the physical properties of the plasma are influenced only slightly by the acoustic cavitation stream.</jats:p>

DOI： 10.1121/1.4788092

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：JAPAN SOC ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY  

Several investigations on the extraction of dioxins from soil and fly ash with supercritical fluid have been reported; however, few of them describe the influence of components on the extraction. We extracted dioxins from eight samples with different values of organic carbon content and surface area with supercritical CO2 at a temperature of 463 K, a pressure of 40 MPa, and using 10% toluene as an entrainer. We researched the influence of the characteristics of soil and fly ash on supercritical CO2 extraction of dioxins. The results revealed that the extraction efficiencies of PCDD/DFs and PCBs were high for all soil samples, while that of fly ash samples decreased with the increase in organic carbon content and surface area. The extraction efficiencies of dioxins from four standard samples, activated carbon, humic acid, alumina, and florisil, were also examined. The results revealed that the extraction efficiencies were strongly influenced by activated carbon like components present in the samples.

DOI： 10.2116/analsci.22.1393

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：INST PURE APPLIED PHYSICS  

We generate a radio frequency (RF) plasma in water at an atmospheric pressure by applying an RF power of 13.56 MHz from an electrode. The plasma is in a bubble formed in water. On the basis of hydrogen spectral lines under the assumption of thermal equilibrium, the temperature of the plasma is estimated to be 4000-4500K. Spectroscopic measurements show that hydrogen and oxygen are excited in the plasma. The plasma is also obtained in tap water or NaCl solution with a high conductivity. In the solution, sodium spectral lines are observed. Colored water containing methylene blue is exposed to the plasma. The absorbence spectra of the colored water before and after exposure to the plasma suggest the decomposition of organic matter due to chemical reactions involving active species, such as OH-radicals.

DOI： 10.1143/JJAP.45.8864

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japan Institute of Energy  

DOI： 10.20550/jietaikaiyoushi.15.0_209

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：JAPAN SOC ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY  

The effect of water as an entrainer was studied on supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (SCE-CO2) of Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/DFs) in paddy soil. Using water as an entrainer elevated the extraction efficiency of PCDD/DFs, and it's optimal extraction condition was as follows: a water flow velocity of 0.04 ml/min (2% versus CO2 flow velocity); 30 similar to 40 MPa, 130 similar to 190degreesC; 50 min dynamic SCE-CO2. The extraction efficiency of PCDD/DFs by 2% water entrainer was almost the same as those by 10% toluene- and 5% methanol-entrainers, and corresponded to about 80% of those by the conventional method (Soxhlet extraction). These results indicate that SCE-CO2 with water as an entrainer is rapid and organic-solvent less technique for the extraction of PCDD/DFs in soils.

DOI： 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.54.43

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japan Society for Environmental Chemistry  

We researched the influence of the characteristics of fly ash in supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of dioxins from fly ash.<BR>Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction was applied to the analysis of dioxins from fly ash. We extracted dioxins from various fly ash samples with supercritical carbon dioxide under the condition of temperature of 190°C and the pressure of 40 MPa, and we obtained wide range extration efficiency of dioxins in this analysis. Many reports for extraction of dioxins from fly ash with supercritical fluid have been reported, but a little reports described for the influence of fly ash components for the extraction of dioxins. Thus we tried to clear the correlations between the characteristics of fly ash and the extraction efficiency.<BR>We measured up the carbon content and surface area of fly ash samples, and searched the correlation between these parameters and extraction efficiency. These experiments revealed that extraction efficiencies of both PCDD/DFs and non-ortho-Co-PCBs decreased with increasing carbon content and surface area of fly ash, and the number of chlorine atom of their chemical molecule. In particular, we found a significant negative correlation between surface area and extraction efficiency of PCDD/DFs or non-ortho-Co-PCBs, and it became clear that surface area greatly affected to the extraction efficiency.

DOI： 10.5985/jec.15.397

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Other Link： https://jlc.jst.go.jp/DN/JALC/00251642356?from=CiNii

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

A method consisting of supercritical fluid extraction with a solid-phase trap containing activated alumina was investigated for the simple analysis technique of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and coplanar PCBs (Co-PCBs) in soil. The soil sample was extracted using supercritical carbon dioxide with water (2% versus CO 2 flow velocity) as an entrainer at 50 minutes, 30 MPa and 130°C. The extracts were adsorbed on an activated alumina trap held at 150°C, and thereafter dioxins were eluted with 20 ml of hexane at 60°C. The average concentrations of PCDD/DFs corresponded to the results of the conventional method, and the reproducibility of a replicate analysis was within 20% to the relative standard deviation. This new method is considered to be efficient for decreasing the analytical time (only 1 days) and reducing the analytical costs to be comparable to the conventional method. © 2005 The Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry.

DOI： 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.54.707

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japan Society for Environmental Chemistry  

Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction method was applied to extraction removal of PCDDs, PCDFs and coplanar PCBs from fish oils. Three extraction parameters including of pressure, temperature and total CO<SUB>2</SUB>volume were examined: Pressure and temperature conditions were optimized to 28 MPa and 60°C, respectively; Increase of total CO<SUB>2</SUB>volume lead to increase of the extraction efficiency; In 100l of total CO<SUB>2</SUB>volume, the extraction efficiencies were ranged from 50% to 80% for PCDD/DFs, and 70% to 90% for coplanar PCBs at 60°C 28MPa. Extraction efficiencies of PCDD/DFs, and coplanar PCBs were decreased with increasing their molecular weights. And similar trend was also observed between the extraction efficiencies and Log K<SUB>ow</SUB>. These results should be due to decreasing solubility of PCDD/DFs and coplanar PCBs in supercritical carbon dioxide as a result of increase of the lipophlicities. A supercritical carbon dioxide extraction method was considered to be useful for extraction removal of PCDD/DFs and coplanar PCBs from fish oil.

DOI： 10.5985/jec.14.253

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：JAPAN SOC ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY  

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with CO2 was applied to an analysis of Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/Polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/DFs) in paddy soil. At a constant pressure of 30 MPa and a temperature of 70 degreesC, elevating the moisture content in soil from 1.6% to 9.8%, resulted in enhancing the extraction efficiency of P6DD/DFs. In particular, the tendency was remarkable for highly chlorinated congeners of PCDD/DFs. A similar increase in the extraction efficiency was also found in Soxhlet extraction. These results indicate that moisture content in soil affected the extraction efficiency of PCDD/DFs with SFE and Soxhlet extraction. This was considered to be due to changing the adsorption form of PCDD/DFs in soil and/or playing a role as a modifier on the SFE, contributing to the extraction of PCDD/DFs from the soil.

DOI： 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.52.989

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Complex formation between pyrazine derivatives and dimeric self-assembly of αααα-isomer of mesotetrakis(2-carboxy-4- nonylphenyl)porphyrin Zn complex (1·Zn) was investigated. Thermal atropisomerization of 1·Zn in a nonpolar solvent such as toluene gives the αααα-atropisomer exclusively. Vapor pressure osmometry for the resultant αααα-atropisomer solubilized in CHCl3 shows molecular weight of 2650 ± 200, indicating formation of dimeric self-assembly of 1·Zn. (l)H NMR and UV/vis titration experiments for this dimeric assembly with pyrazine derivatives show highly specific 1:2 complex formation of pyrazine and 1·Zn. The equilibrium constants for 1·Zn dimer/pyrazine complex formation are estimated to be over 107 M-1. The most characteristic feature of the present ternary system, (1·Zn)2·pyrazine, is that the pyrazine derivative, having a large side moiety such as benzoyl group, can coordinate two zinc atoms inside the dimer cavity by sticking the side moiety out of a window formed between hydrogen-bond pillars of the complex.

DOI： 10.1021/ja963764g

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：CHEMICAL SOC JAPAN  

Kinetic behavior of atropisomerization of tetraphenylporphyrin derivative containing equilibrium processes of dimer formation were analyzed directly by a non-linear least square optimization method which uses numerical integration of kinetic differential equations. Analyses clearly indicate a kinetic model determined with one rate and two equilibrium constants as the most plausible mechanism.

DOI： 10.1246/cl.1996.57

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

Atropisomerization of meso-tetrakis(2-carboxy-4-nonylphenyl)porphyrin 1, in nonpolar solvents such ns CHCl3 gives the alpha alpha alpha alpha isomer exclusively, while the same isomerization in polar solvents such as DMSO proceeds normally. Spectroscopic investigations of 1 suggest that the porphyrin exists as a cofacial dimer in nonpolar solvents, where eight hydrogen bonds among four pairs of carboxylic acids in 1 are formed.

DOI： 10.1016/0040-4039(95)01819-4

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：AMER CHEMICAL SOC  

The nature of thc metal-metal bonds in thc binuclear complexes (OC)5Os-M(CO)5 (M = W, Cr) is studied by ab initio MO calculations and compared with that of thc covalent metal-metal bonds in (OC)5M-M(CO)5 (M = Re, Mn). We confirm that the former complexes have a dative metal-metal bond, as suggested experimentally. The Os(CO)5 fragment, which has an 18-electron configuration, acts as an electron donor to the M(CO)5 (M = W, Cr) fragments, which have 16-electron configurations, to form stable binuclear complexes. The highest occupied sigma-orbital of Os(CO)5 and the lowest unoccupied sigma-orbital of M(CO)5 (M = W, Cr) interact and form the metal-metal dative sigma-bonding orbital. The electron transfer occurs not only around the two metals, but also within each fragment, including CO ligands. The calculated bond formation energies are 20.9 and 7.7 kcal/mol for (OC)5Os-W(CO)5 and (OC)5Os-Cr(CO)5, respectively. They are smaller than those of the covalent complexes (OC)5M-M(CO)5 (M = Re, Mn), 54.0 kcal/mol for M = Re and 32.5 kcal/mol for M = Mn. However, the bond lengths and the force constants of the Os-W and Os-Cr bonds are comparable with those of the Re-Re and Mn-Mn bonds. The calculated distances are 3.04, 2.86, 2.98, and 2.86 angstrom and force constants are 1.08, 0.79, 1.53, and 0.66 mdyn/angstrom for Os-W, Os-Cr, Re-Re, and Mn-Mn, respectively. These values reasonably agree with the experimental values. The smallness of the bond formation energy in (OC)5Os-M(CO)5 (M = W, Cr) is mainly due to a large geometrical relaxation of the Os(CO)5 fragment in the course of the dissociation. In (OC)5Os-M(CO)5, the HOMO is a metal-metal sigma-bonding orbital for M = Cr, but metal-ligand pi-bonding orbital for M = W. The metal-metal sigma-bond is stronger in (OC)5Os-W(CO)5 than in (OC)5Os-Cr(CO)5, and different reactivities are expected for electrophiles.

DOI： 10.1021/ic00036a004

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DOI： 10.1021/ja00021a062

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Pesticide Science Society of Japan  

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The purpose of this study is the highly effective enzymatic hydrolysis of Miscanthus, which is one of energy grasses because of C4 plant and largely distribution in warm to cool environments in Japan. The alkaline peroxide pretreatment (AP) and saccharolytic enzymes preparation were investigated. The high glucose yield (more than 700 mg per 1 g of residues) was obtained by the sample subjected to AP treatment, using mixtures of filtered culture of Trichoderma reesei ATCC66589 (PC-3-7) and Penicillium pinophilum for saccharification.

DOI： 10.20550/jiebiomassronbun.8.0_122

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The purpose of this study is the development of environmentally-friendly pretreatment for ethanol production from lignocellulosic wastes in Japan. The combination of dried disk milling (DDM) with abrasive and alkaline peroxide pretreatment (AP) was investigated for the enzymatic hydrolysis of Japanese cypress. The maximum glucose yield was obtained by the sample subjected to DDM with alumina powder and AP treatment, and was approximately 590 mg per 1 g of substrate.

DOI： 10.20550/jiebiomassronbun.7.0_102

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The purpose of this study is the development of effective pretreatment for ethanol production from woody wastes in Japan. The conditions of organosolv-treatment were investigated for the enzymatic hydrolysis and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation with a thermotolerant yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus from Japanese cypress in this study. The suitable condition of the treatment was as follows; at 170℃ for 45 min with the ethanol solution of 50% including hydrochloric acid of 0.4%.

DOI： 10.20550/jietaikaiyoushi.20.0_154

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Japanese cypress wood flour pretreated by hydrothermal treatment and ball mill was saccharified with enzyme. The residual wood flour was carbonized and activated to provide adsorbents for POPs (persistent organic pollutants) removal. The adsorption properties of activated carbon for Co-PCBs were investigated with pore analysis and adsorption tests in hexane solution.

DOI： 10.20550/jietaikaiyoushi.20.0_130

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Japanese cypress wood flour pretreated by hydrothermal treatment and ball mill was saccharified with enzyme. The residual wood flour was depolymerized in alcohol at 210 to 270℃ with 2-propanol or formic acid which serves as the hydrogen donor. By this trteatment, 40 to 70% of residual wood flour was solbilized in liquid phase which contains mainly of low molecular weight alkyiphenols. The process is studied with the aim of converting all fractions of the wood into renewably source.

DOI： 10.20550/jiebiomassronbun.6.0_108

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japan Institute of Energy  

The purpose of this study is the development of environmentally-friendly pretreatment for ethanol production from lignocellulosic wastes in Japan. The conditions of alkaline peroxide pretreatment were investigated for the enzymatic hydrolysis of Japanese cypress in this study. The suitable condition of the pretreatment was as follows; at 70℃ with Sodium hydrate (NaOH) of 2 M and hydrogen peroxide (HP) of 6M. It was found that the concentration of NaOH was more important than that of HP.

DOI： 10.20550/jiebiomassronbun.6.0_96

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Japanese cypress wood flour pretreated by hydrothermal treatment and ball mill was saccharified with enzyme. The residual wood flour was carbonized and activated to provide adsorbents for POPs (persistent organic pollutants) removal. The adsorption properties were investigated with pore analysis and adsorption tests for Co-PCB in hexane solution.

DOI： 10.20550/jiebiomassronbun.5.0_72

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The purpose of this study is the development of environmentally-friendly pretreatment for ethanol production from lignocellulose. Hot compressed water-treatments (HCWT) in two kinds of the mixed solvent (water (W)/ethanol (EtOH)/acetic acid (A), and W/ethylene glycol (EG)/A) were investigated, respectively, for the enzymatic hydrolysis of Japanese cypress in this study. It was found that ball milling need in the HCWT using W/EtOH/A. The suitable conditions of the pretreatments were as follows; at 140℃ in W/EtOH/A (25/75/1 in-feed weight ratio); at 170℃ in W/EG/A (25/75/1 in-feed weight ratio), respectively.

DOI： 10.20550/jiebiomassronbun.5.0_76

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DOI： 10.11491/scej.2009.0.414.0

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DOI： 10.11491/scej.2008.0.478.0

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researchmap

Language：Japanese  

researchmap

Language：Japanese  

researchmap

Language：Japanese  

researchmap