Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.18332/tid/175632

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Although diet is one of the potential environmental factors affecting ulcerative colitis (UC), evidence is not sufficient to draw definitive conclusions. This Japanese case-control study examined the association between the consumption of coffee, other caffeine-containing beverages and food, and total caffeine and the risk of UC. METHODS: The study involved 384 UC cases and 665 control subjects. Intake of coffee, decaffeinated coffee, black tea, green tea, oolong tea, carbonated soft drinks, and chocolate snacks was measured with a semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire. Adjustments were made for sex, age, pack-years of smoking, alcohol consumption, history of appendicitis, family history of UC, education level, body mass index, and intake of vitamin C, retinol, and total energy. RESULTS: Higher consumption of coffee and carbonated soft drinks was associated with a reduced risk of UC with a significant dose-response relationship (P for trend for coffee and carbonated soft drinks were <0.0001 and 0.01, respectively), whereas higher consumption of chocolate snacks was significantly associated with an increased risk of UC. No association was observed between consumption of decaffeinated coffee, black tea, green tea, or oolong tea and the risk of UC. Total caffeine intake was inversely associated with the risk of UC; the adjusted odds ratio between extreme quartiles was 0.44 (95% confidence interval: 0.29-0.67; P for trend <0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: We confirmed that intake of coffee and caffeine is also associated with a reduced risk of UC in Japan where people consume relatively low quantities of coffee compared with Western countries.

DOI： 10.1111/jgh.16439

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1002/lary.31155

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)  

Background:

There is an urgent need to identify undetermined risk factors for sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) for the development of effective treatment strategies. SSNHL is likely associated with vascular insufficiency; however, no study has evaluated the relationship between dehydration and SSNHL.

Objective:

This study aimed to investigate the role of dehydration in the development and prognosis of sudden sensorineural hearing loss.

Study Design:

Retrospective case-control study.

Setting:

Secondary referral hospital.

Patients and Interventions:

This was a comparative study that compared dehydration parameters between healthy subjects without SSNHL (n = 94) and patients with SSNHL (n = 94). The study also evaluated the effect of dehydrated conditions on the prognosis of SSNHL.

Main Outcome Measures:

We compared dehydration parameters, such as the blood urea nitrogen-to-creatinine ratio (BUN/Cre) and plasma osmolality (Posm), between matched healthy subjects without SSNHL and patients with SSNHL. To evaluate the effect of dehydrated conditions on the SSNHL prognosis, the SSNHL patients were divided into 2 groups based on the cutoff value obtained from the receiver operating characteristic analysis: hydrated (n = 50; BUN/Cre &lt;21.4) and dehydrated (n = 44; BUN/Cre ≥21.4) groups. Subsequently, the severity and prognosis of SSNHL were analyzed.

Results:

The dehydration parameters, BUN/Cre and Posm, were significantly higher in patients with SSNHL than in healthy subjects. The initial hearing levels and SSNHL grades were worse in the dehydrated group than in the hydrated group. Moreover, a dehydrated condition (BUN/Cre ≥21.4) was associated with a poor SSNHL prognosis in all models of the multiple logistic regression analysis.

Conclusions:

The dehydration parameters of BUN/Cre and Posm were higher in patients with SSNHL than in healthy subjects. Additionally, a dehydrated condition (BUN/Cre ≥21.4) was an independent prognostic factor for SSNHL. Level of evidence: Level 4.

DOI： 10.1097/ono.0000000000000041

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Informa UK Limited  

DOI： 10.1080/02770903.2022.2147081

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

BACKGROUND: The cystic duct tube (C-tube) was used to reduce bile leakage (BL) incidence after hepatectomy. Nevertheless, delayed BL is sometimes experienced even using C-tube. This study investigates the impact of C-tube use on the onset time of post-hepatectomy BL. METHODS: Data from 455 consecutive patients who underwent hepatectomy without biliary reconstruction between November 2007 and July 2020 were analyzed retrospectively. A C-tube was used for intraoperative biliary injury or in consideration of BL risk. BL was divided into two groups according to the postoperative onset time: early onset and late onset. To assess the association between C-tube use and BL, propensity score matching in a 1:1 ratio was performed to match BL risk factors between the C-tube and no-C-tube groups. RESULTS: BL occurred in 30 (6.6%) of the 455 included patients. C-tubes were used in 51 patients (11.2%) with open hepatectomy, high-risk hepatectomy, massive blood loss, long operation time, or prophylactic drain placement. After propensity score matching, BL occurred in 17 of 102 patients (16.7%). Early-onset BL occurred significantly less frequently in the C-tube group than in the no-C-tube group (3.9% vs. 15.7%, p = 0.046); however, late-onset BL was more common in the C-tube group (9.8% vs. 3.9%, p = 0.24). Six of seven patients (85.7%) with BL with C-tube use developed BL after C-tube removal. CONCLUSION: C-tube drainage may reduce early-onset BL in cases having risk factors for BL. Conversely, since late-onset BL often occurs after C-tube removal, attention should be paid to those cases.

DOI： 10.1016/j.asjsur.2023.05.112

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1016/j.jiac.2023.01.007

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Elsevier {BV}  

DOI： 10.1016/j.puhe.2022.10.011

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Milk is a good source of fats, minerals, and vitamins. The present prebirth cohort study examined the association between maternal dairy product intake during pregnancy and the risk of childhood behavioral problems in 5-year-old Japanese children. Study subjects were 1199 mother–child pairs. Dietary intake was assessed using a diet history questionnaire. Emotional problems, conduct problems, hyperactivity problems, peer problems, and low prosocial behavior were assessed using the parent-reported version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Adjustments were made for a priori selected non-dietary confounders and potentially related dietary factors. A significant inverse exposure–response association was observed between maternal total dairy intake during pregnancy and the risk of childhood emotional problems (adjusted odds ratio [OR] between extreme quartiles, 0.62; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.36–1.03, p for trend, 0.04). The greater maternal consumption of cow’s milk, but not yogurt or cheese, during pregnancy was independently related to a reduced risk of emotional problems in children (adjusted OR between extreme quartiles, 0.41; 95% CI: 0.23–0.70, p for trend, 0.003). Higher maternal consumption levels of total dairy products, especially cow’s milk, during pregnancy may be associated with a decreased risk of emotional problems in 5-year-old children.

DOI： 10.3390/nu14224713

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

AIM: Epidemiological evidence regarding the relationship between fish and fatty acid intake and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) has been limited and inconsistent. The current cross-sectional study investigated this issue using baseline data from the Aidai Cohort Study. METHODS: Study subjects were 2024 Japanese men and women aged 34-88 years. Right and left CIMT were measured at the common carotid artery using an automated carotid ultrasonography device. Maximum CIMT was defined as the largest CIMT value in either the left or right common carotid artery. Carotid wall thickening was defined as a maximum CIMT value ＞1.0 mm. RESULTS: The prevalence of carotid wall thickening was 13.0%. In men, intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was independently positively related to the prevalence of carotid wall thickening, while no associations were found between intake of fish and the other fatty acids and carotid wall thickening or maximum CIMT. In women, intake levels of fish, n-3 PUFA, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and arachidonic acid were independently inversely associated with carotid wall thickening and intake levels of fish, n-3 PUFA, α-linolenic acid, n-6 PUFA, and linoleic acid were independently inversely associated with the maximum CIMT. No significant relationships were found between intake of total fat, saturated fatty acids, or monounsaturated fatty acids and carotid wall thickening or maximum CIMT regardless of sex. CONCLUSIONS: In women, higher intake of fish and n-3 and n-6 PUFA may be associated with a lower prevalence of carotid wall thickening and a decrease in maximum CIMT.

DOI： 10.5551/jat.63781

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1080/09603123.2022.2120189

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Elsevier {BV}  

Purpose: Evidence regarding the relationship between maternal calcium intake during pregnancy and childhood blood pressure is limited and inconsistent. The present prebirth cohort study examined this issue in Japanese children aged 6 years. Methods: Subjects were 854 mother-child pairs. Maternal intake during pregnancy was assessed with a validated diet history questionnaire. A research technician measured systolic and diastolic blood pressures at home in children aged 6 years using an electronic sphygmomanometer. Analysis of covariance was used to calculate adjusted means of systolic and diastolic blood pressures according to maternal calcium intake during pregnancy. Results: Maternal calcium intake during pregnancy was not related to systolic blood pressure in children. On the other hand, compared with children of mothers whose calcium intake during pregnancy was in the lowest quartile, those of mothers whose calcium intake during pregnancy was in the highest quartile had 2.8 mmHg lower adjusted mean diastolic blood pressure (95% confidence interval: 0.3−5.3 mmHg, P for trend = .009). Conclusions: Higher maternal calcium intake during pregnancy may be associated with a decrease in diastolic, but not systolic, blood pressure in Japanese children aged 6 years.

DOI： 10.1016/j.annepidem.2022.06.035

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Elsevier BV  

DOI： 10.1016/j.archger.2022.104735

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

OBJECTIVES: Lower maternal metal intake during pregnancy might affect childhood development. The current prebirth cohort study investigated the relationship between maternal intake of zinc, magnesium, iron, copper, and manganese during pregnancy and behavioral problems in Japanese children aged five years. METHODS: Subjects were 1199 mother-child pairs. Dietary intake during the preceding month was assessed using a diet history questionnaire. Emotional, conduct, hyperactivity, and peer problems and low prosocial behavior were assessed using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Maternal age, gestation at baseline, region of residence, number of children, maternal and paternal education, household income, maternal depressive symptoms during pregnancy, maternal alcohol intake during pregnancy, maternal smoking during pregnancy, child's birth weight, child's sex, breastfeeding duration, smoking in the household during the first year of life, and some dietary confounders that were associated with outcomes under study in this population were adjusted for. RESULTS: Compared with maternal magnesium intake during pregnancy in the first quartile, magnesium intake in the second, third, and fourth quartiles was independently inversely related to childhood hyperactivity problems, but not to emotional, conduct, or peer problems or low prosocial behavior: the adjusted odds ratio between extreme quartiles was 0.48 (95% confidence interval: 0.23-0.99, P for trend = 0.04). No evident associations were observed between maternal intake of zinc, iron, copper, or manganese during pregnancy and childhood emotional, conduct, hyperactivity, or peer problems or low prosocial behavior. CONCLUSIONS: The present study suggests that higher maternal magnesium intake during pregnancy is inversely associated with hyperactivity problems in Japanese children.

DOI： 10.1080/1028415X.2021.1885241

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Objective: Tryptophan is an essential amino acid wholly derived from diet. While the majority of tryptophan is degraded through the kynurenine pathway into neuroactive metabolites like quinolinic acid and kynurenic acid, a small proportion of ingested tryptophan is metabolized into the neurotransmitter serotonin. The current cross-sectional study in Japan examined the association between tryptophan intake and depressive symptoms during pregnancy. Methods: Study subjects were 1744 pregnant women. Dietary intake during the preceding month was assessed using a self-administered diet history questionnaire. Depressive symptoms were defined as a score ≥ 16 on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Adjustment was made for age, gestation, region of residence, number of children, family structure, history of depression, family history of depression, smoking, secondhand smoke exposure at home and at work, employment, household income, education, body mass index, and intake of saturated fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid plus docosahexaenoic acid, calcium, vitamin D, and isoflavones. Results: The prevalence of depressive symptoms during pregnancy was 19.2%. After adjustment for confounding factors, higher tryptophan intake was independently inversely associated with the prevalence of depressive symptoms during pregnancy: the adjusted prevalence ratios (95% confidence intervals) for depressive symptoms during pregnancy in the first, second, third, and fourth quartiles of tryptophan intake were 1 (reference), 0.99 (0.76−1.28), 0.94 (0.71−1.25), and 0.64 (0.44−0.93), respectively (p for trend = 0.04). Conclusions: Higher estimated tryptophan intake was cross-sectionally independently associated with a lower prevalence of depressive symptoms during pregnancy in Japanese women.

DOI： 10.1007/s00394-022-02969-x

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

BACKGROUND: The interleukin (IL)-23/Th17 pathway plays a critical role in ulcerative colitis (UC). The IL-12p40 subunit, which is shared by IL-23 and IL-12, is encoded by the IL12B gene. The current case-control study investigated the association between IL12B SNP rs6887695 and the UC risk. METHODS: There were 384 cases within 4 years of UC diagnosis and 661 controls who were enrolled. Adjustments were made for sex, age, pack-years of smoking, alcohol consumption, history of appendicitis, family history of UC, education level, and body mass index. RESULTS: Subjects with the GG IL12B SNP rs6887695 genotype had a significantly increased risk of UC compared with those with the CC genotype (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.60; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08-2.36). This positive association was also significant using the additive and recessive models (AOR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.03-1.52; AOR, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.08-2.09, respectively). An independent inverse relationship was observed between ever alcohol consumption and the UC risk in those with the CC genotype while no significant association was found in those with at least one G allele (P for interaction = 0.0008). CONCLUSIONS: IL12B SNP rs6887695 was significantly associated with UC. The influence of alcohol consumption might rely on rs6887695.

DOI： 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.155901

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Elsevier BV  

DOI： 10.1016/j.jcjd.2022.06.004

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Wiley  

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Although an inverse relationship between current smoking and the development of ulcerative colitis (UC) has been shown in North America and Europe, evidence is limited in Asian countries, where the incidence of UC is rapidly increasing. This Japanese case-control study examined the association between active and passive smoking and risk of UC. METHODS: A self-administered questionnaire was used to obtain information on smoking and potential confounding factors in 384 cases with a diagnosis of UC within the past 4 years and 665 controls. RESULTS: Compared with having never smoked, having ever smoked was associated with an increased risk of UC (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 1.70, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.23-2.37). No association was observed between current smoking and risk of UC, but former smokers had a significant elevation in risk (adjusted OR = 2.40, 95% CI: 1.67-3.45). There was a positive dose-response relationship with pack-years smoked (P for trend = 0.006). Among never smokers, passive smoking exposure at home was significantly associated with an increased risk of UC (adjusted OR = 1.90, 95% CI: 1.30-2.79). A significant dose-response gradient was also observed between pack-years of passive smoking at home and risk of UC (P for trend = 0.0003). CONCLUSIONS: We confirmed that former smoking elevated the risk of UC, whereas an inverse association between current smoking and the risk of UC did not reach a statistically significant level. Passive smoking may be associated with an increased risk of UC.

DOI： 10.1111/jgh.15745

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Informa {UK} Limited  

It is uncertain whether the effects of prenatal exposure to isoflavones on childhood behaviour are beneficial or detrimental. This prebirth cohort study investigated the associations between maternal consumption of soy products and isoflavones during pregnancy and behavioural problems in Japanese children aged 5 years. Subjects were 1199 mother-child pairs. Emotional problems, conduct problems, hyperactivity problems, peer problems and low prosocial behaviour were assessed using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Maternal total soy product consumption during pregnancy was independently inversely associated with childhood hyperactivity and peer problems. Maternal fermented soybean consumption during pregnancy was independently inversely associated with childhood hyperactivity problems. Maternal isoflavone consumption during pregnancy was independently inversely related to childhood hyperactivity problems. Maternal consumption of total soy products, fermented soybean and isoflavones during pregnancy may be protective against hyperactivity problems in Japanese children. Also, maternal total soy product consumption during pregnancy may be preventive against childhood peer problems.

DOI： 10.1080/09637486.2021.1904844

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Elsevier BV  

DOI： 10.1016/j.archger.2021.104502

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

BACKGROUND: Epidemiological evidence for the relationship between education and income and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) has been limited and inconsistent. The present cross-sectional study investigated this issue using baseline data from the Aidai Cohort Study. METHODS: Study subjects were 2012 Japanese men and women aged 34-88 years. Right and left CIMT were measured at the common carotid artery using an automated carotid ultrasonography device. Maximum CIMT was defined as the largest CIMT value in either the left or right common carotid artery. Carotid wall thickening was defined as a maximum CIMT value > 1.0 mm. RESULTS: The prevalence of carotid wall thickening was 13.0%. In participants under 60 years of age (n = 703) and in those aged 60 to 69 years (n = 837), neither education nor household income was associated with carotid wall thickening or with maximum CIMT. Among those aged 70 years or older (n = 472), however, higher educational level, but not household income, was independently related to a lower prevalence of carotid wall thickening: the multivariate-adjusted odds ratio for high vs. low educational level was 0.43 (95% confidence interval 0.21-0.83, p for trend = 0.01). A significant inverse association was observed between education, but not household income, and maximum CIMT (p for trend = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS: Higher educational level may be associated with a lower prevalence of carotid wall thickening and a decrease in maximum CIMT only in participants aged 70 years or older.

DOI： 10.1186/s12199-021-01011-6

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Springer Science and Business Media {LLC}  

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>This study used data from a large-scale multicenter medical information database in Japan to estimate the incidence rate of herpes zoster (HZ) and to examine the relationship between hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes mellitus (DM), and the risk of HZ among patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The research dataset consisted of 221,196 records of potential target patients with RA extracted between April 1, 2008 and August 31, 2017 from the Medical Data Vision database. To assess the association between hypertension, dyslipidemia, and DM and the risk of HZ, a case–control study was set up. Records of 101,498 study subjects met the inclusion criteria. During the observation period, 2566 patients developed HZ and the overall incidence rate was 5.2 (95% confidence interval: 5.0–5.4 per 1000 patient-years). Hypertension, dyslipidemia, and DM were significantly associated with an increased risk of HZ after adjustment for sex, age, hospital size, and use of anti-rheumatic drugs. When mutual adjustment was made for hypertension, dyslipidemia, and DM, the positive associations between hypertension and dyslipidemia and the risk of HZ remained significant; however, the positive association with DM completely disappeared. RA patients with hypertension or dyslipidemia may be at higher risk of HZ.</jats:p>

DOI： 10.1007/s00296-021-04889-1

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Springer Science and Business Media LLC  

DOI： 10.1038/s41390-021-01719-9

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Other Link： https://www.nature.com/articles/s41390-021-01719-9

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

OBJECTIVES: Oxidative stress is considered one of the etiologic factors involved in ulcerative colitis (UC), yet there is limited epidemiologic information regarding the relationship between antioxidant intake and the risk of UC. The aim of the present case-control study in Japan was to examine the association between intake of green and yellow vegetables, other vegetables, fruit, vitamin C, vitamin E, retinol, alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, and cryptoxanthin and UC risk. METHODS: A total of 384 cases within 4 y of diagnosis with UC and 665 controls were included in the study. Data on dietary intake and confounders were obtained using a self-reported questionnaire. Information on dietary factors was collected using a 169-item semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire. Adjustment was made for sex, age, pack-y of smoking, alcohol consumption, history of appendicitis, family history of UC, education level, and body mass index. RESULTS: Higher intake levels of other vegetables, vitamin C, and retinol were independently associated with a reduced risk of UC. The adjusted odds ratio between extreme quartiles was 0.51 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.34-0.76; P for trend ≤ 0.001) for other vegetables, 0.45 (95% CI, 0.30-0.69, P for trend ≤ 0.001) for vitamin C, and 0.64 (95% CI, 0.43-0.95, P for trend = 0.04) for retinol. There were no associations between intake of green and yellow vegetables, fruit, vitamin E, alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, or cryptoxanthin and UC risk (P for trend = 0.29, 0.56, 0.89, 0.20, 0.69, and 0.22, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Intake of other vegetables, vitamin C, and retinol was inversely associated with UC risk.

DOI： 10.1016/j.nut.2021.111378

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

AIM: To examine the association between maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy and the development of food allergy in young Japanese children up to 3 years of age. METHODS: The study involved 1522 mother-child pairs. Data on maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy were assessed with a validated diet history questionnaire. Food allergy was defined by a self-reported claim of having a physicians' diagnosis of food allergy or of having an acute reaction to a food. RESULTS: Compared with the lowest tertile of maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy, the second tertile, but not the highest tertile, was significantly associated with an increased risk of food allergy. Further adjustment on suspicion or diagnosis of atopic eczema at around 4 months postpartum in a follow-up survey did not substantially change the association between maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy and the risk of food allergy in children: further adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for the second (T2), the highest tertiles (T3) and the second and the highest tertiles combined (T2 + T3) were 1.46 (1.10-1.96), 1.16 (0.85-1.56) and 1.31 (1.01-1.70), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy may be positively associated with the risk of food allergy in children.

DOI： 10.1111/jpc.15351

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

The effects of exposure to intermediate-frequency electromagnetic fields (IF-EMFs) during pregnancy on birth outcomes are uncertain. We investigated the association between the use of induction heating (IH) cookers, which are major sources of IF-EMFs, during pregnancy and preterm birth (PTB), low birth weight (LBW), small-for-gestational-age (SGA), and birth weight, using data from a prebirth cohort study in Japan. Study participants were 1,565 mothers with singleton pregnancies and the babies born from these pregnancies. We collected the data presented here using self-administered questionnaires. An adjustment was made for maternal age, region of residence, number of children, family structure, maternal education, maternal employment, maternal alcohol intake, smoking during pregnancy, maternal body mass index, baby's sex, and gestational age at birth. IH cooker use during pregnancy was independently associated with a reduced risk of PTB: the adjusted odds ratio was 0.28 (95% confidence interval: 0.07-0.78). IH cooker use during pregnancy was not associated with LBW, SGA, or birth weight. This is the first study to show that IH cooker use during pregnancy is independently inversely associated with PTB.

DOI： 10.1002/bem.22339

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本内分泌学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：四国公衆衛生学会  

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Elsevier BV  

DOI： 10.1016/j.jad.2020.09.106

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本疫学会  

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Codon Publications  

DOI： 10.1016/j.aller.2020.03.008

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Elsevier BV  

DOI： 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113224

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Elsevier BV  

DOI： 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.110143

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Springer Science and Business Media LLC  

DOI： 10.1007/s00702-020-02203-0

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Other Link： http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00702-020-02203-0/fulltext.html

Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Springer Science and Business Media LLC  

DOI： 10.1038/s41440-020-0444-y

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Other Link： http://www.nature.com/articles/s41440-020-0444-y

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Informa {UK} Limited  

Background: Recently, more attention has been paid to behavioral problems in children. However, for the most part, risk factors for these problems have yet to be determined. Objective: The current prebirth cohort study investigated the relationship between maternal calcium consumption during pregnancy and behavioral problems in five-year-old Japanese children. Methods: Subjects were 1199 mother-child pairs. Dietary intake during the preceding month was assessed using a self-administered diet history questionnaire. Emotional problems, conduct problems, hyperactivity problems, and peer problems were assessed using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: Compared with the lowest quartile of maternal calcium intake, the highest was significantly associated with decreased risk of childhood emotional problems: the adjusted OR (95% CIs) was 0.46 (0.27–0.79, P for trend = 0.01). Higher maternal calcium intake during pregnancy was also independently associated with decreased risk of childhood hyperactivity problems; the adjusted ORs (95% CIs) in the first, second, third, and fourth quartiles of maternal calcium intake during pregnancy were 1 (reference), 0.52 (0.31–0.84), 0.58 (0.35–0.93), and 0.60 (0.37–0.97), respectively (P for trend = 0.046). No such inverse associations were observed for childhood conduct problems or peer problems; the adjusted ORs (95% CIs) in the highest quartile of maternal calcium intake were 0.97 (0.64–1.47) for conduct problems and 1.11 (0.61–2.01) for peer problems. Conclusions: Maternal calcium intake during pregnancy may decrease the risk of childhood emotional and hyperactivity problems.

DOI： 10.1080/1028415X.2019.1676971.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1016/j.aller.2018.10.004.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本公衆衛生学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本公衆衛生学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本公衆衛生学会  

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Elsevier {BV}  

Objective: The aim of this pre-birth cohort study was to examine the associations between maternal intake of vegetables, fruit, and antioxidants during pregnancy and behavioral problems in Japanese children 5 y of age. Methods: Participants were 1199 mother-child pairs. Dietary intake was assessed using a diet history questionnaire. Emotional, conduct, hyperactivity, and peer problems, as well as low prosocial behavior were assessed using the parent version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Adjustment was made for maternal age, gestation at baseline, region of residence, number of children, maternal and paternal education, household income, maternal depressive symptoms during pregnancy, maternal alcohol intake during pregnancy, maternal smoking during pregnancy, child's birth weight, child's sex, breastfeeding duration, and smoking in the household during the child's first year of life. Results: Maternal intake of total vegetables and green and yellow vegetables during pregnancy was independently inversely associated with childhood low prosocial behavior. Maternal intake of other vegetables during pregnancy was independently inversely related to childhood hyperactivity problems and low prosocial behavior. Maternal intake of fruit and apples during pregnancy was independently inversely related to childhood hyperactivity problems. Maternal intake of citrus fruits during pregnancy was independently inversely related to childhood emotional, conduct, and hyperactivity problems. Maternal vitamin C intake during pregnancy was independently inversely associated with childhood conduct and hyperactivity problems and low prosocial behavior. Conclusions: Maternal intake of vegetables, fruit, and vitamin C during pregnancy may be preventive against any of the behavioral problems assessed here except for peer problems in Japanese children 5 y of age.

DOI： 10.1016/j.nut.2019.110572

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OBJECTIVES: Hearing impairment (HI) in midlife may increase the risk of dementia. However, epidemiological research on the association between HI and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is very limited. DESIGN: The present cross-sectional study investigated the relationship between HI and MCI using baseline data from the Aidai Cohort Study. Study subjects were 995 Japanese adults aged 36 to 84 years. We used the audiometric definition of HI adopted by the World Health Organization, which identifies the speech-frequency pure-tone average hearing thresholds at 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 kHz tones. HI was defined as present when pure-tone average was >25 dB HL in the better hearing ear. MCI was defined as being present when a subject had a Japanese version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment score of <26. Adjustment was made for age, sex, smoking status, alcohol consumption, leisure time physical activity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, history of depression, body mass index, waist circumference, employment, education, and household income. RESULTS: Among the 995 study subjects, the prevalence values of HI and MCI were 24.3% and 44.5%, respectively. HI was independently positively associated with MCI: the multivariate-adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) was 1.86 (1.32 to 2.62). HI was independently related to a higher prevalence of MCI in those aged 60 to 69 years and those aged 70 years or older: the multivariate-adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) were 1.64 (1.03 to 2.62) and 2.30 (1.04 to 5.27), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: HI may be associated with a higher prevalence of MCI.

DOI： 10.1097/AUD.0000000000000773

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Epidemiological information regarding the relationship between household income and education and hearing impairment (HI) is limited. The present cross-sectional study investigated this issue in Japan. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional investigation. METHODS: Study subjects were 371 men and 639 women aged 36 to 84 years. A self-administered questionnaire was used. Audiological assessment was performed by pure-tone audiometry. HI was defined as present in subjects who did not respond to a pure-tone average of >25 dB HL in the better hearing ear according to the World Health Organization standard. Adjustment was made for age, smoking status, alcohol consumption, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, and body mass index. RESULTS: The prevalence of HI was 31.5% in 371 men and 20.8% in 639 women. In men, a slight inverted J-shaped association was observed between household income and HI, compared with a household income of <3 million yen per year. A household income of 3 to 5 million yen, but not of 5 million yen or more, was independently inversely associated with the prevalence of HI; the prevalence ratio for 3 to 5million yen was 0.73 (95% confidence interval: 0.54-0.999). After adjustment for confounding factors, no relationship was found between household income and the prevalence of HI in women. There were no associations between educational level and the prevalence of HI in either men or women in the multivariate model. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that medium, but not high, household income may be associated with a lower prevalence of HI only in men. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 2b Laryngoscope, 129:2153-2157, 2019.

DOI： 10.1002/lary.27758

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Informa UK Limited  

DOI： 10.1080/1028415X.2018.1548139

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DOI： 10.1007/s00702-018-1905-1

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Wiley  

DOI： 10.1111/idh.12337

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Informa {UK} Limited  

Objective: Recent meta-analyses found an inverse relationship between breastfeeding duration and asthma in children. The present cross-sectional study investigated the associations between breastfeeding duration and the prevalence of wheeze and asthma in Japanese children aged 3 years. Methods: Subjects were 6412 children who participated in the Kyushu Okinawa Child Health Study. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire. Wheeze was defined according to the criteria of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood. Asthma was considered present if the child had been diagnosed by a physician as having asthma. Associations of breastfeeding duration with wheeze and asthma were estimated using multivariate generalized estimating equation methods adjusted for maternal, family, and health characteristics. Results: The prevalence values of wheeze and asthma were 19.5% and 7.0%, respectively. Compared with &lt
4 months of exclusive breastfeeding, exclusive breastfeeding for ≥4 months was not significantly associated with wheeze or asthma. Compared with &lt
10 months of breastfeeding duration regardless of exclusivity, 10 to &lt
14 months, 14 to &lt
19 months, and 19 months or more of breastfeeding duration regardless of exclusivity were independently inversely related to asthma: the adjusted odds ratios [ORs
95% confidence intervals (CIs)] were 0.69 (0.52–0.91, p = 0.01), 0.73 (0.56–0.97, p = 0.03), and 0.67 (0.51–0.88, p = 0.004), respectively. No association was found between breastfeeding duration regardless of exclusivity and wheeze. Conclusions: We confirmed an inverse association between breastfeeding duration regardless of exclusivity and asthma.

DOI： 10.1080/02770903.2017.1349793

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AIMS/INTRODUCTION: No reports have been published on the association between dietary intake habits and nocturia in the diabetes population. We therefore evaluated this issue among Japanese patients with diabetes mellitus. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Study participants in the present study were 785 Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Self-administered questionnaires were used to assess each type of dietary intake habit. Vegetable intake habit was assessed by the following question: "Do you have vegetables or seaweed every day?" We used the following two outcomes: (i) nocturia: ≥2 voids per night; and (ii) severe nocturia: ≥3 voids per night. Adjustment was made for age, sex, body mass index, glycated hemoglobin, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, drinking, exercise habit, stroke, ischemic artery disease, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic neuropathy and diabetic retinopathy. RESULTS: The prevalence of nocturia, severe nocturia, and vegetable intake habit was 39.9%, 14.4% and 67.3%, respectively. After adjusting for confounding factors, vegetable intake habit was independently inversely associated with nocturia and severe nocturia: the adjusted odds ratios were 0.67 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.48-0.94) and 0.46 (95% CI 0.30-0.71), respectively. Among male patients, vegetable intake habit was independently inversely associated with severe nocturia, but not nocturia: the adjusted OR was 0.51 (95% CI 0.29-0.88). Among female patients, vegetable intake habit was independently inversely associated with nocturia and severe nocturia: the adjusted ORs were 0.44 (95% CI 0.24-0.79) and 0.34 (95% CI 0.15-0.78), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: We found an inverse association between vegetable intake habit and nocturia in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

DOI： 10.1111/jdi.12709

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Informa {UK} Limited  

DOI： 10.1080/1028415X.2018.1450089

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DOI： 10.1111/jre.12537

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DOI： 10.1016/j.jcjd.2017.03.002

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Objective: The aim of this cohort study was to investigate the relationship between maternal fat consumption during pregnancy and behavioral problems in 1199 Japanese children at age 5 y. Methods: Dietary intake of mothers during pregnancy was assessed using a diet history questionnaire. Emotional, conduct, hyperactivity, and peer problems in children were assessed using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire; the four scale scores were dichotomized, comparing children with borderline and abnormal scores to children with normal scores. Logistic regression analysis was applied to estimate adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for each behavioral problem according to the quartile of dietary factors under study, adjusting for potential confounding factors. Results: Higher maternal intake of monounsaturated fatty acids, α-linolenic acid, ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and linoleic acid during pregnancy was independently associated with an increased risk for childhood emotional problems. The adjusted odds ratios between extreme quartiles (95% confidence intervals, Ptrend) were 1.85 (1.11 − 3.17, 0.04), 1.60 (0.99 − 2.60, 0.03), 2.06 (1.24 − 3.46, 0.002), and 2.09 (1.26 − 3.51, 0.002), respectively. No such positive associations were observed for the other outcomes. No relationships were found between maternal intake of total fat, saturated fatty acids, ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, arachidonic acid, or cholesterol, or the ratio of ω-3 to ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake during pregnancy and any of the outcomes. Conclusions: Maternal consumption of monounsaturated fatty acids, α-linolenic acid, ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and linoleic acid during pregnancy may increase the risk for childhood emotional problems.

DOI： 10.1016/j.nut.2017.12.001

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

Background: Only one Brazilian study has examined the association between dietary patterns and depressive symptoms during pregnancy. The current cross-sectional study examined this issue in Japan.
Methods: Study subjects were 1744 pregnant women. Between April 2007 and March 2008, information under study was obtained. Dietary patterns were derived from a factor analysis of 33 predefined food groups based on a self-administered diet history questionnaire. Depressive symptoms were defined as a Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale score &gt;= 16. Adjustment was made for age, gestation, region of residence, number of children, family structure, history of depression, family history of depression, smoking, secondhand smoke exposure, employment, household income, education, and body mass index.
Results: Three dietary patterns were identified: 'healthy', characterized by high intake of green and yellow vegetables, other vegetables, mushrooms, pulses, seaweed, potatoes, fish, sea products, miso soup, sugar, and shellfish; 'Japanese', characterized by high intake of rice and miso soup; and 'Western', characterized by high intake of beef and pork, processed meat, vegetable oil, chicken, eggs, shellfish, and salt-containing seasonings. The healthy and Japanese patterns were independently inversely associated with depressive symptoms during pregnancy: the adjusted prevalence ratios (95% confidence intervals, P for trend) between extreme quartiles were 0.56 (0.43-0.73,&lt; 0.0001) and 0.72 (0.55-0.94, 0.008), respectively. No association was observed between the Western pattern and depressive symptoms during pregnancy.
Limitations: Information was obtained between the 5th and 39th week of pregnancy.
Conclusions: The healthy and Japanese dietary patterns may be inversely associated with depressive symptoms during pregnancy.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jad.2017.08.073

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DOI： 10.1111/jdi.12660

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DOI： 10.1016/j.exger.2017.12.027

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© 2017 Background: The prognosis of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is remarkably improved after R-CHOP therapy. However, there are few detailed reports regarding very elderly DLBCL patients. We investigated relationships between prognostic factors and mortality risk in DLBCL patients, especially those aged 80 years or more. Methods: The study subjects consisted of 141 patients newly-diagnosed with de novo DLBCL. Information regarding age, sex, stage, performance status (PS), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), extranodal (EN) involvement, and therapies was available. Results: For the 141 patients, the female sex was significantly inversely related to mortality, whereas age ≥80 years, PS ≥2, and non-standard therapy were significantly positively associated with death. No associations were observed between death and stage, LDH, or EN. When classifying patients by age (&lt;80 [n = 108] and ≥80 [n = 33] years), a significant inverse association between female sex and mortality was found only in the latter (very elderly) group. Positive relationships of PS ≥2 with mortality was more pronounced in patients ≥80 years of age than in those &lt;80 years of age. A significant positive re

DOI： 10.1016/j.ijge.2017.11.001

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：BioMed Central Ltd.  

Background: Most studies have investigated the association between parental socioeconomic factors and dental caries in children based on educational and income levels
studies focusing on parental occupation, however, have been relatively limited. This cross-sectional study examined the associations between parental occupations and levels of education and household income and the prevalence of dental caries in Japanese children aged 3 years. Methods: Study subjects were 6315 children. Oral examination results were obtained from the parents or guardians, who transcribed the information recorded by medical staff at a public health center from their maternal and child health handbooks to our self-administered questionnaire. Children were classified as having dental caries if one or more primary teeth had decayed or had been filled. Adjustment was made for sex, age, region of residence, breastfeeding duration, between-meal snack frequency, toothbrushing frequency, use of fluoride, regular dental check-ups, maternal smoking during pregnancy, and living with at least one household smoker. Results: The prevalence of dental caries was 14.7%. Compared with having an unemployed father, having a father employed in professional and engineering, clerical, sales, security, or manufacturing process was significantly associated with a lower prevalence of dental caries. Compared with having an unemployed mother, having a mother employed in professional and engineering or service was significantly inversely associated with the prevalence of dental caries. Significant inverse associations were observed between parental levels of education and household income and the prevalence of dental caries. Conclusions: The findings of our study suggest that parental occupation affects the prevalence of dental caries in children. We confirm that higher levels of parental education and household income decreased the prevalence of dental caries.

DOI： 10.1186/s12199-017-0688-6

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY  

AimNocturia is common among patients with type2 diabetes mellitus, but limited evidence regarding the association between body mass index (BMI) and nocturia exists among such patients. The aim of the present study, therefore, was to evaluate the association between BMI and nocturia among Japanese patients with type2 diabetes mellitus.
MethodsStudy participants were 809 Japanese patients with type2 diabetes mellitus. Study participants were considered to have nocturia if they answered two or more to the question: How many times do you typically wake up to urinate from sleeping at night until waking in the morning? We used the following two outcomes: (i) moderate nocturia was defined as 2 voids per night; and (ii) severe nocturia was defined as 3 voids per night. Participants were categorized into four groups according to their BMI: (i) BMI &lt;18.5; (ii) 18.5BMI&lt;25; (iii) 25BMI&lt;30; and (iv) BMI 30. Multiple logistical regression analysis for nocturia in relation to BMI was used, with the category of 18.5BMI&lt;25 as the reference.
ResultsObesity (BMI 30) was independently positively associated with severe nocturia among elderly patients (age 65years) with type2 diabetes mellitus, but not among young and middle-aged patients: the adjusted OR was 2.96 (95% CI 1.10-7.83). BMI was not associated with moderate nocturia in all patients.
ConclusionsIn Japanese elderly patients with type2 diabetes mellitus, obesity was independently positively associated with severe nocturia. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 2460-2465.

DOI： 10.1111/ggi.13103

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：TOHOKU UNIV MEDICAL PRESS  

Interleukin-18 (IL-18) is a proinflammatory cytokine that plays an important role in periodontitis and its polymorphisms might modulate the individual susceptibility to periodontitis. Only a limited number of studies on the association between IL18 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the risk of periodontitis have been realized, however. The aim of this case-control study among young post-partum Japanese women (18 to 45 years) was to determine the impact of SNPs, rs1946518 (-607 C/A) and rs187238 (-137G/C), on periodontitis. The two SNPs may be located within a transcription factor-binding element, thereby influencing transcription from the IL18 promoter. Subjects were 131 cases who had at least one tooth with a probing pocket depth of &gt;= 4.0 mm and 1,017 periodontally healthy controls. Probing pocket depth measurements were performed between 1 and 12 months post-partum. In this population, the A allele of rs1946518 and the C allele of rs187238 are more common. After adjustment for age, education, smoking, and use of an interdental brush, compared with subjects with the AA or AC genotype of SNP rs1946518, those with the CC genotype had a significantly reduced risk of periodontitis (adjusted odds ratio = 0.54, 95% confidence interval = 0.29-0.97). No significant association was observed between rs187238 and the risk of periodontitis. Our study did not reveal any evidence of interaction between the IL18 polymorphisms and smoking. Our findings indicate that the IL18 promoter SNP, rs1946518, is a potential risk factor of periodontitis among young Japanese women.

DOI： 10.1620/tjem.243.159

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DOI： 10.1016/j.jcjd.2017.07.007

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本公衆衛生学会  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：BIOMED CENTRAL LTD  

Background: Evidence regarding the independent and additive effects of both pre- and postnatal smoking exposure on the risk of wheeze in children is limited. The purpose of this prospective pregnancy birth cohort study was to examine the association between prenatal and postnatal tobacco smoke exposure during the first year of life and the risk of wheeze in Japanese children aged 23 to 29 months.
Methods: Study subjects were 1354 Japanese mother-child pairs. Information on the variables under study was obtained using repeated questionnaires that were completed by mothers, first prior to delivery, then shortly after birth and subsequently around 4, 12, and 24 months after delivery. Wheeze was defined according to the criteria of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood.
Results: Compared with no maternal smoking during pregnancy, maternal smoking throughout pregnancy was significantly associated with an increased risk of wheeze in children, yet there were no associations between maternal smoking in the first trimester only or in the second and/or third trimesters and the risk of wheeze. No association was observed between postnatally living with at least one household smoker and the risk of wheeze. An analysis to assess the additive effect of prenatal and postnatal smoking exposure revealed that, compared with children not exposed to maternal smoking during pregnancy and not postnatally living with at least one household smoker, those who were both exposed to maternal smoking during pregnancy and postnatally living with at least one household smoker had twofold odds of developing wheeze.
Conclusions: Our findings suggest that maternal smoking throughout pregnancy might be associated with an increased risk of wheeze in children. There is also the possibility of a positive additive effect of pre- and postnatal smoking exposure on the risk of childhood wheeze.

DOI： 10.1186/s12971-017-0138-7

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：BIOMED CENTRAL LTD  

Background: Epidemiological evidence on the relationship between smoking and secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure and depressive symptoms during pregnancy has been limited. The present cross-sectional study examined this issue in Japan.
Methods: Between April 2007 and March 2008, 1757 pregnant women who lived in one of seven prefectures on Kyushu Island in southern Japan or in Okinawa Prefecture, an island chain in the southwest of Japan, participated in the Kyushu Okinawa Maternal and Child Health Study, a prebirth cohort study. In the present study, data on 1745 pregnant women were available for analysis. Information on smoking, SHS exposure, depressive symptoms, and potential confounding factors was obtained through a self-administered questionnaire. Depressive symptoms were defined as present when subjects had a Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale score of 16 or higher. Adjustment was made for age, gestation, region of residence, number of children, family structure, household income, education, job type, history of depression, and family history of depression.
Results: The prevalence of depressive symptoms during pregnancy was 19.2%. Compared with having never smoked, both former and current smoking was independently associated with a higher prevalence of depressive symptoms during pregnancy: the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were 1.39 (95% CI: 1.06-1.83) and 2.49 (95% CI: 1.36-4.45), respectively. Also, 3.0 to 7.9 and 8.0 or more pack-years of smoking were independently positively related to depressive symptoms during pregnancy: the adjusted ORs were 1.55 (95% CI: 1.08-2.22) and 1.97 (95% CI: 1.26-3.03), respectively (P for trend = 0.0005). Among the 1183 subjects who had never smoked, current SHS exposure at home was independently positively associated with depressive symptoms during pregnancy: the adjusted OR was 1.51 (95% CI: 1.003-2.30).
Conclusions: Former and current smoking, 3.0 or more pack-years of smoking, and current SHS exposure at home may be positively associated with depressive symptoms during pregnancy.

DOI： 10.1186/s12971-017-0139-6

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：OXFORD UNIV PRESS  

Epidemiological evidence regarding the effect of perinatal smoking exposure on atopic eczema in children continues to be inconclusive. The aim of this prospective prebirth cohort study was to investigate the association between prenatal smoking exposure and postnatal living with household smokers and the risk of atopic eczema in Japanese children aged 23 to 29 months.
Study subjects were 1354 Japanese mother-child pairs. Information on the variables under study was obtained through questionnaires which were completed by mothers, first prior to delivery, then shortly after birth and subsequently around 4, 12, and 24 months after delivery. Eczema in the last 12 months was defined according to the criteria of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood. Physician-diagnosed atopic eczema was considered present if reported by mothers.
Compared with no perinatal smoking exposure, prenatal smoking exposure only was associated with an increased risk of physician-diagnosed atopic eczema (adjusted odds ratio = 7.11, 95% confidence interval: 1.43 to 27.8). Postnatal living with at least one household smoker only was not associated with the risk of physician-diagnosed atopic eczema; neither was the combination of both prenatal smoking exposure and postnatal living with at least one household smoker. No association was observed between perinatal smoking exposure status and the risk of eczema as defined according to the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood criteria.
Our findings suggest that maternal smoking during pregnancy may increase the risk of atopic eczema in young children.
In the present prebirth cohort study, we assessed the independent and additive effects of pre- and postnatal exposure to tobacco smoking on atopic eczema in children. Compared with no perinatal smoking exposure, prenatal smoking exposure only was significantly associated with an increased risk of atopic eczema. Postnatal smoking exposure only was not associated with the risk of atopic eczema; neither was the combination of both pre- and postnatal smoking exposure. This is the first epidemiological study to show a positive association between prenatal smoking exposure only and the risk of atopic eczema.

DOI： 10.1093/ntr/ntw299

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY  

AimsNo evidence exists regarding the association between smoking status and nocturia among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. We evaluated this association among Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus by post-hoc analysis.
MethodsStudy subjects were 817 Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Study subjects were considered to have nocturia if they answered once or more to the question: Within one week, how many times do you typically wake up to urinate from sleeping at night until waking in the morning? We used the following three outcomes: (1) nocturia was 1 voids per night; (2) moderate nocturia was 2 voids per night; and (3) severe nocturia was 3 voids per night. Adjustments were made for age, sex, body mass index, hypertension, dyslipidemia, stroke, glycated hemoglobin, current drinking, use of anti-hypertensive agent, use of insulin, use of oral anti-hyperglycemic agent, and diabetic retinopathy.
ResultsThe prevalence values of one void per night, two voids per night, and three or more voids per night were 39.5%, 27.1%, and 14.8%, respectively. Current smoking was independently inversely associated with severe nocturia compared with never or former smoking; the adjusted PR was 0.47 (95%CI: 0.25-0.89). Among the 443 patients who had ever smoked, compared with former smoking, current smoking was independently inversely related to severe nocturia; the adjusted PR was 0.44 (95%CI: 0.24-0.82).
ConclusionsIn Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, current smoking may be independently inversely associated with severe nocturia.

DOI： 10.1002/nau.23102

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本口腔衛生学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本衛生学会  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

Background: One epidemiological study in Canada has addressed the association between zinc intake and depressive symptoms during pregnancy while another epidemiological study in Korea has examined the association between iron intake and depressive symptoms during pregnancy. The present cross-sectional study in Japan examined the association between intake of zinc, magnesium, iron, copper, and manganese and depressive symptoms during pregnancy.
Methods: Study subjects were 1745 pregnant women. Dietary intake during the preceding month was assessed using a self-administered diet history questionnaire. Depressive symptoms were defined as a score &gt;= 16 on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Adjustment was made for age, gestation, region of residence, number of children, family structure, history of depression, family history of depression, smoking, secondhand smoke exposure at home and at work, employment, household income, education, body mass index, and intake of saturated fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid plus docosahexaenoic acid, calcium, vitamin D, and isoflavones.
Results: In crude analysis, significant inverse associations were observed between intake levels of zinc, magnesium, iron, copper, and manganese and the prevalence of depressive symptoms during pregnancy. After adjustment for confounding factors, only manganese intake was independently inversely associated with depressive symptoms during pregnancy: the adjusted prevalence ratio between extreme quartiles was 0.74 (95% confidence interval:0.56-0.97, P for trend=0.046).
Limitations: Information was obtained between the 5th and 39th week of pregnancy.
Conclusions: The current cross-sectional study of Japanese women demonstrated higher manganese intake to be independently associated with a lower prevalence of depressive symptoms during pregnancy.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jad.2017.01.016

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD  

Epidemiological evidence on the relationships between the vitamin D receptor (VDR) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs731236 (TaqI), rs7975232 (Apal), rs1544410 (Bsml), and rs2228570 (Fold) and Parkinson's disease (PD) is inconsistent. We investigated these relationships in 229 sporadic PD patients within six years of onset in Japan. Controls were 357 patients without neurodegenerative disease. Adjustment was made for sex, age, region of residence, and smoking. A significant inverse association was found between SNP rs2228570 and the risk of sporadic PD under the additive but not the co -dominant or dominant model (P= 0.048); however, this fell below significance after adjustment for multiple comparisons (adjusted P= 0.46). No significant relationships were found between SNPs rs731236, rs7975232, or rs1544410 and the risk of sporadic PD in any genetic model. VDR haplotypes inferred in the current study were not associated with sporadic PD. Compared with subjects with the GA or AA genotype of SNP rs2228570 who had ever smoked, those with the GG genotype who had never smoked had a 3.78 -fold increased risk of sporadic PD; however, no significant interaction was observed. VDR SNP rs2228570 may be associated with sporadic PD in Japan. Smoking did not significantly modify the relationship between SNP rs2228570 and sporadic PD. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.02.037

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本衛生学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：四国公衆衛生学会  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC  

Aims: No evidence exists regarding the association between sitting time and erectile dysfunction (ED) among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between self-reported sitting time and ED among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Methods: Study subjects were 430 male Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (mean age, 60.5 years). A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect information on the variables under study. The study subjects were asked about time spent sitting during typical 24-hour periods over the past 12 months. Subjects were divided into four groups according to seit-reported sitting time: 1) &lt;5 hours, 2) 5-7 hours, 3) 7-9 hours, and 4) &gt;= 9 hours. ED was defined as present when a subject had a Sexual Health Inventory for Men score &lt;8. Adjustment was made for age, body mass index, duration of type 2 diabetes, current smoking, current drinking, hypertension, coronary artery disease, stroke, glycated hemoglobin, walking habit, and diabetic neuropathy.
Results: The prevalence values of moderate to severe ED and severe ED were 36.1% and 49.8%. At least 9 hours sitting was independently positively associated with severe ED but not moderate to severe ED; the adjusted OR was 1.84 (95% CI: 1.06-333). In the multivariate model, there was a statistically significant inverse exposure-response relationship between the self-reported sitting time and severe ED (p for trend = 0.029).
Conclusions: Self-reported sitting time may be positively associated with ED in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. (C) 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2016.10.011

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

The possible effect of eating rate on promoting obesity has attracted considerable attention among various age groups, but little is known about these associations in an early stage of life. We investigated the hypothesis that eating rate in early childhood influences current and later body mass index (BMI) among young Japanese children. The study participants were 492 Japanese mother-child pairs from a prospective birth cohort study. Information on rate of eating (slow, medium, or fast), macronutrient intake (protein, fat, and carbohydrate), and dietary fiber intake were collected from the mothers using a diet history questionnaire when the children were aged 29 to 39 months. Height and weight as measured at 30 and 42 months of age were used to calculate BMI at each age. Multiple linear regression analyses were performed to examine the relationships between eating rate in early childhood and BMI at 30 and 42 months. There were strong positive associations between eating rate and BMI at 30 and 42 months of age that were robust to adjustment for confounders including maternal BMI, socioeconomic status, health behaviors, and child's nutrient intake. In comparison with children in the "slow" rate of eating group, the size of the difference in BMI (95% confidence interval) at 42 months of age was 0.49 (0.17-0.80) and 0.67 (0.24-1.10) kg/m(2) greater among children in the "medium" and "fast" groups, respectively. In conclusion, a higher rate of eating in early childhood was positively associated with not only current BMI but also BMI measured 1 year later in young Japanese children. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.nutres.2016.11.011

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DOI： 10.1186/s12971-017-0138-7

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：JAPAN SOC INTERNAL MEDICINE  

Objective Macrovascular diseases and urgency incontinence are common among Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, little evidence exists regarding the association between stroke and urgency incontinence among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. We examined the associations between macrovascular complications and urgency incontinence among Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Methods The study subjects were 818 Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Urgency incontinence was defined as present when a subject answered "once a week or more" to the question: "Within one week, how often do you leak urine because you cannot defer the sudden desire to urinate?" We adjusted our analyses for sex, age, body mass index, duration of type 2 diabetes, current smoking, current drinking, hypertension, dyslipidemia, glycated hemoglobin, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic retinopathy, and diabetic peripheral neuropathy.
Results The prevalence of urgency incontinence was 9.2%. Stroke was independently positively associated with urgency incontinence, with an adjusted odds ratio of 2.34 (95% confidence interval: 1.03-4.95). The associations between ischemic heart disease or peripheral artery disease and the prevalence of urgency incontinence were not significant.
Conclusion In Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, stroke, but not ischemic heart diseases or peripheral artery disease, was independently positively associated with urgency incontinence.

DOI： 10.2169/internalmedicine.56.8063

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：JAPAN ENDOCRINE SOC  

Among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, the association between B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and renal function remains controversial. We therefore investigated this issue among Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. This study included 687 Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. BNP levels were divided at quartile points on the basis of the distribution. We used four outcomes regarding the renal function: 1) chronic kidney disease (CKD): estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) &lt; 60mL/min/1.72m(2), 2) advanced CKD: eGFR &lt; 30mL/min/1.72m(2), 3) microalbuminuria: urinary albumin creatinine ratio (UACR) &gt;= 30 mg/g creatinine, and 4) macroalbuminuria: UACR &gt;= 300 mg/g creatinine. The prevalence values of CKD, advanced CKD, microalbuminuria, and macroalbuminuria were 27.4, 2.5%, 31.4%, and 9.3%, respectively. Highest BNP (&gt;= 39.2 ng/mL) was independently positively associated with microalbuminuria and macroalbuminuria (adjusted ORs, 2.61 [95% CI: 1.53-4.49] and 3.45 [95% CI: 1.46-8.72], respectively). High BNP was not associated with advanced CKD or CKD. There was a statistically significant positive exposure-response relationships between the BNP level and advanced CKD, microalbuminuria, and macroalbuminuria (p for trend = 0.047, 0.001, and 0.003, respectively). BNP level may be independently positively associated with advanced CKD, microalbuminuria, and macroalbuminuria but not CKD in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

DOI： 10.1507/endocrj.EJ17-0256

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DOI： 10.1186/s12971-017-0139-6

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DOI： 10.1007/s10620-016-4311-2

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE  

Background: Epidemiological evidence regarding the relationship between maternal secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure during pregnancy and postnatal SHS exposure and childhood behavioral problems is scarce.
Objective: The present prebirth cohort study investigated the association between perinatal smoking exposure and behavioral problems in Japanese children aged 5 years.
Methods: Subjects were 1200 mother-child pairs. Data on variables under study were obtained using parent questionnaires. Emotional problems, conduct problems, hyperactivity problems, and peer problems were assessed using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Adjustment was made for maternal age, gestation at baseline, region of residence at baseline, number of children at baseline, maternal and paternal education, household income, maternal depressive symptoms during pregnancy, maternal alcohol intake during pregnancy, child's birth weight, child's sex, and breastfeeding duration.
Results: Maternal smoking during pregnancy was independently associated with increased risk of conduct problems and hyperactivity problems (adjusted odds ratios: ORs [95% confidence intervals: CIs]= 1.93 [1.15-3.17] and 1.89 [1.03-3.33], respectively). Maternal SHS exposure at work during pregnancy was independently positively related to conduct problems and hyperactivity problems (adjusted ORs [95% CI]=1.54 [1.01-2.31] and 1.69 [1.04-2.67], respectively). Smoking by any household member, and especially by the child's father, during the first year of life was independently associated with an increased risk of emotional problems (adjusted ORs [95% CI]=1.55 [1.06-2.26] and 1.63 [1.11-2.40], respectively).
Conclusions: Maternal smoking and maternal SHS exposure at work during pregnancy may increase the risk of conduct problems and hyperactivity problems. Smoking by any household member, and especially by the child's father, may increase the risk of emotional problems. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.envres.2016.08.010

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Other Link： http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1244-4488

Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本公衆衛生学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本公衆衛生学会  

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Springer Nature  

Objective: Several observational studies and trials examined the relationship between isoflavones or soybeans and depressive symptoms among peri- and postmenopausal women. We cross-sectionally evaluated the associations between intake of soy products and isoflavones and depressive symptoms during pregnancy in Japan. Methods: Study subjects were 1745 pregnant women. Dietary intake during the preceding month was assessed using a self-administered diet history questionnaire. Depressive symptoms were defined by a score of 16 or over in the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Results: Higher intake of total soy products, tofu, tofu products, fermented soybeans, boiled soybeans, miso soup, and isoflavones was independently related to a lower prevalence of depressive symptoms during pregnancy: The adjusted prevalence ratios (95 % confidence intervals, P for trend) between extreme quartiles were 0.63 (0.47–0.85, 0.002), 0.72 (0.54–0.96, 0.007), 0.74 (0.56–0.98, 0.04), 0.57 (0.42–0.76, OpenSPiltSPi0.0001), 0.73 (0.55–0.98, 0.03), 0.65 (0.49–0.87, 0.003), and 0.63 (0.46–0.86, 0.002), respectively. A significant positive exposure–response relationship was found between miso intake and depressive symptoms during pregnancy. No material relationship was observed between soymilk intake and depressive symptoms during pregnancy. Conclusions: Our study is the first to show independent inverse relationships between intake of total soy products, tofu, tofu products, fermented soybeans, boiled soybeans, miso soup, and isoflavones and depressive symptoms during pregnancy.

DOI： 10.1007/s00394-016-1327-5

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本公衆衛生学会  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

Only one epidemiologic study has investigated the association between dairy product intake during pregnancy and postpartum depressive symptoms. Epidemiologic evidence on the relationships between calcium and vitamin D intake during pregnancy and postpartum depressive symptoms is also lacking. The present prospective study examined these issues in Japan. Study subjects were 1319 women. During pregnancy, dietary intake during the preceding month was assessed using a self-administered diet history questionnaire in the baseline survey. Postpartum depressive symptoms were defined as present when subjects had an Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale score of 9 or higher between 3 and 4 months postpartum. Adjustment was made for age, gestation at baseline, region of residence, number of children, family structure, history of depression, family history of depression, job type, education, body mass index, having smoked during pregnancy, cesarean delivery, baby's sex, baby's birth weight, and total energy intake. After adjustment for the confounding factors, compared with milk intake in the lowest quartile, intake levels in the second and fourth quartiles were independently associated with a reduced risk of postpartum depressive symptoms, although the inverse exposure-response relationship was not significant: the adjusted odds ratio between extreme quartiles was 0.51 (95% confidence interval, 0.28-0.93; P for trend = .12). No material relationships were observed between intake of total dairy products, yogurt, cheese, calcium, or vitamin D and the risk of postpartum depressive symptoms. The present prospective cohort study in Japan suggests that higher milk intake during pregnancy is associated with a reduced risk of postpartum depressive symptoms. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.nutres.2016.06.001

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DOI： 10.1016/j.alcohol.2016.07.006

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY-BLACKWELL  

Aims/Introduction: Several epidemiological studies have reported a positive association between nocturia and erectile dysfunction (ED). Yet only limited evidence exists regarding the association between nocturia and ED among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, although nocturia and ED are common among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.
Material and Methods: Study participants were 332 male Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, aged 19-70 years, who had undergone blood tests at our institutions. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect information on the variables under study. Adjustment was made for age, body mass index, hypertension, stroke, ischemic heart disease, glycated hemoglobin and diabetic neuropathy. ED, moderate to severe ED and severe ED were defined as present when a participant had a Sexual Health Inventory for Men score &lt;22, &lt;12 and &lt;8, respectively. Study participants were considered to have nocturia if they answered 'once or more' to the question: 'Within 1 week, how many times do you typically wake up to urinate from sleeping at night until waking in the morning?'
Results: The prevalence of nocturia was 79.8%. Nocturia was independently positively associated with ED and moderate to severe ED: the adjusted odds ratios were 7.86 (95% confidence interval 2.11-33.56) and 2.17 (95% confidence interval 1.16-4.12), respectively. The positive association between nocturia and severe ED fell just short of significance.
Conclusions: In Japanese men with type 2 diabetes mellitus, nocturia might be associated with ED and moderate to severe ED.

DOI： 10.1111/jdi.12503

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC  

Aims: We aimed to evaluate the association between serum lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] levels and diabetic nephropathy among Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Methods: This study included 581 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Serum Lp(a) levels were divided into four groups; the cut-off points were at the 30th, 60th, and 90th percentile values on the basis of the distribution for all subjects. Diabetic nephropathy was defined as present when the urinary albumin-creatinine ratio was &gt;= 33.9 mg/mmol creatinine and/or the estimated glomerular filtration rate was &lt;30 ml/min/1.72 m(2). Adjustment was made for age, sex, body mass index, hemoglobin A(1c), duration of diabetes mellitus, current drinking, current smoking, hypertension, dyslipidemia, coronary heart disease, and stroke.
Results: Higher serum Lp(a) levels were significantly associated with a higher prevalence of diabetic nephropathy: the adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for diabetic nephropathy in relation to serum Lp(a) levels of 6, 7-15, 16-38, and &gt;= 39 mg/dl were 1.00 (reference), 2.74 (1.08-7.00), 3.31 (128-8.54), and 4.80 (1.57-14.60), respectively (P for trend = 0.004).
Conclusions: The results suggest that serum Lp(a) levels may be positively associated with diabetic nephropathy among Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2016.02.006

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC  

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between microvascular complications and nocturia among Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
METHODS Study subjects were 731 Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect information on the variables under study. Study subjects were considered to have nocturia if they answered "once or more" to the question: "How many times do you typically wake up to urinate from sleeping at night until waking in the morning?" Diabetic neuropathy was diagnosed if the patients showed two or more of the following three characteristics: neuropathic symptoms, the absence of the Achilles reflex, or abnormal vibration perception. Diabetic nephropathy was defined as positive when the estimated glomerular filtration rate was &lt; 30 mL/min/1.73 m(2) and/or the urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio was &gt;= 34 mg/mmol creatinine. Several ophthalmology specialists were responsible for evaluating diabetic retinopathy. Adjustment was made for sex, age, body mass index, duration of diabetes mellitus, current smoking, current drinking, hypertension, stroke, ischemic heart disease, and glycated hemoglobin.
RESULTS The prevalence of nocturia was 80.4%. Diabetic retinopathy was independently positively associated with nocturia (adjusted odds ratio 2.39 [95% confidence interval: 1.08-6.11]). In contrast, diabetic nephropathy or diabetic neuropathy was not associated with nocturia.
CONCLUSION In Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, only diabetic retinopathy was independently positively associated with nocturia. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc.

DOI： 10.1016/j.urology.2016.03.017

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

Evidence from Western countries shows that higher consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) is associated with lower quality of young children's diets, but little is known about these relations in non-Western countries with relatively low consumption levels of SSBs. We hypothesized that SSB consumption in infancy would be associated with poor quality of later food and nutrient intake patterns among Japanese young children. The study subjects were 493 Japanese mother-child pairs from a prospective birth cohort study. Dietary data on children were collected from the mothers using self-administered questionnaires when the children were aged 16-24 months and 41-49 months. Multiple linear regression analyses were used to examine the relationships between SSB consumption frequency in infancy and later intake of foods and nutrients. At 16-24 months of age, more than half of the children (56.4%) consumed SSBs less than once a week, whereas 11.6% consumed SSBs at least once daily. More frequent consumption of SSBs in infancy was associated with higher intake of confectionaries and SSBs and lower intake of fruits and vegetables at 41-49 months of age. These associations were still evident after adjustment for maternal SSB consumption and socioeconomic status. At the nutrient level, SSB consumption frequency was positively associated with energy intake and inversely associated with intake of many nutrients, such as protein, dietary fiber, and most of the micronutrients examined. In conclusion, higher consumption frequency of SSBs at an early age is associated with poor quality of overall dietary intake among young Japanese children 1.5-2.5 years later. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.nutres.2016.01.008

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Language：English   Publisher：AMER DIABETES ASSOC  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

Epidemiological evidence on the relationships between PARK16 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and Parkinson's disease (PD) is inconsistent. We examined this issue in Japan. Included were 229 cases within six years of PD onset. Controls were 356 patients without neurodegenerative disease. Compared with subjects with the AA genotype of SNP rs823128, those with the AG genotype, but not the GG genotype, had a significantly reduced risk of sporadic PD. Compared with the AA genotype of SNP rs947211, both the AG genotype and the GG genotype were significantly related to an increased risk of sporadic PD. Using subjects with the AA genotype of SNP rs823156 as a reference group, there were significant inverse relationships under the additive and dominant models. No significant relationships were found between SNPs rs16856139 or rs11240572 and sporadic PD. The CAAAC, the TGAGA, and the CAGAC haplotypes were significantly related to sporadic PD. The additive interaction between SNP rs823128 and smoking affecting sporadic PD was significant, although the multiplicative interaction was not significant. The PARK16 SNPs rs823128, rs947211, and rs823156 and the CAAAC, TGAGA, and CAGAC haplotypes may be significantly associated with sporadic PD in Japan. New evidence of an additive interaction between SNP rs823156 and smoking is suggested. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jns.2016.01.021

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS  

Objective: A growing body of evidence from Western countries shows that infant feeding practices are associated with later childhood dietary habits, but little is known about these relationships in non-Western countries with different food cultures. We examined the association of breast-feeding duration and age at introduction of solid foods with later intake of fruit and vegetables among Japanese toddlers.
Design: Information on breast-feeding duration, age at introduction of solid foods and child's intake frequency of fruit and vegetables were collected with a self-administered questionnaire at 16-24 months postpartum. Logistic regression analysis was used to calculate odds ratios of low intake (&lt;1 time/d) of fruit or vegetables for each infant feeding practice.
Setting: Japan.
Subjects: Japanese mother-child pairs (n 763) from a prospective birth cohort study.
Results: Neither breast-feeding duration nor age at introduction of solid foods was associated with fruit intake at 16-24 months of age. Breast-feeding duration, but not age at introduction of solid foods, was associated with later intake of vegetables. When breast-feeding duration was categorized into two groups with the cut-off at 6 months, children who were breast-fed for &gt;= 6 months had a significantly decreased risk of low intake of vegetables (OR=0.53; 95 % CI 0.34, 0.84) than those breast-fed for &lt; 6 months. This association was independent of potential confounders including maternal education and maternal vegetable intake (OR = 0.59; 95 % CI 0.36, 0.97).
Conclusions: This finding suggests that &gt;= 6 months of breast-feeding may prevent low intake of vegetables in early childhood among Japanese toddlers.

DOI： 10.1017/S1368980015001779

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE  

Background: Epidemiological studies of the association between smoking exposure and dental caries are limited.
Objective: The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to examine the association between prenatal and postnatal secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure and the prevalence of dental caries in primary dentition in young Japanese children.
Methods: Study subjects were 6412 children aged 3 years. Information on exposure to maternal smoking during pregnancy and postnatal SHS exposure at home was collected via parent questionnaire. Children were classified as having dental caries if one or more primary teeth had decayed or had been filled.
Results: Compared with never smoking during pregnancy, maternal smoking in the first trimester of pregnancy was significantly associated with an increased prevalence of dental caries in children (adjusted odds ratio= 1.37, 95% confidence interval: 1.03-1.80). Postnatal SHS exposure was also positively associated with dental caries, with a significant positive exposure response relationship. Compared with children not exposed to prenatal maternal smoking or postnatal SHS at home, those exposed to both prenatal and postnatal smoking had higher odds of dental caries (adjusted odds ratio=1.62, 95% confidence interval: 1.23-2.11).
Conclusion: Our findings suggest that maternal smoking during pregnancy and postnatal SHS exposure may be associated with an increased prevalence of dental caries in primary dentition. (C) 2015 Published by Elsevier Inc.

DOI： 10.1016/j.envres.2015.10.004

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS  

We examined the association between thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and eczema in young adult Japanese women. Cases were 188 women who met the criteria of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) for eczema. Controls were 565 women without eczema according to the ISAAC criteria, who had not been diagnosed with asthma, atopic eczema, and/or allergic rhinitis by a doctor and who had no asthma as defined by the European Community Respiratory Health Survey criteria and no rhinoconjunctivitis according to the ISAAC criteria. Compared with women with the TT genotype of SNP rs1837253, those with the TC or CC genotype had a significantly increased risk of eczema after adjustment for age and smoking, although this association was not significant in crude analysis. There were no relationships between SNP rs3806933 or rs2289276 and eczema. The TC and CC genotypes combined of SNP rs1837253 may be significantly positively associated with eczema.

DOI： 10.1007/s10753-015-0143-z

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC  

Purpose: The intrauterine environment, including maternal nutrition status, may affect the development, formation, and mineralization of children's teeth. We assessed the relationship between self-reported maternal dietary vitamin D intake during pregnancy and the risk of dental caries among young Japanese children.
Methods: This study is based on a prospective analysis of 1210 Japanese mother-child pairs. Information on maternal intake during pregnancy was collected using a validated diet history questionnaire. Data on oral examination at 36-46 months of age were obtained from the mothers, who transcribed the information from their maternal and child health handbooks to our self-administered questionnaire. Children were classified as having dental caries if one or more primary teeth had decayed or had been filled.
Results: Compared with the lowest quartile of maternal vitamin D intake during pregnancy, adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for quartiles 2, 3, and 4 were 1.06 (0.72-1.56), 0.53 (0.34-0.81), and 0.67 (0.44-1.02), respectively (P for trend =.01). When maternal vitamin D intake was treated as a continuous variable, the adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) was 0.94 (0.89-0.995).
Conclusions: Higher maternal vitamin D intake during pregnancy may be associated with a lower risk of dental caries in children. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.annepidem.2015.03.020

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

The relation of maternal caffeine intake with birth outcomes is still inconclusive and has not been examined in Japan, where the sources of caffeine intake are different from those in Western countries. We hypothesized that maternal consumption of total caffeine and culture-specific major sources of caffeine would be associated with birth outcomes among Japanese pregnant. The study subjects were 858 Japanese women who delivered singleton infants. Maternal diet during pregnancy was assessed using a validated, self-administered diet history questionnaire. Birth outcomes considered were low birth weight (LBW; &lt;2500 g), preterm birth (PTB; &lt;37 weeks of gestation), and small for gestational age (SGA; &lt;10th percentile). The main caffeine sources were Japanese and Chinese tea (73.5%), coffee (14.3%), black tea (6.6%), and soft drinks (3.5%). After controlling for confounders, maternal total caffeine intake during pregnancy was significantly associated with an increased risk of PTB (odds ratio per 100 mg/d caffeine increase, 1.28; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-1.58; P for trend = .03). However, no evident relationships were observed between total caffeine intake and risk of LBW or SGA. As for caffeine sources, higher Japanese and Chinese tea consumption was associated with an increased risk of PTB (odds ratio per 1 cup/d increase, 1.14; 95% confidence interval, 1.00-1.30; P for trend = .04), but not LBW or SGA. There were no associations between consumption of the other beverages examined and birth outcomes. In conclusion, this prospective birth cohort in Japan suggests that higher maternal total caffeine intake, mainly in the form of Japanese and Chinese tea, during pregnancy is associated with a greater risk of PTB. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.nutres.2015.02.009

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本衛生学会  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SPRINGER  

The aim of this study was to evaluate psychological distress in patients on chronic hemodialysis.
A total of 72 patients on chronic hemodialysis were enrolled in this study. We evaluated psychological distress by using the K6 questionnaire, health-related quality of life (HRQOL) by using the EQ-5D questionnaire, and clinical parameters. Among the 72 patients, we also evaluated changes in K6 scores in 58 patients at 1-year follow-up.
The mean K6 score was 3.7 +/- A 3.7 and 2 subjects (2.8 %) were defined as having psychological distress. K6 scores were significantly correlated with body fat percentage, albumin level, and EQ-5D scores in total subjects. K6 scores were also significantly and negatively correlated with EQ-5D scores in men and women. In the 1-year follow-up group, changes in K6 scores were weakly and negatively correlated with changes in EQ-5D scores.
Psychological distress was closely associated with HRQOL in patients on chronic hemodialysis. Coping strategies for psychological distress might be useful in improving HRQOL in patients on hemodialysis.

DOI： 10.1007/s12199-014-0432-4

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本衛生学会  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY-BLACKWELL  

The present case-control study examined the relationship between IL5RASNPs and eczema in young adult Japanese women. Cases and control subjects were selected from pregnant women who participated in the baseline survey of the Kyushu Okinawa Maternal and Child Health Study, which is an ongoing prebirth cohort study. Cases comprised 188 women with eczema in the previous 12months as defined according to the criteria of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC), regardless of the presence of a doctor's diagnosis of atopic eczema. Control subjects comprised 1130 women without eczema as defined according to the ISAAC criteria who also had not been diagnosed with atopic eczema by a doctor. Compared with the AA genotype of IL5RASNP rs17881144, the AT genotype, but not the TT genotype, was significantly associated with a decreased risk of eczema. The ATTAGA haplotype and the GTAGCA haplotype of rs17882210, rs3804797, rs334809, rs9831572, rs6771148 and rs17881144 were significantly associated with an increased risk of eczema. In contrast, the GCTGCA haplotype was significantly related to a decreased risk of eczema. Multiplicative interactions between IL5RASNPs rs334809 and rs17881144 and smoking with respect to eczema were marginally significant (P=0.07 and 0.07, respectively). This is the first study to show significant associations between IL5RASNP rs17881144, the ATTAGA haplotype, the GTAGCA haplotype, and the GCTGCA haplotype and eczema. Smoking may modify the relationships between SNPs rs334809 and rs17881144 and eczema.

DOI： 10.1111/iji.12172

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY-BLACKWELL  

Objective To examine the relationship between the intake of dairy products and calcium and the prevalence of depressive symptoms during pregnancy. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Kyushu Okinawa Maternal and Child Health Study (KOMCHS). Sample A cohort of 1745 pregnant Japanese women. Methods Dietary intake during the preceding month was assessed using a self-administered diet history questionnaire. Scores of 16 or higher on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale denoted depressive symptoms. Adjustment was made for age, gestation, region of residence, number of children, family structure, history of depression, family history of depression, smoking, secondhand smoke exposure at home and at work, job type, household income, education, and body mass index. In our analyses regarding dairy products in general, adjustment was also made for fish intake; in our analysis regarding calcium, adjustment was also made for the intake of saturated fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid plus docosahexaenoic acid, and vitamin D. Main outcome measures Depressive symptoms during pregnancy. Results Higher intake levels of yogurt and calcium were independently related to a lower prevalence of depressive symptoms during pregnancy: the adjusted odds ratios between extreme quartiles were 0.69 (95% CI 0.48-0.99, P for trend = 0.03) and 0.59 (95% CI 0.40-0.88, P for trend = 0.006), respectively. No relationships were observed between the intake of all dairy products, milk, or cheese and depressive symptoms during pregnancy. Conclusions The current results suggest that a higher intake of yogurt and calcium may be associated with a lower prevalence of depressive symptoms during pregnancy.

DOI： 10.1111/1471-0528.12972

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC  

Objective: Although the relationship between vitamin D levels and depressive symptoms has been explored, the results are inconsistent. Epidemiologic evidence concerning the relationship between dietary vitamin D intake and depressive symptoms in pregnancy is nonexistent. The aim of this current cross-sectional study was to examine this issue in Japan.
Methods: The study included 1745 pregnant women. Depressive symptoms were defined as present when women had a Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale score of 16 or higher. Dietary intake during the preceding month was assessed using a self-administered diet history questionnaire. Adjustment was made for age, gestation, region of residence, number of children, family structure, history of depression, family history of depression, smoking, secondhand smoke exposure at home and at work, job type, household income, education, body mass index, intake of saturated fatty acids, and intake of eicosapentaenoic acid plus docosahexaenoic acid.
Results: The prevalence of depressive symptoms during pregnancy was 19.3%. Higher dietary vitamin D intake was significantly associated with a lower prevalence of depressive symptoms during pregnancy, independent of potential dietary and nondietary confounding factors. Multivariate odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for depressive symptoms during pregnancy in the first, second, third, and fourth quartiles of assessed intake of vitamin D were 1 (reference), 0.79 (0.55-1.11), 0.73 (0.49-1.07), and 0.52 (0.30-0.89), respectively (P for trend = 0.02).
Conclusion: The current cross-sectional study in Japan suggests that higher vitamin D intake may be associated with a lower prevalence of depressive symptoms during pregnancy. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.nut.2014.06.013

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SPRINGER  

The aim of this study was to investigate the linkage among climate parameters, total ambulance transports and the number of deaths in Asahikawa City in northern Japan.
Monthly data on total ambulance transports and the number of deaths from January 2004 to December 2011 were obtained from Asahikawa City Fire Department and the Asahikawa City official website. Climate parameters for the required period were also obtained from the Japan Meteorological Agency, Japan. To adjust for the population, we also used monthly population data on Asahikawa City. The linkage among climate parameters, total ambulance transports and the number of deaths was evaluated by ecological analysis.
The mean air temperature in the Asahikawa area was 7.3 +/- A 10.1 A degrees C. Total ambulance transports (/a hundred thousand people/day) and the number of deaths (/a hundred thousand people/day) were 10.0 +/- A 0.6 and 2.6 +/- A 0.3, respectively. Using quadratic curves, total ambulance transports and the number of deaths were weakly correlated with some climate parameters. The number of deaths was weakly and positively correlated with total ambulance transports.
A weak linkage among climate parameters, total ambulance transports and the number of deaths was noted in Asahikawa City, Japan. However, these associations were not as high as expected.

DOI： 10.1007/s12199-014-0429-z

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：BIOMED CENTRAL LTD  

Background: We investigated the relationships between calcium intake and the prevalence of periodontal disease.
Methods: This cross-sectional study included 1162 women with a mean age of 31.5 years. Information on dietary factors was collected using a diet history questionnaire during pregnancy. Oral examinations were performed between one and twelve months postpartum. Periodontal disease was defined as positive if a woman had at least one tooth with a pocket depth of 4.0 mm or deeper. Adjustment was made for age, region of residence, smoking status, toothbrushing frequency, use of an interdental brush, household income, and education.
Results: Compared with the lowest quartile of calcium intake, the highest quartile was significantly associated with a lower prevalence of periodontal disease; however, the inverse linear trend fell just short of the significance level: the adjusted odds ratio was 0.53 (95% confidence interval: 0.30-0.94, P for trend =0.07).
Conclusions: Our findings suggest that higher calcium intake may be inversely associated with the prevalence of periodontal disease.

DOI： 10.1186/1475-2891-13-109

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Subjects
The sample of the Health 2000 Survey conducted in 2000-2001 was representative of the Finnish population age 30 years or older. The data analyzed were gathered from 955 dentate adults who participated in both the Health 2000 Survey and the Follow-Up Study of Finnish Adults' Oral Health and whose information on relevant variables was complete. Mean age was 48.4 years (SD: 11.9, range: 30-89 years).
Key Risk/Study Factor
Current tobacco smoking as reported in baseline home interviews. Smokers also reported the mean number of cigarettes or similar products smoked per day. The two indicators of smoking used were the prevalence of daily tobacco smoking and the level of tobacco consumption (0, 1-19, and 20 + cigarettes per day).
Main Outcome Measure
The 4-year net increment in the numbers of decayed (DT), filled (FT), and missing (MT) teeth and the DMFT index were calculated using the data from baseline and follow-up clinical oral examinations.
Main Results
Daily smokers reported less favorable behaviors than nonsmokers. Daily smoking was associated with net DT increment, but not with net DMFT, FT, or MT increments. A significant linear and positive relationship was found between baseline levels of tobacco consumption and net DT increment, but not with net DMFT, FT, or MT increments. Dental behavior only explained 20% of the effect on net DT increment.
The associations with net DT increment remained significant after adjustments for baseline demographic, socioeconomic, and behavioral factors. Incidence rate ratio (IRR) and 95% CI of daily smoker regarding net DT increment was 1.70 and 1.07 to 2.70, respectively.
A significant dose-response relationship was also found between levels of tobacco consumption and net DT increment after adjustments for the confounders. Although the difference between daily smokers consuming 1-19 cigarettes per day and nondaily smokers was not statistically significant (IRR: 1.48, 95% CI: 0.83-2.64), the IRR of consuming 20 or more cigarettes per day for the 4-year net DT increment was 2.00 (95% CI: 1.09-3.70).
Conclusions
Daily smoking as well as the level of tobacco consumption were independently related to caries development (net DT increment) in adults over a 4-year time period, but not to caries treatment (net FT and MT increments) or caries experience (net DMFT increment).

DOI： 10.1016/j.jebdp.2014.07.005

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Background: Seaweed is a popular traditional food in Japan and is a rich source of bioactive metabolites. The neuroprotective properties of seaweed have attracted attention; to date, however, there has been no epidemiological evidence regarding the relationship between seaweed consumption and depression. The current cross-sectional study investigated the association between seaweed consumption and depressive symptoms during pregnancy in Japan.
Methods: Study subjects were 1745 pregnant women. Depressive symptoms were defined as present when subjects had a Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale score of 16 or higher. Dietary consumption during the preceding month was assessed using a self-administered diet history questionnaire. Adjustment was made for age; gestation; region of residence; number of children; family structure; history of depression; family history of depression; smoking; secondhand smoke exposure at home and at work; job type; household income; education; body mass index; and intake of fish and yogurt.
Results: The prevalence of depressive symptoms during pregnancy was 19.3%. After adjustment for possible dietary and non-dietary confounding factors, higher seaweed consumption was independently associated with a lower prevalence of depressive symptoms during pregnancy: the adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for depressive symptoms during pregnancy in the first, second, third, and fourth quartiles of seaweed consumption were 1 (reference), 0.72 (0.51-1.004), 0.71 (0.50-1.01), and 0.68 (0.47-0.96), respectively (P for trend = 0.03).
Conclusions: The present results suggest that seaweed consumption may be inversely associated with the prevalence of depressive symptoms during pregnancy in Japanese women.

DOI： 10.1186/1471-2393-14-301

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：MARY ANN LIEBERT, INC  

Epidemiological evidence on the relationship between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs7216389 and rs11650680 on chromosome 17q12-21 and asthma is inconsistent. We examined this issue in young adult Japanese women. Case subjects were 202 women who had been diagnosed with asthma by a doctor, while 1290 women without doctor-diagnosed asthma served as control subjects. Adjustments were made for age and the presence of older siblings. There were no significant associations between SNP rs7216389 and asthma. Compared with the CC genotype of SNP rs11650680, the CT genotype, but not the TT genotype, was significantly inversely associated with asthma: the adjusted odds ratio for the CT genotype was 0.67 (95% confidence interval: 0.46-0.96). This inverse relationship was significant in women with late-onset asthma, but not in those with early-onset asthma. Under the dominant model, a significant inverse association was found between rs11650680 and asthma in women without older siblings, but not in those with older siblings; the interaction, however, was not significant. This is the first study to show that the CT genotype of SNP rs11650680 was significantly inversely associated with asthma, especially adult-onset asthma. We could not find evidence for interactions between rs11650680 and older siblings affecting asthma.

DOI： 10.1089/dna.2014.2387

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Background: Epidemiologic evidence of the association between maternal intake of dairy foods, calcium, and vitamin D during pregnancy and childhood allergic disorders is inconclusive.
Objective: To examine the association between maternal intake of dairy foods, calcium, and vitamin D during pregnancy and childhood allergic disorders in Japanese children aged 23 to 29 months.
Methods: Study participants were 1,354 mother-child pairs. Maternal intake during pregnancy was assessed with a validated diet history questionnaire administered between April 2007 and March 2008. Wheeze and eczema, defined according to criteria of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood, and physician-diagnosed asthma and atopic eczema were assessed via a questionnaire completed by mothers.
Results: Higher maternal intake of total dairy products during pregnancy was significantly associated with a reduced risk of infantile eczema (adjusted odds ratio [OR] between extreme quartiles, 0.64; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.42-0.98). Higher maternal intake of cheese during pregnancy was significantly related to a reduced risk of physician-diagnosed infantile asthma (adjusted OR between extreme quartiles, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.18-0.97). Maternal intake levels of yogurt and calcium during pregnancy were significantly inversely associated with physician-diagnosed infantile atopic eczema (adjusted ORs between extreme quartiles, 0.49 and 0.34; 95% CI, 0.20-1.16 and 0.12-0.84; P for trend = .01 and .03, respectively). Maternal intake of vitamin D during pregnancy was significantly positively associated with infantile eczema (adjusted OR between extreme quartiles, 1.63; 95% CI, 1.07-2.51).
Conclusion: Higher maternal intake of total dairy products, cheese, yogurt, and calcium during pregnancy may reduce the risk of infantile eczema, physician-diagnosed asthma, physician-diagnosed atopic eczema, and physician-diagnosed atopic eczema, respectively. Higher maternal intake of vitamin D during pregnancy may increase the risk of infantile eczema. (C) 2014 American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.anai.2014.04.023

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Three previous genetic association studies conducted in Korea and China investigated the relationship between IL3 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs40401 and asthma, but their results were inconsistent. We examined this relationship and the possibility of an interaction between IL3 SNP rs40401 and smoking in young adult Japanese women. Included were 89 women who met the criteria of the European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS) for asthma. Control subjects were 700 women without asthma according to the ECRHS criteria who had not been diagnosed with asthma and/or allergic rhinitis by a doctor and/or who had not met the criteria of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood for rhinoconjunctivitis. A significant positive association was found between SNP rs40401 and the risk of asthma, with the TT genotype as the reference under the additive model: the adjusted odds ratio was 1.39 (95% CI: 1.004-1.93). The positive association was not statistically significant in any other genetic model. Compared with subjects with the TT or TC genotype of SNP rs40401 who had never smoked, those with the CC genotype who had ever smoked had a significantly increased risk of asthma: the adjusted OR was 2.67 (95% CI: 1.23-5.79); the additive interaction, but not the multiplicative interaction, was significant. This study suggests that IL3 SNP rs40401 is significantly associated with the risk of asthma in young adult Japanese women and reveals that the combination of ever smoking and having the CC genotype of IL3 SNP rs40401 is significantly positively associated with asthma.

DOI： 10.1111/sji.12171

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本口腔衛生学会  

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Epidemiological evidence on the relationship between IL1A and/or IL1B polymorphisms and periodontal disease is inconsistent. We investigated associations between three IL1 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes encoding interleukin (IL) -1 alpha (rs1800587) and IL-1 beta (rs1143634 and rs16944) and the risk of periodontal disease among young Japanese women. A case-control study was performed with a total of 1150 women, including 131 subjects who had at least one tooth with a probing pocket depth of 4 mm or deeper and 1019 periodontally healthy controls. Compared with a reference group of women with the GG genotype of SNP rs16944, those with the GA genotype had a significantly reduced risk of periodontal disease, while there was no significant relationship between the AA genotype and periodontal disease. No evident relationships were observed between SNP rs1800587 or rs1143634 and periodontal disease. Our study did not reveal any evidence of interaction between the IL1 polymorphisms and smoking. The results of this study showed that the heterozygous variant genotype of the IL1 rs16944 was significantly associated with a reduced risk of periodontal disease in young Japanese women. Smoking did not significantly modify the gene-disease associations under study.

DOI： 10.1089/dna.2013.2202

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Dietary habits established in early childhood contribute to lifelong dietary pattern and the development of early risk factors for disease in adulthood. Although a large body of epidemiologic data from Western countries show that the dietary pattern of children is influenced by maternal socio-economic and lifestyle characteristics, information on this topic in non-Western countries is absolutely lacking. The present study identified dietary patterns among infants aged 16-24 months, and then examined the influence of maternal socio-economic and lifestyle characteristics on identified dietary patterns. Subjects were 758 Japanese mother-child pairs. Dietary data of infants were collected from the mothers using a questionnaire. Dietary patterns were extracted from the consumption of 15 foods (times week(-1)) by cluster analysis. The following two dietary patterns were identified: fruits, vegetables and high-protein foods' (n=483) and confectionaries and sweetened beverages' (n=275) patterns. After adjustment for all other predictors, maternal educational level, number of infants' siblings and maternal dietary patterns were independently associated with dietary patterns of infants. Infants whose mothers had a higher educational level and the rice, fish and vegetables' dietary pattern were less likely to belong to the confectionaries and sweetened beverages' pattern, whereas infants whose mothers had a higher number of children and the wheat product' dietary pattern were more likely to belong to the confectionaries and sweetened beverages' than the fruits, vegetables and high-protein foods' pattern. In conclusion, the mother's socio-economic position and dietary patterns were associated with the dietary patterns of infants in the Japanese pairs as observed in the Western populations.

DOI： 10.1111/j.1740-8709.2012.00403.x

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Background: Low birth weight (LBW) continues to increase and is a major public health problem in Japan. In the present cross-sectional study, we examined the associations between LBW, preterm birth and small-for-gestational-age (SGA) and the prevalence of dental caries in young Japanese children.
Methods: Study subjects were 2,055 children aged 3 years. Data on birth conditions were obtained through the transcription by parents or guardians of the information from their maternal and child health handbook, in which the data were recorded by staff at the birth hospital or clinic, to our self-administered questionnaire. Children were classified as having caries if one or more deciduous teeth were decayed, missing, or had been filled at the time of examination. Adjustments were made for sex, toothbrushing frequency, use of fluoride, regular dental check-ups, between-meal snack frequency, breastfeeding duration, paternal and maternal educational levels, maternal smoking during pregnancy, and secondhand smoke exposure at home.
Results: The prevalence of dental caries was 20.7%. The mean birth weight was 3018.3 g, and 8.3% were classified as LBW (&lt; 2,500 g), 4.5% as preterm birth (&lt; 37 weeks), and 7.1% as SGA (&lt; 10th percentile). Preterm birth was associated with a 40% decreased prevalence of dental caries (adjusted prevalence ratio = 0.60, 95% confidence interval: 0.36-1.02, p = 0.06). There were no associations between LBW or SGA and the prevalence of dental caries.
Conclusions: The results of the study failed to detect significant associations between LBW, preterm birth or SGA and the prevalence of dental caries in Japan. Further study is needed in other populations to confirm the generalizability of these findings.

DOI： 10.1186/1472-6831-14-38

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Background: Epidemiological research on the relationship between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the IL5RA gene and allergic disorders is limited. We examined the relationship between IL5RA SNPs and risk of rhinoconjunctivitis in young adult Japanese women.
Methods: Included were 393 women who met the criteria of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) for rhinoconjunctivitis. Controls were 767 women without rhinoconjunctivitis according to the ISAAC criteria who had not been diagnosed with allergic rhinitis by a doctor. Adjustment was made for age, region of residence, presence of older siblings, smoking, and education.
Results: Compared with the CC genotype of SNP rs6771148, the CG genotype, but not the GG genotype, was significantly associated with a reduced risk of rhinoconjunctivitis: the adjusted OR for the CG genotype was 0.76 (95% CI: 0.58-0.99). No evident associations were found between SNPs rs17882210, rs3804797, rs334809, rs9831572, or rs17881144 and rhinoconjunctivitis. The ACTAGA haplotype of rs17882210, rs3804797, rs334809, rs9831572, rs6771148, and rs17881144 was significantly inversely associated with rhinoconjunctivitis (crude OR = 0.58, 95% CI: 0.37-0.88) while the GTAGCA haplotype was significantly positively related to rhinoconjunctivitis (crude OR = 1.74, 95% CI: 1.14-2.65). No significant interactions affecting rhinoconjunctivitis were observed between any of the six SNPs and smoking.
Conclusion: This is the first study to show significant associations between IL5RA SNP rs6771148, the ACTAGA haplotype, and the GTAGCA haplotype and the risk of rhinoconjunctivitis. We did not find evidence for interactions affecting rhinoconjunctivitis between any of the IL5R4 SNPs and smoking. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.cyto.2013.11.006

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Background: A recent meta-analysis showed no relationships between light to moderate alcohol consumption during pregnancy and the risk of low birth weight (LBW), preterm birth (PTB), or small-for-gestational-age (SGA). Here, we present the first epidemiological study on this topic in Japan.
Methods: Study subjects were 1565 Japanese mothers with singleton pregnancies and the babies born from these pregnancies. Alcohol consumption during pregnancy was assessed using a self-administered diet history questionnaire. Alcohol consumption during pregnancy was classified into three categories (none, &lt;1 g/day, and = 1 g/day).
Results: The mean birth weight of the babies was 3006.3 g. 7.7% were classified as LBW, 4.0% as PTB, and 7.8% as SGA. The range of maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy was 0.0 to 11.7 g per day: 1356 (86.7%) mothers were abstainers and the 95th percentile value was 0.84 g per day. Compared with abstinence, alcohol consumption of 1.0 g or more per day during pregnancy was significantly associated with an increased risk of PTB with a significant positive linear trend: the adjusted OR for PTB associated with maternal alcohol consumption of 1.0 g or more per day was 2.58 (95% CI: 1.004-5.80, P for trend = 0.03). No significant relationships were observed between maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy and the risk of LBW or SGA, and there was no material association between maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy and birth weight.
Conclusions: This is the first study in Japan to show that maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy of 1.0 g or more per day was significantly positively associated with the risk of PTB, but not LBW or SGA.

DOI： 10.1186/1471-2393-14-79

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：JAPAN ENDOCRINE SOC  

The Research Committee of Disorders of Adrenal Hormones, Japan, undertook a nationwide epidemiological study of primary aldosteronism (PA). The present study was undertaken as a part of this study to reveal the relationship between type of treatment and the prognosis of PA. In the primary survey, 4161 patients with PA during the period January 1, 2003-December 31, 2007 were reported from 3252 departments of internal medicine, pediatrics and urology. In the secondary survey, a questionnaire that requested detailed clinical information on individual patients was sent to those departments reporting patients in the primary survey. In total, data on 1706 patients with PA were available in the present study. Among patients with bilateral or unilateral aldosterone-producing adenoma, after adjustment for age at which prognosis was examined, sex, surgical treatment and medical treatment, surgical treatment was significantly associated with amelioration of hypertension (adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 0.47 [95% confidence interval (Cl): 0.29-0.77]) and hypokalemia (adjusted OR: 0.17 [95% CI: 0.11-0.29]). No significant relationship was observed between medical treatment and such prognosis in this group of patients. Among patients with bilateral or unilateral adrenal hyperplasia, surgical, but not medical, treatment was significantly associated with amelioration of hypokalemia (adjusted OR: 0.23 [95% CI: 0.06-0.74]), while there was no relationship between surgical or medical treatment and the prognosis of hypertension. In conclusion, surgery offered a better prognosis of PA than medication with regards to hypertension and hypokalemia, with the limitation that a new anti-aldosterone drug, eplerenone, was not available during the study period.

DOI： 10.1507/endocrj.EJ13-0353

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Background: The authors investigated the relationship between objectively assessed tobacco smoke exposure and periodontal disease.
Methods: This cross-sectional study included 1,103 women with a mean age of 31.5 years. Information on potential confounding factors was obtained through a self-administered questionnaire. Periodontal disease was defined as positive if a woman had at least one tooth with a probing depth of &gt;= 3.5 mm. Exposure to tobacco smoke was determined based on salivary cotinine concentration. Adjustment was made for age, region of residence, household income, education, toothbrushing frequency, and use of an interdental brush.
Results: The prevalence of periodontal disease was 11.3%. Salivary cotinine concentration was independently positively associated with the prevalence of periodontal disease: the adjusted odds ratio for every 1-unit (ng/mL) increase in salivary cotinine was 1.004 (95% confidence interval: 1.000 to 1.007).
Conclusion: Salivary cotinine concentrations were positively associated with the prevalence of periodontal disease among young women.

DOI： 10.1902/jop.2013.120670

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC  

Purpose: This cohort study examined the relationship between maternal intake of individual fatty acids, meat, and fish during pregnancy and the risk of wheeze and-eczema in children aged 23-29 months because epidemiologic evidence on this topic is inconclusive.
Methods: Subjects were 1354 Japanese mother-child pairs. Data on maternal intake during pregnancy were assessed with a validated diet history questionnaire. Data on symptoms of wheeze and eczema were based on criteria of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood.
Results: Significant inverse exposure-response relationships were observed between maternal intake of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and EPA plus docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) during pregnancy and infantile wheeze although the adjusted odds ratios between extreme quartiles fell just short of the significance level. No such inverse relationships were detected for infantile eczema. Maternal intake of total fat, saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, total n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), alpha-linolenic acid, DHA, total n-6 PUFA, linoleic acid, arachidonic acid, cholesterol, fish, and meat and the ratio of n-3 to n-6 PUFA consumption were not significantly related to infantile wheeze or eczema.
Conclusions: Higher maternal intake of EPA and EPA plus DHA during pregnancy may reduce the risk of infantile wheeze. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.annepidem.2013.08.004

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本公衆衛生学会  

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Background: No studies have investigated the relationship between IL3 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs40401 and allergic rhinitis. We performed a case-control study to examine this issue and to assess interactions between the SNP and smoking or older siblings in young adult Japanese women.
Methods: Included were 393 women who met the criteria of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) for rhinoconjunctivitis. Controls were 767 women without rhinoconjunctivitis according to the ISAAC criteria who had not been diagnosed with allergic rhinitis by a doctor.
Results: Compared with women with the TT genotype of SNP rs40401, those with the CC genotype had a significantly increased risk of rhinoconjunctivitis: the adjusted OR was 1.52 (95% CI: 1.05-2.19). This positive relationship was significant under the additive model: the adjusted OR was 1.23 (95% CI: 1.02-1.47). The positive association fell just short of the significance level under the dominant or recessive model. There was no significant interaction between SNP rs40401 and smoking with respect to rhinoconjunctivitis. Compared with subjects with the TT or TC genotype of IL3 SNP rs40401 who had one or more older siblings, those with the CC genotype who had no older siblings had a 2.33-fold increased risk of rhinoconjunctivitis; nevertheless, the interaction was not significant.
Conclusion: This is the first study to show a significant positive association between IL3 SNP rs40401 variant and the risk of rhinoconjunctivitis. We could not find evidence for interactions between SNP rs40401 and smoking or older siblings affecting rhinoconjunctivitis. (c) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.cyto.2013.07.020

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Abstract
Epidemiological evidence on the relationship between vitamin D receptor (VDR) polymorphisms and periodontal disease is inconsistent. We investigated associations between four VDR single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) including rs731236 (TaqI), rs7975232 (ApaI), rs1544410 (BsmI) and rs2228570 (FokI), and the risk of periodontal disease among young Japanese women. Cases included 131 women who had at least one tooth with a probing depth of 3.5 mm or deeper. Controls included 1019 women without periodontal disease. Adjustment was made for age, region of residence, education, toothbrushing frequency and use of an interdental brush. Compared with the AA genotype of SNP rs731236, the GG genotype had a significantly increased risk of periodontal disease: the adjusted OR was 3.68 (95% confidence interval: 1.06-12.78). There were no significant relationships between SNPs rs7975232, rs1544410 or rs2228570 and periodontal disease. None of the haplotypes were significantly related to periodontal disease. Compared with subjects with the AA or AG genotype of SNP rs731236 who had never smoked, those with the GG genotype who had ever smoked had a significantly increased risk of periodontal disease; nevertheless, neither multiplicative nor additive interaction was significant. The additive interaction between SNP rs7975232 and smoking was significant, although the multiplicative interaction was not statistically significant. No multiplicative or additive interactions were observed between the other SNPs and smoking. Our results indicated that VDR SNP rs731236 might be associated with periodontal disease. In addition, we present new evidence for a biological interaction between VDR SNP rs7975232 and smoking that affects periodontal disease.

DOI： 10.1111/sji.12095

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本公衆衛生学会  

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Background and Objective: Studies reporting on the association between smoking and periodontal disease have mostly focused on active smoking. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between active smoking and exposure to second-hand smoke at home and at work and the prevalence of periodontal disease among young Japanese women.
Material and methods: Study subjects were 1167 postpartum women with a mean age of 31.5years. Information on smoking and potential confounding factors was obtained through a self-administered questionnaire. Partial-mouth recording was used to determine probing pocket depth at six sites per tooth for six teeth in the mouth. Periodontal disease was defined as positive if a woman had at least one tooth with a probing pocket depth of 3.5mm or deeper. Adjustment was made for age, region of residence, household income, education, toothbrushing frequency and use of an interdental brush.
Results: Compared with never smoking, ever smoking was independently positively associated with the prevalence of periodontal disease: the adjusted odds ratio was 1.56 (95% confidence interval: 1.02-2.36). There was a marginally significant positive dose-response relationship between pack-years of smoking and the prevalence of periodontal disease (p for linear trend=0.08). No material associations were observed between second-hand smoke exposure at home or at work and periodontal disease.
Conclusion: Our findings suggest that active smoking, but not passive smoking, might be associated with an increased prevalence of periodontal disease among young women in Japan.

DOI： 10.1111/jre.12044

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Background: In Western countries, active maternal smoking during pregnancy is recognized as the most important preventable risk factor for adverse birth outcomes. However, the effect of passive maternal smoking is less clear and has not been extensively studied. In Japan, there has been only one epidemiological study which examined the effects of active smoking during early pregnancy on birth outcomes although the effects of passive smoking were not assessed.
Methods: Study subjects were 1565 mothers with singleton pregnancies and the babies born from these pregnancies. Data on active maternal smoking status in the first, second, and third trimesters and maternal environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure at home and work were collected with self-administered questionnaires.
Results: Compared with children born to mothers who had never smoked during pregnancy, children born to mothers who had smoked throughout their pregnancy had a significantly increased risk of small-for-gestational-age (SGA) (adjusted odd ratio [OR] = 2.87; 95% confidence interval: 1.11-6.56). However, active maternal smoking only in the first trimester and active maternal smoking in the second and/or third trimesters but not throughout pregnancy were not significantly associated with SGA. With regard to the risk of preterm birth, the adjusted ORs for the above-mentioned three categories were not significant; however, the positive linear trend was significant (P for trend = 0.048). No significant association was found between active maternal smoking during pregnancy and the risk of low birth weight. There was a significant inverse relationship between active maternal smoking during pregnancy and birth weight; newborns of mothers who had smoked throughout pregnancy had an adjusted mean birth weight reduction of 169.6 g. When classifying babies by gender, a significant positive association between active maternal smoking throughout pregnancy and the risk of SGA was found only in male newborns, however, the interaction was not significant. Maternal ETS exposure at home or work was not significantly associated with any birth outcomes.
Conclusions: This is the first study in Japan to show that active maternal smoking throughout pregnancy, but not during the first trimester, is significantly associated with an increased risk of SGA and a decrease in birth weight. Thus, women who smoke should quit smoking as soon as possible after conception.

DOI： 10.1186/1471-2393-13-157

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：INFORMA HEALTHCARE  

Background. The current cross-sectional study examined the associations between low birth weight (LBW), preterm birth, and small-for-gestational-age (SGA) and the prevalence of wheeze, asthma, and eczema in Japanese children aged 3 years. Methods. Study subjects were 2004 children. All data were obtained using a questionnaire. Outcomes were defined according to the criteria of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood. Adjustment was made for sex, number of siblings, breastfeeding duration, paternal and maternal educational level, paternal and maternal history of allergic disorders, maternal smoking during pregnancy, secondhand smoke exposure at home, and gestational age at birth. Results. The prevalence of wheeze, asthma, and eczema in the previous 12 months were 22.1%, 9.0%, and 17.5%, respectively, and 8.4% were classified as LBW(&lt;2500 g), 4.7% as preterm birth (&lt;37 weeks), and 7.1% as SGA (&lt;10th percentile). There were no significant associations between LBW, preterm birth, or SGA and the prevalence of wheeze, asthma, or eczema. A positive relationship between preterm birth and asthma was of borderline significance in children whose mothers had smoked during pregnancy (adjusted OR: 4.71 [95% CI: 0.97- 21.39]), but not in those whose mothers had never smoked during pregnancy; the multiplicative interaction between preterm birth and maternal smoking during pregnancy with respect to asthma was significant (p =.04). Conclusions. The current study failed to detect significant associations between birth conditions and allergic disorders. Nevertheless, we did find evidence for an interaction between preterm birth and maternal smoking during pregnancy affecting asthma.

DOI： 10.3109/02770903.2013.790422

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY-BLACKWELL  

Objectives Investigations concerning the relationship between socioeconomic status and dental caries have been conducted mainly in Western countries. The purpose of this longitudinal study was to examine the impact of socioeconomic factors, such as maternal occupation, household income, and parental educational levels, on the risk of dental caries in young Japanese children.
Methods A cohort of 315 preschool children was used. Information pertaining to exposure and potentially confounding factors was obtained by means of questionnaires administered to expectant mothers prior to delivery and subsequently when their children were in the ranges of 2-9, 16-24, 29-39, and 41-49 months of age. Outcome data were collected when the children were between 41 and 50 months old. Children were classified as having dental caries if one or more primary teeth had decayed or had been filled.
Results Compared with maternal or paternal education of less than 13 years, maternal or paternal education of 15 years or longer was significantly associated with a decreased risk of dental caries in children: the adjusted odds ratios for maternal and paternal education levels 15 years compared with &lt;13 years of maternal and paternal education were 0.32 (95 percent confidence interval: 0.14-0.71) and 0.45 (95 percent confidence interval: 0.23-0.88), respectively. No relationship between maternal occupation or household income and the risk of children's dental caries was found.
Conclusions Higher levels of parental education, in particular maternal education, may be associated with reduced risk of dental caries in preschool children.

DOI： 10.1111/jphd.12016

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Background: To examine facilitators of dental smoking intervention practices in Japan, where smokeless tobacco is rarely used, we evaluated the characteristics of dental care for smokers.
Methods: Community dentists volunteered to record the treated disease or encounter with patients that was principally responsible for their dental care on the survey day. Patients were classified into groups receiving gingival/periodontal treatment (GPT), caries/endodontic treatment (CET), prosthetic treatment (PRT), periodical check-up/orthodontic treatment (POT), or other encounters/treatments. Potential effect of dentist clustering was adjusted by incorporating the complex survey design into the analysis.
Results: Data of 2835 current smokers (CS) and 6850 non-smokers (NS) from 753 clinics were analysed. Distribution of treatments significantly differed between CS and NS (P = 0.001). In ad hoc multiple comparisons for each treatment, CS were significantly higher than NS for CET (47.1% vs. 43.6%, P = 0.002), and lower for POT (1.6% vs. 2.7%, P = 0.001), whereas GPT and PRT proportions were equivalent by smoking. When stage of disease progression was compared in the GPT subpopulation, CS were more likely received treatment for advanced stage disease than NS in the age groups of 40-59 years (24.9% vs. 15.3%, P = 0.001) and more than 60 years (40.8% vs. 22.1%, P &lt; 0.001). However, the difference was less apparent in the entire population (9.7% vs. 6.0%), and CS were not predominant among patients receiving GPT for advanced stage disease (37.6%).
Conclusions: The association of smoking with type of dental care of CET and GPT severity would warrant the need for dental professionals to engage their patients smoking within clinical practice. The detrimental effects of smoking in dental care for smokers, as evidenced by the distribution of treatment and encounter and stage of treated disease, may not be clearly realized by dental professionals, unless the smoking status of all patients is identified.

DOI： 10.1186/1617-9625-11-13

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：AMER ACAD PEDIATRIC DENTISTRY  

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to prospectively investigate the association between infant feeding practices and the development of early childhood caries (ECC). Methods: Subjects were 315 children. Information about the variables under study and potential confounding factors were obtained by questionnaire during pregnancy and when the children were two to nine, 16 to 24, 29 to 39, and 41 to 49 months old. Outcome data were collected at 41 to 50 months old. Children were classified as having ECC if one or more primary teeth had decayed or been filled. Results: Compared with breast-feeding for six months or fewer, breast-feeding for 18 months or longer tended to be positively associated with a risk of ECC, and a U-shaped relationship was observed. Use of a bottle to drink sweetened liquids other than milk and the introduction of solid foods at six months old or later were positively associated with a risk of ECC There was no significant association between bottle-feeding while falling asleep at night and the risk of ECC. Conclusion: Prolonged breast-feeding, bottle use for sweetened liquids other than milk, and the introduction of solid foods at six months old or later might be risk factors for the development of dental caries.

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Epidemiological research on the relationship between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the IL4R gene and eczema is sparse. We investigated the associations between IL4R SNPs rs1805011, rs1805015 and rs1801275 and risk of eczema in young adult Japanese women. Included were 188 women who met the criteria of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) for eczema. Controls were 635 women without eczema according to the ISAAC criteria who also had not been diagnosed with asthma, atopic eczema and/or allergic rhinitis by a doctor. Adjustment was made for age, region of residence, number of children, smoking and education. Under the additive model, SNP rs1805011 was significantly related to eczema: the adjusted OR was 0.55 (95% CI: 0.310.99). SNP rs1805015 was significantly associated with eczema in the additive and dominant models: the adjusted ORs were 0.55 (95% CI: 0.300.98) and 0.55 (95% CI: 0.300.997), respectively. There was no significant association between SNP rs1801275 and eczema. None of the haplotypes were significantly related to eczema. Significant associations between SNPs rs1805011 and rs1805015 and eczema were reported in women who had never smoked, but not in those who had ever smoked; the multiplicative interactions, however, were not significant. This is the first study to demonstrate significant associations between IL4R SNPs rs1805011 and rs1805015 and eczema. We do not find evidence for interactions affecting eczema between IL4R SNPs and smoking.

DOI： 10.1111/sji.12043

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The present study aimed to examine the relationship between consumption of meat, fish, and specific types of fatty acids and the prevalence of depressive symptoms during pregnancy in Japan. Study subjects were 1745 pregnant women. Depressive symptoms were defined as present when subjects had a Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale score of 16 or higher. Information on dietary factors was collected using a self-administered diet history questionnaire. The prevalence of depressive symptoms during pregnancy was 19.3%. Higher intake levels of fish, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were independently associated with a lower prevalence of depressive symptoms during pregnancy: the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) between extreme quartiles (95% confidence intervals [CIs], P for trend) were 0.61 (0.42-0.87, 0.01), 0.66 (0.46-0.95, 0.02) and 0.64 (0.44-0.93, 0.007), respectively. Higher intake levels of total fat and saturated fatty acids were independently related to a higher prevalence of depressive symptoms during pregnancy: the adjusted ORs between extreme quartiles (95% CIs, P for trend) were 1.42 (1.00-2.03, 0.06) and 1.74 (1.22-2.49, 0.001), respectively. There were no significant associations between intake of monounsaturated fatty acids, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), alpha-linolenic acid, n-6 PUFAs, linoleic acid, arachidonic acid, or cholesterol or the ratio of n-3 to n-6 PUFA intake and depressive symptoms during pregnancy. Intake levels of fish, EPA, and DHA may be inversely associated with depressive symptoms during pregnancy while intake levels of total fat and saturated fatty acids may be positively related to depressive symptoms during pregnancy. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.01.012

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：JAPANESE SOC STUDY XENOBIOTICS  

It has been suggested that P-glycoprotein (P-gp), the product of multidrug resistance 1 (MDR1) gene, regulates the brain entry of various xenobiotics. Impaired function of P-gp may be associated with an increased risk of Parkinson's disease (PD). The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of a MDR1 C3435T polymorphism on PD risk alone or in combination with environmental factors. A total of 238 patients with PD and 368 controls were genotyped for the MDR1 C3435T polymorphism. Subjects with the TT genotype of the C3435T polymorphism showed a nonsignificantly increased risk of PD [odds ratio (OR) = 1.49, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.85-2.25] compared with those with the CC genotype. A gene-environment interaction was suggested, with a combination of at least one T allele and ever drinking conferring significantly higher risk (OR = 1.83, 95% CI = 1.07-3.15, p = 0.029), compared with the CC genotype and never drinking. No significant interaction of smoking or occupational pesticide use with the C3435T polymorphism Was observed. Our results suggest that the C3435T polymorphism may not play an important role in PD susceptibility in Japanese. Evidence of an interaction between the C3435T polymorphism and alcohol consumption was suggested.

DOI： 10.2133/dmpk.DMPK-12-RG-075

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Background: Interleukin (IL) 4 plays a critical role in immune responses by acting as a growth factor for type 2 helper T cells and inducing immunoglobulin (Ig) class switching to IgE. Epidemiological evidence of the relationship between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in IL4 and asthma is inconsistent. Objectives: We examined the association between the IL4 SNPs rs2243250, rs2070874, rs2227284, and rs2243290 and asthma in young adult Japanese women. Methods: The study population comprised 89 women who met the criteria of the European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS) for asthma. The control group comprised 1281 nonasthmatic women (ECRHS criteria) who had not been diagnosed with asthma by a physician. Adjustment was made for age, region of residence, presence of older siblings, smoking, and education. Results: Compared with the AA genotype of rs2243290, the AC genotype, but not the CC genotype, was significantly associated with a reduced risk of asthma: the adjusted odds ratio for the AC genotype was 0.62 (95%CI, 0.39-0.996). No evident relationships were found between rs2243250, rs2070874, or rs2227284 and asthma. None of the haplotypes were significantly associated with asthma. No significant interactions were found between the 4 SNPs under study and smoking with respect to the risk of asthma. Conclusions: Ours is the first study in a non-Western population to show that the IL4 SNP rs2243290 was significantly associated with the risk of asthma. Smoking did not significantly modify the gene-disease associations under study. © 2013 Esmon Publicidad.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

Several genome-wide association studies and case-control studies have investigated the relationships between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the BST1 gene and Parkinson's disease (PD), but the results have been inconsistent. We examined the relationships between SNPs rs11931532, rs12645693, and rs11724635 and the risk of sporadic PD in Japan. Included were 229 cases within 6 years of onset of PD as defined according to the UK PD Society Brain Bank clinical diagnostic criteria. Controls were 357 inpatients and outpatients without neurodegenerative disease. SNPs rs11931532 and rs12645693 were not significantly related to sporadic PD. Compared with a reference group of subjects with the CC genotype of SNP rs11724635, those with the AA genotype had a marginally significantly increased risk of sporadic PD: the adjusted OR was 1.57 (95% CI: 0.95-2.61, P = 0.08). No significant interactions were found between BST1 SNP rs11724635 and smoking or caffeine intake with respect to sporadic PD. The current study failed to detect significant relationships between BST] SNPs rs11931532, rs12645693, and rs11724635 and sporadic PD; however, the relationship between SNP rs11724635 and sporadic PD was of borderline significance. We do not find evidence for interactions between smoking or caffeine intake and SNP rs11724635 affecting sporadic PD. (c) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jns.2012.09.008

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC  

Epidemiological evidence on the relationship between IL4 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and allergic rhinitis is limited. We conducted a case-control study to investigate this issue in young adult Japanese women. Included were 393 women who met the criteria of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) for rhinoconjunctivitis. Controls were 703 women without rhinoconjunctivitis based on the ISAAC criteria who had not been diagnosed with allergic rhinitis and/or asthma by a doctor. Compared with the TT genotype of IL4 SNP rs2227284, the GG genotype, occurring in 10.2% of control subjects, was significantly inversely associated with the risk of rhinoconjunctivitis: the adjusted OR was 0.60 (95% CI: 0.37-0.98). There were no significant relationships between SNP rs2243250, rs2070874, or rs2243290 and rhinoconjunctivitis. None of the haplotypes were significantly related to rhinoconjunctivitis. A significant inverse relationship between the combination of the TG and GG geno-types of SNP rs2227284 and rhinoconjunctivitis was observed in women who had never smoked, but not in those who had ever smoked (P for interaction = 0.11). This is the first study to demonstrate a significant relationship between IL4 SNP rs2227284 and rhinoconjunctivitis. Smoking may modify the relationship between SNP rs2227284 and rhinoconjunctivitis. (C) 2012 American Society for Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.humimm.2012.07.339

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：BIOMED CENTRAL LTD  

Background: Epidemiological evidence for the association of socioeconomic status with prenatal depression has been inconsistent. The current cross-sectional study examined the association between employment, job type, household income, and educational level and the prevalence of depressive symptoms during pregnancy.
Methods: Subjects were 1741 Japanese women. Depressive symptoms were defined as present when subjects had a Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale score of 16 or higher. Adjustment was made for age, gestation, region of residence, family structure, personal and family history of depression, smoking, secondhand smoke exposure at home and at work, employment, household income, and education.
Results: The prevalence of depressive symptoms during pregnancy was 19.3%. Compared with unemployment, employment, part-time employment, and full-time employment were significantly associated with a lower prevalence of depressive symptoms during pregnancy: the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were 0.65 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.50 - 0.86), 0.66 (95% CI: 0.46 - 0.95), and 0.66 (95% CI: 0.48 - 0.90), respectively. Regarding the job type held, women with a professional or technical job and those with a clerical or related occupation had a significantly lower prevalence of depressive symptoms during pregnancy: the adjusted ORs were 0.67 (95% CI: 0.47 - 0.96) and 0.62 (95% CI: 0.43 - 0.90), respectively. Sales, service, production, and other occupations were not significantly related to the prevalence of depressive symptoms during pregnancy. There were no relationships between household income or education and the prevalence of depressive symptoms during pregnancy.
Conclusions: Employment, whether full-time or part-time, and holding a professional or technical job or a clerical or related occupation may be inversely associated with the prevalence of depressive symptoms during pregnancy.

DOI： 10.1186/1471-244X-12-117

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：CENTER ACADEMIC PUBL JAPAN  

The possible role of eating rate in promoting obesity has long been of interest. We examined the association between rate of eating and overweight status in Japanese children and adolescents. This Japanese cross-sectional study included 15,974 children (6-11 y; 7,956 boys and 8,018 girls) and 8,202 adolescents (12-15 y; 3,944 boys and 4,258 girls). Rate of eating was self-reported according to five categories. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated from self-reported body weight and height. Overweight was defined according to the International Obesity Task Force age- and sex-specific BMI cutoffs. The overall prevalence of overweight was 13.2%. Rate of eating was positively associated with the risk of overweight, independent of protein, fat, and dietary fiber intakes. Multivariate odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for overweight in the very slow, relatively slow, medium, relatively fast, and very fast categories were 0.31 (0.20, 0.49), 0.49 (0.40, 0.60), 1 (reference), 2.81 (2.42, 3.26), and 4.49 (3.47, 5.81) in male children; 0.42 (0.31, 0.58), 0.49 (0.41, 0.59), 1 (reference), 2.74 (2.27, 3.31), and 5.69 (3.75, 8.63) in female children; 0.13 (0.03, 0.54), 0.43 (0.28, 0.65), 1 (reference), 2.31 (1.88, 2.84), and 3.84 (2.77, 5.31) in male adolescents; and 0.55 (0.30, 1.01), 0.46 (0.33, 0.65), 1 (reference), 1.30 (0.99, 1.71), and 1.49 (0.84, 2.65) in female adolescents, respectively (all p for trend&lt;0.0001). In conclusion, this large cross-sectional study in Japan showed that a higher rate of eating was independently positively associated with an increasing risk of overweight in children and adolescents.

DOI： 10.3177/jnsv.58.247

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Background: A recent meta-analysis on the UCHL1 S18Y variant and Parkinson's disease (PD) showed a significant inverse association between the Y allele and PD; the individual studies included in that meta-analysis, however, have produced conflicting results. We examined the relationship between UCHL1 S18Y single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and sporadic PD in Japan.
Methods: Included were 229 cases within 6 years of onset of PD, defined according to the UK PD Society Brain Bank clinical diagnostic criteria. Controls were 357 inpatients and outpatients without neurodegenerative disease. Adjustment was made for sex, age, region of residence, smoking, and caffeine intake.
Results: Compared with subjects with the CC or CA genotype of UCHL1 S18Y SNP, those with the AA genotype had a significantly increased risk of sporadic PD: the adjusted OR was 1.57 (95 % CI: 1.06 - 2.31). Compared with subjects with the CC or CA genotype of UCHL1 S18Y and the CC or CT genotype of SNCA SNP rs356220, those with the AA genotype of UCHL1 S18Y and the TT genotype of SNP rs356220 had a significantly increased risk of sporadic PD; the interaction, however, was not significant. Our previous investigation found significant inverse relationships between smoking and caffeine intake and PD in this population. There were no significant interactions between UCHL1 S18Y and smoking or caffeine intake affecting sporadic PD.
Conclusions: This study reveals that the UCHL1 S18Y variant is a risk factor for sporadic PD. We could not find evidence for interactions affecting sporadic PD between UCHL1 S18Y and SNCA SNP rs356220, smoking, or caffeine intake.

DOI： 10.1186/1471-2377-12-62

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：INT UNION AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS LUNG DISEASE (I U A T L D)  

SETTING: Multiple A disintegrin and metalloprotease 33 (ADAM33) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been shown to be associated with asthma, but results have been inconsistent.
OBJECTIVES: To examine the association between ADAM33 SNPs rs2787094, rs628977, rs2280089, rs2280090, rs2280091, rs2853209, rs528557 and rs612709 and asthma in young adult Japanese women, and to perform haplotype analyses and assess interactions between SNPs and smoking.
DESIGN: A total of 89 cases who met the criteria of the European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS) for asthma were included in the study. Control subjects were 1281 women without asthma, as per ECRHS criteria, who had not been diagnosed with asthma by a doctor. Adjustment was made for age, region of residence, presence of older siblings, smoking and education.
RESULTS: Under a co-dominant model, the AA genotype of the rs612709 SNP was significantly positively associated with asthma compared with the GG genotype: the adjusted OR was 4.27 (95%CI 1.49-12.25). A significant positive relationship was found between the CCGGAAGA haplotype and asthma. Interactions between SNPs rs628977 and rs528557 and smoking were marginally significant (P = 0.09 and 0.095, respectively).
CONCLUSIONS: ADAM33 SNP rs612709 and the CCGGAAGA haplotype may be associated with asthma. Smoking may modify the associations between SNPs rs628977 and rs528557 and asthma.

DOI： 10.5588/ijtld.11.0608

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Epidemiologic evidence concerning the role of dietary energy density in increased body weight status during childhood and adolescence is limited, particularly in non-Western populations. We investigated the hypothesis that higher dietary energy density is associated with increasing risk of overweight in Japanese children and adolescents. This Japanese cross-sectional study included 15974 children (6-11 years old; 7956 boys and 8018 girls) and 8202 adolescents (12-15 years old; 3944 boys and 4258 girls). Dietary intake was assessed using a self-administered diet history questionnaire for children and adolescents. Dietary energy density was calculated based on foods only (excluding beverages). Body mass index (BMI) was calculated from self-reported body weight and height. Overweight (including obesity) was defined according to the International Obesity Task Force age- and sex-specific BMI cutoffs, which correspond to an adult BMI of at least 25 kg/m(2). The overall prevalence of overweight was 13.2%. Mean dietary energy density was 5.02 (standard deviation, 0.59) kJ/g. After adjustment for potential confounding factors, dietary energy density was positively associated with the risk of overweight in male children (P for trend = .048). No such associations were observed among female children, male adolescents, or female adolescents. In conclusion, this large cross-sectional study in Japan suggests that an energy-dense diet is associated with an increased risk of overweight in male children, but not in female children, male adolescents, or female adolescents. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.nutres.2012.05.011

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Several case-control studies and genome-wide association studies have examined the relationships between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the SNCA gene and Parkinson's disease (PD), and have provided inconsistent results. We investigated the relationships between SNPs rs356229, rs356219, rs356220, rs7684318, and rs2736990 and the risk of sporadic PD in Japan using data from a multicenter hospital-based case-control study. Included were 229 cases within 6 years of onset of PD as defined according to the UK PD Society Brain Bank clinical diagnostic criteria. Controls were 357 inpatients and outpatients without neurodegenerative disease. Adjustment was made for sex, age, region of residence, and smoking. Based on the recessive model, compared with subjects with the CC or CT genotype of SNP rs356220, those with the TT genotype had a significantly increased risk of sporadic PD: the adjusted OR was 1.42 (95% Cl: 1.002-2.02). In the additive model, SNP rs2736990 was significantly related to the risk of sporadic PD: the adjusted OR was 1.30 (95% Cl: 1.002-1.68). There were no significant relationships between SNP rs356229, rs356219, or rs7684318 and the risk of sporadic PD in any genetic model. The additive interactions between SNPs rs356219 and rs356220 and smoking with respect to sporadic PD were significant although the multiplicative interactions were not significant. This study suggests that SNCA SNPs rs356220 and rs2736990 are significantly associated with the risk of sporadic PD in Japanese. We also present new evidence for biological interactions between SNPs rs356219 and rs356220 and smoking that affect sporadic PD. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2012.02.016

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SETTING: Epidemiological evidence on the relationship between socio-economic status and allergic disorders has been inconsistent.
OBJECTIVES: We examined the associations between maternal employment, maternal job type, household income, and paternal and maternal educational levels and the risk of allergic disorders in Japanese children aged 4.5 years.
DESIGN: Subjects were 480 mother-child pairs. Definitions of wheeze and eczema symptoms were based on criteria of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood. Data on self-reported doctor-diagnosed asthma and atopic eczema were available.
RESULTS: Compared with children whose mothers had received less than &gt;= 15 years of education, those with mothers with 15 years of education had a significantly increased risk of wheeze and doctor-diagnosed asthma: the adjusted ORs were respectively 2.41 (95 %CI 1.18-5.17) and 2.70 (95%CI 1.03-8.08). Fifteen years or more of paternal education was independently associated with an increased risk of eczema, but not of doctor-diagnosed atopic eczema (adjusted OR 1.89, 95%Cl 1.07-3.42). Mother's employment, mother's job type and household income were not related to any of the outcomes.
CONCLUSIONS: Higher maternal educational level may increase the risk of wheeze and asthma, while higher paternal educational level may increase the risk of eczema.

DOI： 10.5588/ijtld.11.0484

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Background: Maternal nutrition status during pregnancy may affect fetal tooth development, formation, and mineralization, and may affect dental caries susceptibility in children. We investigated the association between maternal intake of dairy products and calcium during pregnancy and the risk of childhood dental caries.
Methods: Subjects were 315 Japanese mother-child pairs. Data on maternal intake during pregnancy were assessed through a diet history questionnaire. Outcome data was collected at 41-50 months of age. Children were classified as having dental caries if one or more primary teeth had decayed or been filled.
Results: Higher maternal cheese intake during pregnancy was significantly inversely associated with the risk of dental caries in children, showing a clear inverse dose-response relationship; the adjusted odds ratio (OR) in comparison of the highest tertile with the lowest was 0.37 (95 % confidence interval [CI]: 0.17-0.76, P for trend = 0.01). The inverse associations between maternal intake of total dairy products, yogurt, and calcium during pregnancy and the risk of childhood dental caries were of borderline significance: the adjusted ORs for the highest tertile of total dairy products, yogurt, and calcium were 0.51 (95 % CI: 0.23-1.09, P for trend = 0.07), 0.51 (95 % CI: 0.23- 1.10, P for trend = 0.07), and 0.50 (95 % CI: 0.23-1.07, P for trend = 0.08), respectively. There was no evident relationship between maternal milk intake and the risk of childhood dental caries.
Conclusion: These data suggested that high intake of maternal cheese during pregnancy may reduce the risk of childhood dental caries.

DOI： 10.1186/1475-2891-11-33

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS  

Maternal nutritional status during pregnancy is an important determinant of fetal growth. Although the effects of several nutrients and foods have been well examined, little is known about the relationship of overall maternal diet in pregnancy to fetal growth, particularly in non-Western populations. We prospectively examined the relationship of maternal dietary patterns in pregnancy to neonatal anthropometric measurements at birth and risk of small-for-gestational-age (SGA) birth among 803 Japanese women with live-born, singleton, term deliveries. Maternal diet in pregnancy was assessed using a validated, self-administered diet history questionnaire. Dietary patterns from thirty-three predefined food groups (g/4184 kJ) were extracted by cluster analysis. The following three dietary patterns were identified: the 'meat and eggs' (n 326), 'wheat products', with a relatively high intake of bread, confectioneries and soft drinks (n 303), and 'rice, fish and vegetables' (n 174) patterns. After adjustment for potential confounders, women in the 'wheat products' pattern had infants with the significantly lowest birth weight (P=0.045) and head circumference (P=0.036) among those in the three dietary patterns. Compared with women in the 'rice, fish and vegetables' pattern, women in the 'wheat products' pattern had higher odds of having a SGA infant for weight (multivariate OR 5-2, 95% CI 1.1, 24.4), but this was not the case for birth length or head circumference. These results suggest that a diet high in bread, confectioneries, and soft drinks and low in fish and vegetables during pregnancy might be associated with a small birth weight and an increased risk of having a SGA infant.

DOI： 10.1017/S0007114511004636

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Objective: Evidence on factors associated with misreporting of energy intake in children and adolescents is sparse, particularly in non-Western countries. We examined the characteristics of under- and over-reporters of energy intake in Japanese children and adolescents.
Methods: This study included 25 761 Japanese boys and girls 6 to 15 y old. Energy intake was assessed using a self-administered diet history questionnaire developed for Japanese children and adolescents. Estimated energy requirement was calculated from self-reported body weight with the use of equations from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)/World Health Organization (WHO)/United Nations University (UNU) Expert Consultation Report on Human Energy Requirements. Under-reporters, acceptable reporters, and over-reporters of energy intake were identified based on the ratio of energy intake to estimated energy requirement (&lt;0.76, 0.76 to 1.24, and &gt;1.24, respectively). The risk of being an under- or over-reporter of energy intake compared with being an acceptable reporter was analyzed using logistic regression.
Results: The percentages of under-, acceptable, and over-reporters of energy intake were 31.6%, 53.2%, and 15.2%, respectively. Under-reporting was associated with female sex, older age, overweight and obesity, low parental education, and completion of the dietary questionnaire without the cooperation of parent(s)/caregiver(s). Over-reporting was associated with younger age, normal weight, low parental education, and completion of the dietary questionnaire by the child/adolescent alone (compared with completion by the child/adolescent and parent[s]/caregiverls]).
Conclusions: Although under- and over-reporting of energy intake were common and differential in this study of Japanese children and adolescents, the cooperation of parent(s)/caregiver(s) in answering the dietary questionnaire seemed to improve the quality of dietary intake data. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.nut.2011.08.011

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY-BLACKWELL  

Background: Nearly all epidemiologic studies examining the association between the risk of Parkinsons disease (PD) and diet have focused on single foods and specific nutrients. However, epidemiologic evidence for the association of dietary pattern with PD, namely the measurement of overall diet by considering the cumulative effects of nutrients is extremely limited. We conducted a hospital-based casecontrol study in Japan to examine the relationship between dietary patterns and the risk of PD.
Methods: Patients with PD diagnosed using the UK PD Society Brain Bank criteria (n = 249) and controls without neurodegenerative diseases (n = 368) were recruited. At the time of recruitment, dietary intake during the preceding 1 month was assessed using a validated, self-administered diet history questionnaire. Dietary patterns from 33 predefined food groups (energy-adjusted food g/day) were extracted by factor analysis.
Results: Three dietary patterns were identified: 'Healthy', 'Western' and 'Light meal' patterns. After adjustment for potential non-dietary confounding factors, the Healthy pattern, characterized by a high intake of vegetables, seaweed, pulses, mushrooms, fruits and fish, was inversely associated with the risk of PD with a border-line significance (P for trend = 0.06). Multivariate Odds ratio (95% confidence intervals) for PD in the highest quartile of the Healthy pattern was 0.54 (0.32-0.92) compared with the lowest quartile. No associations with PD were detected for the other two dietary patterns.
Conclusion: In this case-control study in Japan, a dietary pattern consisting of high intakes of vegetables, fruits and fish may be associated with a decreased risk of PD.

DOI： 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2011.03600.x

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC  

Two previous studies have demonstrated a significant relationship between ADAM33 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and allergic rhinitis. Here, we investigated this issue in young adult Japanese women. The study included 393 women who met the criteria of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) for rhinoconjunctivitis. Controls included 767 women without rhinoconjunctivitis according to the ISAAC criteria who had not been diagnosed with allergic rhinitis by a doctor. The GC genotype of rs2787094, the CT genotype of rs628977, and the haplotype containing the rs2787094 C allele, the rs628977 T allele, the rs2853209 T allele, and the rs612709 G allele were significantly inversely associated with rhinoconjunctivitis. The AA genotype of rs2853209, the GA genotype of rs612709, and the haplotype carrying the rs2787094 G allele, the rs628977 C allele, the rs2853209 A allele, and the rs612709 G allele were significantly positively associated with rhinoconjunctivitis. A significant inverse relationship between rs628977 and rhinoconjunctivitis was demonstrated only in women who had never smoked, indicating a significant interaction between rs628977 and smoking. Our results suggest that SNPs and haplotypes in the ADAM33 gene are associated with rhinoconjunctivitis. This study is the first to demonstrate an interaction between rs628977 and smoking that affects rhinoconjunctivitis. (C) 2012 American Society for Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.humimm.2012.02.005

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：BIOMED CENTRAL LTD  

Background: Dietary fat exerts numerous complex effects on proinflammatory and immunologic pathways. Several epidemiological studies have examined the relationships between intake of fatty acids and/or foods high in fat and allergic rhinitis, but have provided conflicting findings. The current cross-sectional study investigated such relationships in Japan.
Methods: Study subjects were 1745 pregnant women. The definition of rhinoconjunctivitis was based on criteria from the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood. Information on dietary factors was collected using a validated self-administered diet history questionnaire. Adjustment was made for age; gestation; region of residence; number of older siblings; number of children; smoking; secondhand smoke exposure at home and at work; family history of asthma, atopic eczema, and allergic rhinitis; household income; education; and body mass index.
Results: The prevalence of rhinoconjunctivitis in the past 12 months was 25.9%. Higher meat intake was significantly associated with an increased prevalence of rhinoconjunctivitis: the adjusted odds ratio between extreme quartiles was 1.71 (95% confidence interval: 1.25-2.35, P for trend = 0.002). No measurable association was found between fish intake and rhinoconjunctivitis. Intake of total fat, saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, a-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, linoleic acid, arachidonic acid, and cholesterol and the ratio of n-3 to n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake were not evidently related to the prevalence of rhinoconjunctivitis.
Conclusions: The current results suggest that meat intake may be positively associated with the prevalence of rhinoconjunctivitis in young adult Japanese women.

DOI： 10.1186/1475-2891-11-19

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Background: Studies on the associations between smoking and allergic diseases have mostly focused on asthma. Epidemiological studies in adults on the effects of smoking on allergic diseases other than asthma, such as eczema and rhinoconjunctivitis, have been limited, and the information that is available has been inconsistent. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between smoking status and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure and the prevalence of allergic diseases.
Methods: Study subjects were 1743 pregnant Japanese women. The definitions of wheeze and asthma were based on criteria from the European Community Respiratory Health Survey whereas those of eczema and rhinoconjunctivitis were based on criteria from the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood. Adjustment was made for age; region of residence; family history of asthma, atopic eczema, and allergic rhinitis; household income; and education.
Results: Compared with never smoking, current smoking and &gt;= 4 pack-years of smoking were independently positively associated with the prevalence of wheeze. There were no associations between smoking status and the prevalence of asthma, eczema, or rhinoconjunctivitis. When subjects who had never smoked were classified into four categories based on the source of ETS exposure (never, only at home, only at work, and both), exposure occurring both at home and at work was independently associated with an increased prevalence of two outcomes: wheeze and rhinoconjunctivitis. No relationships were observed between exposure to ETS and the prevalence of asthma or eczema.
Conclusions: Our results provide evidence that current smoking and ETS exposure may increase the likelihood of wheeze. The possibility of a positive association between ETS exposure and rhinoconjunctivitis was also suggested.

DOI： 10.1186/1476-069X-11-15

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：INT UNION AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS LUNG DISEASE (I U A T L D)  

SETTING : Epidemiological evidence for the associations between intake of dairy products, calcium and vitamin D and allergic disorders has been inconsistent.
OBJECTIVES: To examine such associations in Japan.
DESIGN: This cross-sectional study enrolled 1745 pregnant women. The definitions of wheeze and asthma were based on European Community Respiratory Health Survey criteria, whereas those of eczema and rhinoconjunctivitis were based on International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood criteria. Information on dietary factors was collected using a validated self-administered diet history questionnaire.
RESULTS: Intake of total dairy products, milk, yoghurt, cheese and calcium was not related to the prevalence of wheeze, asthma, eczema or rhinoconjunctivitis. After adjustment for potential confounders, vitamin D intake was found to be independently positively associated with the prevalence of asthma: the adjusted ORs for asthma in the first, second, third and fourth quartiles were respectively 1.00 (reference), 1.26 (95%CI 0.65-2.50), 2.08 (95%CI 1.13-3.94), and 1.82 (95%CI 0.97-3.51, P for trend = 0.03). There were no relationships between vitamin D consumption and the prevalence of wheeze, eczema or rhinoconjunctivitis.
CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that vitamin D intake may be positively related to the prevalence of asthma in young adult Japanese women.

DOI： 10.5588/ijtld.11.0173

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：JAPAN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ASSOC  

Background: Studies investigating the impact of breastfeeding on dental caries have produced contradictory results. This cross-sectional study investigated the relationship between breastfeeding and the prevalence of dental caries in young Japanese children.
Methods: The study subjects were 2056 Japanese children aged 3 years. Information on breastfeeding was obtained by means of a questionnaire. Children were classified as having caries if 1 or more deciduous teeth were decayed, missing, or had been filled at the time of examination.
Results: The prevalence of dental caries was 20.7%. As compared with breastfeeding for less than 6 months, breastfeeding for 18 months or longer was associated with a significantly higher prevalence of dental caries. The relation was J-shaped: the adjusted prevalence ratios for less than 6 months, 6 to 11 months, 12 to 17 months, and 18 months or longer were 1.0, 0.79 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.60-1.05), 0.86 (95% CI: 0.66-1.13), and 1.66 (95% CI: 1.33-2.06), respectively (P for linear trend &lt; 0.0001, P for quadratic trend &lt; 0.0001).
Conclusions: Breastfeeding for 18 months or longer was positively associated with the prevalence of dental caries, while breastfeeding for 6 to 17 months was nonsignificantly inversely associated with the prevalence of dental caries.

DOI： 10.2188/jea.JE20110042

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Background: Maternal diet during pregnancy might influence the development of childhood allergic disorders.
Aims: This prospective study examined the relationship between maternal dietary patterns during pregnancy and the risk of wheeze and eczema in the offspring aged 16-24 months.
Materials & Methods: Subjects were 763 mother-child pairs. Data on maternal intake during pregnancy were assessed with a diet history questionnaire. Dietary patterns were derived from factor analysis of 33 predefined food groups. Symptoms of wheeze and eczema were based on criteria of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood. Adjustment was made for maternal age, gestation, residential municipality, family income, maternal and paternal education, maternal and paternal history of allergic disorders, changes in maternal diet in pregnancy, season at baseline, maternal smoking during pregnancy, baby's older siblings, sex, birth weight, age at the third survey, household smoking, and breastfeeding duration.
Results: Three dietary patterns were identified: 'healthy', characterized by high intake of green and yellow vegetables, seaweed, mushrooms, white vegetables, pulses, potatoes, fish, sea products, fruit, and shellfish; 'Western', characterized by high intake of vegetable oil, salt-containing seasonings, beef and pork, processed meat, eggs, chicken, and white vegetables; and 'Japanese', characterized by high intake of rice, miso soup, sea products, and fish. There was a tendency for an inverse exposure-response relationship between the maternal Western pattern during pregnancy and the risk of childhood wheeze by crude analysis. After adjustment for the confounding factors under study, the inverse relationship was strengthened: the adjusted OR between extreme quartiles was 0.59 (95% CI: 0.35-0.98, p for trend = 0.02). No such inverse association was observed for childhood eczema. Neither the maternal healthy pattern nor the Japanese pattern during pregnancy was related to childhood wheeze or eczema.
Conclusion: The maternal Western pattern during pregnancy may be preventive against wheeze in the offspring.

DOI： 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2011.01176.x

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE  

Mercury can have profound and complicated effects on the immune system, and epidemiological evidence regarding the relationship between mercury exposure and allergic disorders has been sparse. We investigated the associations between mercury levels in maternal and children&apos;s hair and the risk of wheeze and eczema in Japanese children at 29-39 months of age. Study subjects were 582 Japanese mother-child pairs. Presence or absence of wheeze and eczema symptoms was determined based on the criteria of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood. Adjustment was made for maternal age; residential municipality at baseline; maternal and paternal education; maternal and paternal history of allergic disorders; maternal energy-adjusted fish intake during pregnancy; maternal smoking during pregnancy; number of child&apos;s older siblings; child&apos;s sex; household smoking in the same room as the child; breastfeeding duration; and children&apos;s fish intake at the fourth survey. The prevalence of wheeze and eczema was 18.6% and 17.2%, respectively. The range of hair mercury levels was 0.26-6.05 mu g/g in mothers and 0.13-9.51 mu g/g in children. Neither maternal nor children&apos;s hair mercury levels were related to the risk of wheeze or eczema. Maternal and children&apos;s hair mercury levels in the second quartile were non-significantly inversely related to the risk of wheeze (adjusted odds ratios [95% confidence intervals] were 0.77 [0.41 - 1.44] and 0.57 [0.29-1.11], respectively) while those in the third quartile were non-significantly inversely associated with the risk of eczema (adjusted odds ratios [95% confidence intervals] were 0.77 [0.40-1.45] and 0.66 [0.33-1.30], respectively). The current study provides no evidence that hair mercury levels in either mothers or children are positively associated with the risk of wheeze or eczema in children aged 29-39 months in Japan, where fish intake is high. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.envres.2011.07.003

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Background: Six previous studies have examined the relationships between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the IL13 gene and allergic rhinitis, but the results have been inconsistent. However, a recent meta-analysis using data from these 6 studies has shown that the A allele of IL13 SNP rs20541 was associated with an increased risk of allergic rhinitis, whereas no such relationship existed between IL13 SNP rs1800925 and allergic rhinitis. We investigated the associations between IL13 SNPs rs1800925 and rs20541 and the risk of rhinoconjunctivitis in Japanese women.
Methods: Included were 393 cases who met the criteria of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) for rhinoconjunctivitis. Control subjects were 767 women without rhinoconjunctivitis according to the ISAAC criteria, who had also not been diagnosed with allergic rhinitis by a doctor. Adjustment was made for age, region of residence, presence of older siblings, smoking, family history of allergic rhinitis, and education.
Results: Compared with the GG genotype of IL13 SNP rs20541, the AA genotype, occurring in 7.1% of control subjects, was significantly positively related to the risk of rhinoconjunctivitis: the adjusted odds ratio was 1.65 (95% confidence interval: 1.05 - 2.60). SNP rs1800925 was not associated with rhinoconjunctivitis. The haplotype comprising the rs1800925 C allele and the rs20541 A allele was significantly positively related to rhinoconjunctivitis. The multiplicative interactions between the two SNPs under study and smoking on the risk of rhinoconjunctivitis were not statistically significant. Based on the recessive model, however, the additive interaction between SNP rs1800925, but not rs20541, and smoking was significant.
Conclusions: This study suggests that the minor genotype of IL13 SNP rs20541 and the CA haplotype are significantly positively associated with the risk of rhinoconjunctivitis. In addition, a new pattern of biological interaction that affects the risk of rhinoconjunctivitis is described between SNP rs1800925 and smoking.

DOI： 10.1186/1471-2350-12-143

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Background: Several genetic association studies have examined the relationships between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the IL13 gene and eczema, and have provided contradictory results. We investigated the relationship between the IL13 SNPs rs1800925 and rs20541 and the risk of eczema in Japanese young adult women.
Methods: Included were 188 cases who met the criteria of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) for eczema. Control subjects were 1,082 women without eczema according to the ISAAC criteria, who had not been diagnosed with atopic eczema by a doctor and who had no current asthma as defined by the European Community Respiratory Health Survey criteria. Adjustment was made for age, region of residence, number of children, smoking, and education.
Results: The minor TT genotype of SNP rs1800925 was significantly associated with an increased risk of eczema in the co-dominant model: the adjusted odds ratio was 2.19 (95% confidence interval: 1.03-4.67). SNP rs20541 was not related to eczema. None of the haplotypes were significantly associated with eczema. Compared with women with the CC or CT genotype of SNP rs1800925 who had never smoked, those with the TT genotype who had ever smoked had a 2.85-fold increased risk of eczema, though the adjusted odds ratio was not statistically significant, and neither multiplicative nor additive interaction was statistically significant.
Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the IL13 SNP rs1800925 is significantly associated with eczema in Japanese young adult women. We could not find evidence for an interaction between SNP rs1800925 and smoking with regard to eczema.

DOI： 10.1186/1471-2350-12-142

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

Persistent organic pollutants have been shown to have immunomodulating effects in humans. However, epidemiological evidence regarding the relationships between organochlorine compound exposure and allergic disorders coming from studies of children has been limited and inconsistent. The current cross-sectional study examined the associations between the concentrations of beta-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), and trans-nonachlordane in breast milk and the prevalence of allergic disorders in 124 adult Japanese women. The definition of wheeze and asthma was based on criteria from the European Community Respiratory Health Survey whereas that of eczema and rhinoconjunctivitis was based on criteria from the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood. Adjustment was made for age, smoking, family history of allergic disorders, and education. The prevalence values of wheeze, asthma, eczema, and rhinoconjunctivitis in the past 12 months were 9.7%, 4.8%, 13.7%, and 29.8%, respectively. The median concentrations of beta-HCH, HCB, p,p'-DDE, and trans-nonachlordane in breast milk were 28.3, 7.0, 71.6, and 23.9 ng g(-1) lipid, respectively (range, 4.5-253, 2.1-14.5, 7.5-362, and 1.8-130 ng g(-1) lipid, respectively). When the exposures were treated as continuous variables, no significant associations were found between concentrations of HCB, beta-HCH, p,p'-DDE, or trans-nonachlordane and the prevalence of wheeze, asthma, eczema, or rhinoconjunctivitis. Our results suggest that concentrations of beta-HCH, HCB, p,p'-DDE, and trans-nonachlordane in breast milk are not evidently associated with the prevalence of wheeze, asthma, eczema, or rhinoconjunctivitis in young female Japanese adults. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.07.001

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：INFORMA HEALTHCARE  

Background. Studies reporting on the association between obesity and allergies have mostly focused on asthma. Little is known about the relationship of obesity to other allergic diseases, and the information that is available has been inconsistent. We examined the association between body mass index (BMI) and the prevalence of wheeze, asthma, eczema, and rhinoconjunctivitis in Japanese schoolchildren. Methods. Study subjects were 24,399 children aged 6-15 years in Okinawa, Japan. Outcomes were based on diagnostic criteria from the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood. BMI was categorized into five groups; &lt;5th, 5th to 35th, &gt;35th to 65th, &gt;65th to 95th, and &gt;95th percentile groups. Adjustment was made for sex, age, region of residence, number of siblings, smoking in the household, physical activity, paternal and maternal history of allergic disorders, and paternal and maternal educational levels. Results. The prevalence values of wheeze, asthma, eczema, and rhinoconjunctivitis in the previous 12 months were 10.8%, 7.6%, 6.9%, and 7.6%, respectively. Compared with the referent category (&gt;35th to 65th percentile group), higher percentile categories were positively associated with the prevalence of wheeze. A U-shaped relationship between BMI and asthma was observed. No material associations between BMI percentile categories and the prevalence of eczema or rhinoconjunctivitis were found. Conclusion. These findings suggested that being either underweight or overweight might increase the likelihood of asthma among Japanese schoolchildren.

DOI： 10.3109/02770903.2011.611956

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SPRINGER WIEN  

Apolipoprotein E (APOE) is associated with increased oxidative stress, which is caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Enhanced cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) activity may also increase formation of neurotoxins such as ROS. As Parkinson&apos;s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder, both the APOE and CYP2E1 genes that are involved in neurodegeneration by oxidative stress may be associated with PD risk. We investigated the relationship of the APOE and CYP2E1 rs2864987 polymorphisms and PD risk with special attention to the interaction with alcohol consumption among 238 patients with PD and 296 controls in a Japanese population. The frequencies of the E &gt; 2, E &gt; 3, and E &gt; 4 alleles of the APOE polymorphism among controls were 3.72, 86.7, and 9.63%, respectively. As compared with the APOE epsilon 3/epsilon 3 genotype, the 2/epsilon 4 genotype was associated with an increased risk of PD (adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 9.50, 95% (confidence interval) CI = 1.12-80.6). The presence of the epsilon 3 allele was associated with a decreased risk of PD. Meanwhile, CYP2E1 rs2864987 was not associated with PD risk. Although CYP2E1 is involved in the metabolism of alcohol, there was no evidence of interaction between alcohol consumption and CYP2E1 rs2864987. Our results suggested that the APOE polymorphism might play an important role in PD susceptibility in our Japanese population. Future studies involving larger control and case populations and better alcohol consumption histories will undoubtedly lead to a more thorough understanding of the role of polymorphisms of genes related to the generation of ROS in PD development.

DOI： 10.1007/s00702-011-0612-y

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCI LTD  

Studies that have addressed the association between the intake of coffee or caffeine and Parkinson&apos;s disease (PD) were conducted mainly in Western countries. Little is known about this relationship in an Asian population. Therefore, we performed an assessment of the association of the intake of coffee, other caffeine-containing beverages, and caffeine with the risk of PD in Japan. The study involved 249 PD cases and 368 control subjects. Information on dietary factors was obtained through a self-administered diet history questionnaire. Adjustment was made for sex, age, region of residence, educational level, pack-years of smoking, body mass index, the dietary glycemic index, and intake of cholesterol, vitamin E, It-carotene, vitamin B(6), alcohol, and iron. Intake of coffee, black tea, and Japanese and Chinese teas was significantly inversely associated with the risk of PD: the adjusted odds ratios in comparison of the highest with the lowest quartile were 0.52, 0.58, and 0.59, respectively (95% confidence intervals = 0.30-0.90, 035-0.97, and 0.35-0.995, respectively). A clear inverse dose response relationship between total caffeine intake and PD risk was observed. We confirmed that the intake of coffee and caffeine reduced the risk of PD. Furthermore, this is the first study to show a significant inverse relationship between the intake of Japanese and Chinese teas and the risk of PD. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2011.02.016

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Background: Although an inverse relationship between number of siblings and likelihood of allergic disorders has been shown in many epidemiological studies, the biological mechanism underlying this phenomenon has not yet been identified. There is no epidemiological research regarding the sibling effect on allergic disorders in Japanese adults. The current cross-sectional study examined the relationship between number of siblings and prevalence of allergic disorders among adult women in Japan.
Methods: Subjects were 1745 pregnant women. This study was based on questionnaire data. The definitions of wheeze and asthma were based on criteria from the European Community Respiratory Health Survey whereas those of eczema and rhinoconjunctivitis were based on criteria from the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood. Adjustment was made for age, region of residence, pack-years of smoking, secondhand smoke exposure at home and at work, family history of asthma, atopic eczema, and allergic rhinitis, household income, and education.
Results: The prevalence values of wheeze, asthma, eczema, and rhinoconjunctivitis in the past 12 months were 10.4%, 5.5%, 13.0%, and 25.9%, respectively. A significant inverse exposure-response relationship was observed between the number of older siblings and rhinoconjunctivitis, but not wheeze, asthma, or eczema (P for trend = 0.03); however, the adjusted odds ratio (OR) for having 2 or more older siblings was not significant although the adjusted OR for having 1 older sibling was statistically significant (adjusted OR = 0.71 [95% CI: 0.56-0.91]). Number of total siblings and number of younger siblings were not related to wheeze, asthma, eczema, or rhinoconjunctivitis.
Conclusions: This study found a significant inverse relationship between the number of older siblings and the prevalence of rhinoconjunctivitis among pregnant Japanese women. Our findings are likely to support the intrauterine programming hypothesis; however, we could not rule out the hygiene hypothesis.

DOI： 10.1186/1471-2458-11-561

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

Metals are involved in several important functions in the nervous system. Zinc and iron are increased and copper is decreased in the substantia nigra in Parkinson&apos;s disease (PD). However, epidemiological evidence for the association of dietary intake of metals with the risk of PD is limited. We investigated the relationship between metal consumption and the risk of PD in Japan using data from a multicenter hospital-based case-control study. Included were 249 cases within 6 years of onset of PD based on the UK PD Society Brain Bank clinical diagnostic criteria. Controls were 368 inpatients and outpatients without a neurodegenerative disease. Information on dietary factors was collected using a self-administered diet history questionnaire. Higher intake of iron, magnesium, and zinc was independently associated with a reduced risk of PD: the adjusted OR in the highest quartile was 0.24(95% CI: 0.10-0.57, P for trend = 0.0003) for iron, 0.33 (95% CI: 0.13-0.81, P for trend = 0.007) for magnesium and 0.50 (95% CI: 0.26-0.95, P for trend = 0.055) for zinc. There were no relationships between the intake of copper or manganese and the risk of PD. Higher intake of iron, magnesium, and zinc may be protective against PD. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jns.2011.03.035

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Background: Parkinson&apos;s disease (PD) is characterized by alterations in dopaminergic neurotransmission. Genetic polymorphisms involved in dopaminergic neurotransmission may influence susceptibility to PD.
Methods: We investigated the relationship of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), monoamine oxidase B (MAOB), dopamine receptor (DR) D2 and DRD4 polymorphisms and PD risk with special attention to the interaction with cigarette smoking among 238 patients with PD and 369 controls in a Japanese population.
Results: Subjects with the AA genotype of MAOB rs1799836 showed a significantly increased risk of PD (odds ratio (OR) = 1.70, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.12 - 2.58) compared with the AG and GG genotypes combined. The AA genotype of COMT rs4680 was marginally associated with an increased risk of PD (OR = 1.86, 95% CI = 0.98 - 3.50) compared with the GG genotype. The DRD2 rs1800497 and DRD4 rs1800955 polymorphisms showed no association with PD. A COMT -smoking interaction was suggested, with the combined GA and AA genotypes of rs4680 and non-smoking conferring significantly higher risk (OR = 3.97, 95% CI = 2.13 -7.41) than the AA genotype and a history of smoking (P for interaction = 0.061). No interactions of smoking with other polymorphisms were observed.
Conclusions: The COMT rs4680 and MAOB rs1799836 polymorphisms may increase susceptibility to PD risk among Japanese. Future studies involving larger control and case populations and better pesticide exposure histories will undoubtedly lead to a more thorough understanding of the role of the polymorphisms involved in the dopamine pathway in PD.

DOI： 10.1186/1471-2377-11-89

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Background: The evidence for associations between occupational factors and the risk of Parkinson&apos;s disease (PD) is inconsistent. We assessed the risk of PD associated with various occupational factors in Japan.
Methods: We examined 249 cases within 6 years of onset of PD. Control subjects were 369 inpatients and outpatients without neurodegenerative disease. Information on occupational factors was obtained from a self-administered questionnaire. Relative risks of PD were estimated using odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) based on logistic regression. Adjustments were made for gender, age, region of residence, educational level, and pack-years of smoking.
Results: Working in a professional or technical occupation tended to be inversely related to the risk of PD: adjusted OR was 0.59 (95% CI: 0.32-1.06, P = 0.08). According to a stratified analysis by gender, the decreased risk of PD for persons in professional or technical occupations was statistically significant only for men. Adjusted ORs for a professional or technical occupation among men and women were 0.22 (95% CI: 0.06-0.67) and 0.99 (0.47-2.07), respectively, and significant interaction was observed (P = 0.048 for homogeneity of OR). In contrast, risk estimates for protective service occupations and transport or communications were increased, although the results were not statistically significant: adjusted ORs were 2.73 (95% CI: 0.56-14.86) and 1.74 (95% CI: 0.65-4.74), respectively. No statistical significance was seen in data concerning exposure to occupational agents and the risk of PD, although roughly a 2-fold increase in OR was observed for workers exposed to stone or sand.
Conclusion: The results of our study suggest that occupational factors do not play a substantial etiologic role in this population. However, among men, professional or technical occupations may decrease the risk of PD.

DOI： 10.1186/1471-2377-11-83

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP  

Objective: Epidemiologic evidence concerning the role of dietary glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) in obesity during childhood and adolescence is limited, particularly in non-Western populations. We examined the association between dietary GI and GL as well as dietary fiber intake and overweight status in Japanese children and adolescents.
Subjects: This Japanese cross-sectional study included 15 974 children (6-11 years; 7956 boys and 8018 girls) and 8202 adolescents (12-15 years; 3944 boys and 4258 girls).
Methods: Dietary intake was assessed using a self-administered diet history questionnaire for children and adolescents. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated from self-reported body weight and height. Overweight was defined according to the International Obesity Task Force age-and sex-specific BMI cutoffs, which correspond to an adult BMI of &gt;= 25 kgm(-2).
Results: The overall prevalence of overweight was 13.2%. Mean (s.d.) dietary GI was 63.0 (3.1), mean dietary GL was 85.0 (12.4) per 4184 kJ (1000 kcal) and mean dietary fiber intake was 5.9 (1.2) g/4184 kJ. After adjustment for potential confounding factors, dietary GL was positively associated with the risk of overweight in male children, female children and male adolescents (P for trend &lt;0.0001, &lt;0.0001 and 0.006, respectively), but not in female adolescents. No such independent associations were observed for dietary GI or fiber intake.
Conclusion: This large cross-sectional study in Japan suggests that higher dietary GL is associated with increasing risk of overweight in male and female children and male adolescents, but not female adolescents. International Journal of Obesity (2011) 35, 925-936; doi: 10.1038/ijo.2011.59; published online 29 March 2011

DOI： 10.1038/ijo.2011.59

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：INFORMA HEALTHCARE  

Background. Many studies have shown a positive association between environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure and allergic disorders, whereas epidemiological evidence of the effect of maternal smoking during pregnancy on allergic diseases is inconsistent. We investigated the independent and joint effects of in utero exposure to maternal smoking and postnatal ETS exposure at home on allergic disorders among Japanese children. Methods. Study subjects were 1951 children aged 3 years. Data on maternal smoking during pregnancy and postnatal exposure to ETS at home, allergic symptoms, and potential confounders were collected through the use of a questionnaire. Outcomes were defined according to the criteria of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). Results. The prevalence values of symptoms of wheeze, asthma, and eczema in the previous 12 months were 22.0%, 8.8%, and 17.2%, respectively. We found that postnatal ETS exposure at home in the absence of in utero exposure to maternal smoking was associated with a higher prevalence of wheeze (adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 1.30, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01-1.67). In contrast, in utero exposure without subsequent postnatal ETS exposure at home or exposure to postnatal ETS at home in addition to in utero exposure to maternal smoking was not associated with the prevalence of wheeze. No measurable associations were observed between fetal, postnatal, or joint exposure and the prevalence of asthma or eczema. Conclusions. Data from this study indicate that ETS at home may be associated with a higher prevalence of wheeze among young Japanese children.

DOI： 10.3109/02770903.2011.578314

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DOI： 10.3390/ijerph8051503

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This review evaluated evidence of the relationship between secondhand smoke (SHS) and dental caries in children in epidemiological studies. Relevant literature was searched and screened, and the methodological quality was assessed. The search yielded 42 citations. High-quality studies including one cohort format and 14 case-control format studies were selected. Early childhood caries was examined in 11 studies. The independent association of SHS was significant in 10 studies, and the strength was mostly weak to moderate. One study did not select SHS as a significant variable. Three studies reported decreases in the risk of previous exposure, and the association was not significant. Dose-response relationships were evident in five studies. Permanent teeth were examined in seven studies. Five studies reported significant associations, which were mostly weak. The risk of previous exposure remained similar to that of current exposure, and a dose-response relationship was not evident in one study. The overall evidence for the causal association in early childhood caries is possible regarding epidemiological studies, and the evidence of permanent teeth and the effect of maternal smoking during pregnancy were insufficient. The results warrant further studies of deciduous teeth using a cohort format and basic studies regarding the underlying mechanism.

DOI： 10.3390/ijerph8051503

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Background: The recent increase in the prevalence of allergic disorders might be a consequence of increased intake of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and reduced intake of n-3 PUFAs. The current cross-sectional study examined the association between intake levels and the prevalence of eczema and rhinoconjunctivitis in Japanese children.
Methods: Subjects were 23,388 schoolchildren aged 6-15 years residing in Okinawa. The presence of eczema and/or rhinoconjunctivitis was determined according to the criteria of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood. A brief diet history questionnaire for children and adolescents was administered to acquire information on dietary factors. Adjustment was made for age, sex, residential municipality, number of siblings, smoking in the household, body mass index, paternal and maternal history of allergic diseases, and paternal and maternal educational level.
Results: The prevalences of eczema and rhinoconjunctivitis in the previous 12 months were 7.0% and 8.0%, respectively. Consumption of PUFAs, n-3 PUFAs, alpha-linolenic acid, n-6 PUFAs, and linoleic acid was positively associated with the prevalence of eczema: the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) between extreme quintiles (95% confidence intervals [CIs], P for trend) were 1.26 (1.07-1.48, 0.04), 1.31 (1.11-1.54, 0.009), 1.31 (1.12-1.55, 0.003), 1.26 (1.07-1.48, 0.01), and 1.27 (1.08-1.49, 0.01), respectively. Arachidonic acid intake was independently inversely related to eczema: the adjusted OR between extreme quintiles was 0.81 (0.69-0.95, 0.0008). Eczema was not associated with eicosapentaenoic or docosahexaenoic acid intake, or with the ratio of n-3 to n-6 PUFA intake. Only arachidonic acid intake was statistically significantly related to the prevalence of rhinoconjunctivitis, showing a clear inverse linear trend: the adjusted OR between extreme quintiles was 0.86 (0.74-0.997, 0.03).
Conclusions: Consumption of n-3 and n-6 PUFAs, especially alpha-linolenic acid and linoleic acid, may be positively associated with eczema. Arachidonic acid intake may be inversely related to eczema and rhinoconjunctivitis.

DOI： 10.1186/1471-2458-11-358

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS  

Although several nutrients and foods are suggested to be preventive against postpartum depression, all previous studies have primarily focused on single nutrients or foods. In contrast, studies on dietary patterns, namely the measurement of overall diet by considering the cumulative effects of nutrient, may provide new insights into the influence of diet on postpartum depression. We prospectively examined the association between dietary patterns during pregnancy and the risk of postpartum depression among 865 Japanese women. Diet was assessed with a validated, self-administered diet history questionnaire. Dietary patterns from thirty-three predefined food groups (energy-adjusted food (g/d)) were extracted by factor analysis. Postpartum depression was defined as present when the subjects had an Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale score of &gt;= 9 at 2-9 months postpartum. A total of 121 women (14.0%) were classified as having postpartum depression. Three dietary patterns were identified: &apos;Healthy&apos;, &apos;Western&apos; and &apos;Japanese&apos; patterns. After adjustment for potential confounders, neither the &apos;Healthy&apos; nor the &apos;Japanese&apos; pattern was related to the risk of postpartum depression. Compared with the first quartile of the &apos;Western&apos; pattern, only the second quartile was independently related to a decreased risk of postpartum depression (multivariate OR 0.52, 95% CI 0.30, 0.93), although no evident exposure-response associations were observed (P for trend=0.36). The present study failed to substantiate clear associations between dietary patterns and the risk of postpartum depression. Further studies with more accurate measurements are warranted to confirm the relationship between dietary patterns and the risk of postpartum depression.

DOI： 10.1017/S0007114510004782

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

Background: Epidemiological evidence regarding the associations of employment, income, and education with the risk of postpartum depression is inconsistent. This prospective study investigated the association between employment, type of job, household income, and educational level and the risk of postpartum depression.
Methods: Subjects were 771 Japanese women. Postpartum depression was defined as present when subjects had an Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale score of 9 or higher between 3 and 4 months postpartum. Adjustment was made for age, gestation, parity, cigarette smoking, family structure, medical problems during pregnancy, baby&apos;s sex, and baby&apos;s birth weight.
Results: The prevalence of postpartum depression was 13.8%. Compared with unemployment, employment was significantly associated with a reduced risk of postpartum depression: the adjusted OR was 0.55 (95% CI: 0.32-0.91). When employment was classified into 2 categories, full-time, but not part-time, employment was independently inversely associated with postpartum depression: the adjusted OR was 0.52 (95% CI: 0.26-0.96). Regarding the type of job held, women with a professional or technical job had a significantly reduced risk of postpartum depression: the adjusted OR was 0.29 (95% CI: 0.09-0.72). Clerical or related occupation and other occupations including sales, service, production, and construction were not associated with postpartum depression. There were no relationships between household income or maternal and paternal educational levels and postpartum depression.
Limitations: Personal and family psychiatric history, sociocultural factors, and personal and family relations were not controlled for.
Conclusions: Employment, especially full-time employment and holding a professional or technical job, may reduce the risk of postpartum depression. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jad.2010.10.024

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Objective: To examine the adequacy and inadequacy of dietary patterns in pregnant women for which information is absolutely lacking.
Design: Diet was assessed by a validated, self-administered diet history questionnaire (DHQ). Dietary patterns were extracted from the intake of thirty-three food groups (g/4184 kJ (1000 kcal)), which were summarized from 147 foods assessed with the DHQ, by cluster analysis. Nutritional inadequacy for selected twenty nutrients in each dietary pattern was examined using the reference values given in the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) for Japanese as the temporal gold standard.
Setting: Japan.
Subjects: Nine hundred and ninety-seven pregnant Japanese women aged 18-43 years.
Results: The three dietary patterns identified were labelled as &apos;meat and eggs&apos; (n 423), &apos;wheat products&apos; (n 371) and &apos;rice, fish and vegetables&apos; (n 203). The &apos;rice, fish and vegetables&apos; pattern characterized by high intake of rice, vegetables, potatoes, pulses, fruits, seaweed, fish and miso soup showed significantly the lowest prevalence of inadequate intake for fifteen nutrients and significantly the highest prevalence of inadequate sodium intake. In contrast, the &apos;wheat products&apos; pattern characterized by high intake of bread, noodles, confectioneries and soft drinks showed the highest prevalence of inadequate intake for fourteen nutrients. The median number of nutrients not meeting the DRI as a marker of overall nutritional inadequacy was eight in the &apos;rice, fish and vegetables&apos; pattern. It was significantly lower at ten in the &apos;meat and eggs&apos; and eleven in the &apos;wheat products&apos; patterns (P &lt; 0.001).
Conclusions: In pregnant Japanese women, the dietary pattern high in rice, fish, vegetables, fruit and some others showed a better profile of nutritional adequacy except for sodium.

DOI： 10.1017/S1368980010002521

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Background: Tooth loss impairs oral function. The aim of the present review was to evaluate the causal association between smoking and tooth loss on the basis of high-quality studies.
Methods: Relevant literature was searched and screened, and the methodological quality was assessed. Information on the strength of the association between smoking and tooth loss, the dose-response relationship and natural experimental data was collected and evaluated with respect to consistency and study design.
Results: Our literature search yielded 496 citations, and 6 cross-sectional and 2 cohort high-quality studies examining 58,755 subjects in four countries. All studies reported significant associations, although the strength of the association was usually moderate. Four studies reported dose-response relationships between exposure to smoking and the risk of developing tooth loss. A decrease in the risk of tooth loss for former smokers was evident in six studies. Interpretation of evidence for each element was consistent, despite some shortcomings regarding study type and population.
Conclusions: Based on the consistent evidence found with the existing biological plausibility, a causal association between smoking and tooth loss is highly likely. Further studies using a cohort design and different populations are necessary to confirm this association.

DOI： 10.1186/1471-2458-11-221

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCI LTD  

Three previous cohort studies in the USA reported that dairy product consumption was significantly associated with an increased risk of Parkinson's disease (PD) in men, but not in women. We examined the relationship between consumption of dairy products, calcium, and vitamin D and the risk of PD using data from a multicenter hospital-based case-control study in Japan. Included were 249 cases within 6 years of onset of PD based on the UK PD Society Brain Bank clinical diagnostic criteria. Controls were 368 inpatients and outpatients without a neurodegenerative disease. Information on dietary factors was collected using a validated self-administered diet history questionnaire. Adjustment was made for sex, age, region of residence, pack-years of smoking, years of education, body mass index, and dietary factors including cholesterol, dietary glycemic index, vitamin E, beta-carotene, vitamin B-6, caffeine, iron, and alcohol. Total dairy product consumption was not materially associated with the risk of PD (P for trend = 0.62). No evident relationships were observed between intake of milk, yogurt, cheese, or ice cream and the risk of PD (P for trend = 0.75, 0.63, 0.59, and 0.35, respectively). There were no measurable associations between consumption of calcium or vitamin D and PD (P for trend = 0.37 and 0.69, respectively). No significant interactions were observed between the dietary exposures and sex regarding PD. Our results suggest that intake of dairy products, calcium, and vitamin D was not related to PD, regardless of sex. However, such null relationships might be a consequence of PD. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2010.11.018

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC  

It is uncertain whether B group vitamins are risk or preventive factors for allergic disorders. We prospectively investigated the association between maternal intake of folate and vitamins B(12), B(6), and B(2) during pregnancy and the risk of wheeze and eczema in the infants aged 16-24 months. Subjects were 763 Japanese mother-child pairs. Data on maternal intake during pregnancy were assessed with a diet history questionnaire (DHQ). Symptoms of wheeze and eczema were based on criteria of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood. Among 763 infants, 169 (22.1%) and 142 (18.6%) had symptoms of wheeze and eczema, respectively. There were no evident relationships between maternal consumption of folate, vitamin B12, vitamin B6, and vitamin B2 during pregnancy and the risk of wheeze or eczema in the offspring after adjustment for maternal age, gestation at baseline, residential municipality at baseline, family income, maternal and paternal education, maternal and paternal history of asthma, atopic eczema, and allergic rhinitis, changes in maternal diet in the previous 1 month, season when data at baseline were collected, maternal smoking during pregnancy, baby&apos;s older siblings, baby&apos;s sex, baby&apos;s birth weight, household smoking in the same room as the infant, breastfeeding duration, age at which solid foods were introduced, age of infant at the third survey, and maternal intake of docosahexaenoic acid, n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamin D, calcium, vitamin E, and beta-carotene during pregnancy. Further investigation is warranted to draw conclusions as to the question of whether maternal B vitamin intake during pregnancy is related to the risk of childhood allergic disorders.

DOI： 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2010.01081.x

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Background:
Antioxidant vitamins are expected to protect cells from oxidative damage by neutralizing the effects of reactive oxygen species. However, epidemiological evidence regarding the associations between antioxidant vitamin intake and Parkinson&apos;s disease (PD) is limited and inconsistent. We investigated the relationship between dietary intake of selected antioxidant vitamins, vegetables and fruit and the risk of PD in Japan using data from a multicenter hospital-based case-control study.
Methods:
Included were 249 patients within 6 years of onset of PD. Controls were 368 inpatients and outpatients without a neurodegenerative disease. Information on dietary factors was collected using a validated self-administered diet history questionnaire. Adjustment was made for sex, age, region of residence, pack-years of smoking, years of education, body mass index, dietary intake of cholesterol, alcohol, total dairy products, and coffee and the dietary glycemic index.
Results:
Higher consumption of vitamin E and beta-carotene was significantly associated with a reduced risk of PD after adjustment for confounders under study: the adjusted odds ratio in the highest quartile was 0.45 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.25-0.79, P for trend = 0.009) for vitamin E and 0.56 (95% CI: 0.33-0.97, P for trend = 0.03) for beta-carotene. Stratified by sex, such inverse associations were significant only in women. No material relationships were shown between intake of vitamin C, alpha-carotene, cryptoxanthin, green and yellow vegetables, other vegetables, or fruit and the risk of PD.
Conclusions:
Higher intake of vitamin E and beta-carotene may be associated with a decreased risk of PD.

DOI： 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.03088.x

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：KARGER  

Background: Several association studies have investigated the relationships between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the IL13 gene and eczema, with inconsistent results. We conducted a case-control study of the relationship between the polymorphisms of rs1800925 and rs20541 and the risk of eczema in Japanese children aged 3 years. Methods: Included were the 209 cases identified based on criteria of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). Controls were 451 children without eczema based on ISAAC questions who had not been diagnosed by a physician as having asthma or atopic eczema. Results: The minor TT genotype of the rs1800925 SNP and the minor AA genotype of the rs20541 SNP were significantly related to an increased risk of eczema: adjusted odds ratio for the TT genotype was 2.78 (95% confidence interval 1.22-6.30) and that for the AA genotype was 2.38(95% confidence interval 1.35-4.18). Haplotype analyses showed a protective association between the CG haplotype and eczema, whereas the TA haplotype was positively related to the risk of eczema. Perinatal smoking exposure did not interact with genotypes of the IL13 gene in the etiology of eczema. The significant association of the rs20541 SNP with eczema essentially disappeared after additional adjustment for the rs1800925 SNP, whereas a relationship with the rs1800925 SNP remained significant. Conclusions: A common genetic variation in the 103 gene at the levels of both single SNPs and haplotypes was associated with eczema. However, the significant association with the rs20541 SNP might be ascribed to the rs1800925 SNP. Copyright (C) 2010 S. Karger AG, Basel

DOI： 10.1159/000321825

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Objective -
To assess the association between active and passive smoking and the risk of Parkinson&apos;s disease (PD), a case-control study with 249 PD patients and 369 controls was carried out in Japan.
Methods -
Information on smoking was obtained through a self-administered questionnaire. Adjustment was made for age, sex, region of residence, educational level, and occupational exposure.
Results -
Ever having smoked cigarettes was associated with a reduced risk of PD [adjusted odds ratio = 0.38; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.24-0.59]. Risk for former smokers was intermediate between the high risk for never smokers and the low risk for current smokers. Adjusted odds ratios for former and current smokers were 0.51 (95% CI: 0.32-0.82) and 0.12 (95% CI: 0.05-0.26), respectively. There was an inverse dose-response gradient with pack-years smoked. No significant association was detected for passive smoking exposure.
Conclusion -
Our results appear to confirm data from previous epidemiological studies.

DOI： 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2010.01327.x

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Objective -
To assess the association between active and passive smoking and the risk of Parkinson&apos;s disease (PD), a case-control study with 249 PD patients and 369 controls was carried out in Japan.
Methods -
Information on smoking was obtained through a self-administered questionnaire. Adjustment was made for age, sex, region of residence, educational level, and occupational exposure.
Results -
Ever having smoked cigarettes was associated with a reduced risk of PD [adjusted odds ratio = 0.38; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.24-0.59]. Risk for former smokers was intermediate between the high risk for never smokers and the low risk for current smokers. Adjusted odds ratios for former and current smokers were 0.51 (95% CI: 0.32-0.82) and 0.12 (95% CI: 0.05-0.26), respectively. There was an inverse dose-response gradient with pack-years smoked. No significant association was detected for passive smoking exposure.
Conclusion -
Our results appear to confirm data from previous epidemiological studies.

DOI： 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2010.01327.x

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Background: Although some epidemiologic studies found inverse associations between alcohol drinking and Parkinson&apos;s disease (PD), the majority of studies found no such significant associations. Additionally, there is only limited research into the possible interactions of alcohol intake with aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) 2 activity with respect to PD risk. We examined the relationship between alcohol intake and PD among Japanese subjects using data from a case-control study.
Methods: From 214 cases within 6 years of PD onset and 327 controls without neurodegenerative disease, we collected information on "peak", as opposed to average, alcohol drinking frequency and peak drinking amounts during a subject&apos;s lifetime. Alcohol flushing status was evaluated via questions, as a means of detecting inactive ALHD2. The multivariate model included adjustments for sex, age, region of residence, smoking, years of education, body mass index, alcohol flushing status, presence of selected medication histories, and several dietary factors.
Results: Alcohol intake during peak drinking periods, regardless of frequency or amount, was not associated with PD. However, when we assessed daily ethanol intake separately for each type of alcohol, only Japanese sake (rice wine) was significantly associated with PD (adjusted odds ratio of &gt;= 66.0 g ethanol per day: 3.39, 95% confidence interval: 1.10-11.0, P for trend = 0.001). There was no significant interaction of alcohol intake with flushing status in relation to PD risk.
Conclusions: We did not find significant associations between alcohol intake and PD, except for the daily amount of Japanese sake. Effect modifications by alcohol flushing status were not observed.

DOI： 10.1186/1471-2377-10-111

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS  

Objective: To examine the association between dietary folate, riboflavin, vitamin B-6, and vitamin B-12 and depressive symptoms in a group of adolescents. Methods: This cross-sectional study, conducted in all public junior high schools in Naha City and Nago City, Okinawa, Japan, included 3,067 boys and 3,450 girls aged 12 years to 15 years (52.3% of eligible sample). Dietary intake was assessed using a validated, self-administered diet history questionnaire. Depressive symptoms were defined as present when participants had a Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale score of &gt;= 16. Results: The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 22.5% for boys and 31.2% for girls. Folate intake was inversely associated with depressive symptoms in both boys (adjusted odds ratio (OR) [95% confidence interval (CI)] in the highest (compared with the lowest) quintile, 0.60 [0.45, 0.79]; p for trend = .002) and girls (OR [95% CI], 0.61 [0.48, 0.77]; p for trend = &lt;.001). Vitamin B-6 intake was inversely associated with depressive symptoms in both boys (OR [95% Cl], 0.73 [0.54, 0.98]; p for trend = .02) and girls (OR [95% Cl], 0.72 [0.56, 0.92]; p for trend = .002). Riboflavin intake was inversely associated with depressive symptoms in girls (OR [95% Cl], 0.85 [0.67, 1.08]; p for trend = .03), but not in boys. No clear association was seen between vitamin B-12 intake and depressive symptoms in either sex. Conclusions: This study suggests that higher intake of dietary B vitamins, particularly folate and vitamin B-6, is independently associated with a lower prevalence of depressive symptoms in early adolescence.

DOI： 10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181f02f15

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Previous case-control studies in Japanese and ethnic Chinese populations reported that the LRRK2 Gly2385Arg variant is a risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD). We aimed to validate the previous findings and investigate whether cigarette smoking influences the relationship between the Gly2385Arg variant and PD. Included were 229 cases within 6 years of onset of sporadic PD. Controls were 358 inpatients and outpatients without a neurodegenerative disease. The frequency of the heterozygous genotype was 13.1% of cases and 6.4% of controls: adjusted OR for the GA genotype was 2.06 (95% CI: 1.15-3.69). Compared with subjects with the GG genotype who had ever smoked, those with the GA genotype who had never smoked had a 5.8-fold increased risk of sporadic PD. The multiplicative interaction between the SNP and smoking was not statistically significant. With respect to the additive interaction, the estimated attributable proportion due to interaction (AP), but not relative excess risk due to interaction or the synergy index, was statistically significant (AP = 0.50, 95% CI: 0.05-0.94), suggesting the presence of a biological interaction. The present study confirms that the LRRK2 Gly2385Arg variant is a risk factor for sporadic PD. In addition, we provide new evidence for the biological interaction between the polymorphism and smoking with regard to the risk of sporadic PD. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jns.2010.07.002

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本アレルギー学会  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS  

Increased homocysteine levels might accelerate dopaminergic cell death in Parkinson&apos;s disease (PD) through neurotoxic effects; thus, increasing intake of B vitamins involved in the regulation of homocysteine metabolism might decrease the risk of PD through decreasing plasma homocysteine. However, epidemiological evidence for the association of dietary B vitamins with PD is sparse, particularly in non-Western populations. We conducted a hospital-based case-control study in Japan to examine associations between dietary intake of folate, vitamin B-6, vitamin B-12 and riboflavin and the risk of PD. Patients with PD diagnosed using the UK PD Society Brain Bank criteria (n 249) and controls without neurodegenerative diseases (n 368) were recruited. Dietary intake during the preceding month was assessed at the time of study recruitment using a validated, self-administered, semi-quantitative, comprehensive diet history questionnaire. After adjustment for potential dietary and non-dietary confounding factors, intake of folate, vitamin B12 and riboflavin was not associated with the risk of PD (P for trend=0.87, 0.70 and 0.11, respectively). However, low intake of vitamin B6 was associated with an increased risk of PD, independent of potential dietary and non-dietary confounders. Multivariate OR (95% CI) for PD in the first, second, third and fourth quartiles of vitamin B-6 were 1 (reference), 0.56 (0.33, 0.94), 0.69 (0.38, 1.25) and 0.48 (0.23, 0.99), respectively (P for trend 0.10). In conclusion, in the present case-control study in Japan, low intake of vitamin B-6, but not of folate, vitamin B-12 or riboflavin, was independently associated with an increased risk of PD.

DOI： 10.1017/S0007114510001005

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS  

BACKGROUND: Epidemiologic evidence on the role of fish and long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake on depression during adolescence is sparse.
OBJECTIVE: We examined the association between fish, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) intake and depressive symptoms in a group of adolescents.
SUBJECTS AND METHOD: This cross-sectional study, conducted in all public junior high schools in Naha City and Nago City, Okinawa, Japan, included 3067 boys and 3450 girls aged 12 to 15 years (52.3% of the eligible sample). Dietary intake was assessed by using a validated, self-administered diet-history questionnaire. Depressive symptoms were defined as present when participants had a Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale score of &gt;= 16.
RESULTS: The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 22.5% for boys and 31.2% for girls. For boys, fish intake was inversely associated with depressive symptoms (adjusted odds ratio [OR] for depressive symptoms in the highest [compared with the lowest] quintile of intake: 0.73 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.55-0.97]; P for trend = .04). EPA intake showed an inverse association with depressive symptoms (OR: 0.71 [95% CI: 0.54-0.94]; P = .04). DHA intake also showed a similar inverse, albeit nonsignificant, association (OR: 0.79 [95% CI: 0.59-1.05]; P = .11). In addition, intake of EPA plus DHA was inversely associated with depressive symptoms (OR: 0.72 [95% CI: 0.55-0.96]; P = .08). Conversely, no such associations were observed among girls.
CONCLUSIONS: Higher intake of fish, EPA, and DHA was independently associated with a lower prevalence of depressive symptoms in early male, but not female, adolescents. Pediatrics 2010;126:e623-e630

DOI： 10.1542/peds.2009-3277

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Patients with idiopathic Parkinson&apos;s disease (PD) appear to have reduced capacity for detoxification of certain environmental compounds The glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are candidate genes for PD because they ate involved in the metabolism of pesticides and cigarette smoke. We investigated the relationship of the seven GST polymorphisms (GSTM1 deletion. GSTT1 deletion, GSTP1 rs1695, GSTO1 rs4925. GSTO1 rs11191972, GSTO2 rs156697 and GSTO2 rs2297235) and PI) risk with special reference to the interaction with pesticide use or cigarette smoking among 238 patients with PD cases and 370 controls in a Japanese population None of the GST polymorphisms were associated with PD GSTO1 rs4925 and GSTO2 rs2297235 were found to be in strong linkage disequilibrium (D&apos; = 0 98) Cigarette smoking was significantly associated with decreased risk of PD However, no interaction of smoking with any of the GST polymorphisms was observed Self-reportect pesticide use was not associated with increased risk of PD Mete was no evidence of interaction between self-reported pesticide use and either GST polymorphism Our results suggest that the tested GST polymorphisms did not play an important role in PD susceptibility in our Japanese population Our study does not give evidence of interaction between the GST polymorphisms and smoking may although this study provided sufficient statistical power to detect modest interaction As for interaction between GSTP polymorphisms and pesticide use, the power of this study to detect an interactive effect was low due to a small number of pesticide use&apos;s Rattle studies involving larger control and case populations and better pesticide exposure histories will undoubtedly lead to a more thorough understanding of the role of the GST polymorphisms in PD development (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved

DOI： 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2010.04.009

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Objectives: In vitro studies show that milk or milk components may have cariostatic properties. However, the results of epidemiological studies on the association between intake of dairy products and dental caries have been inconsistent. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to examine the association between intake of dairy products and the prevalence of dental caries in young children.
Methods: Study subjects were 2058 Japanese children aged 3 years. Information on diet was assessed with a self-administered brief diet history questionnaire for children. The consumption of dairy products was categorized into 3 levels in order to represent the tertiles as closely as possible. Dental caries was assessed by a visual examination. Adjustment was made for sex, toothbrushing frequency, use of fluoride, between-meal snack frequency, maternal smoking during pregnancy, environmental tobacco smoke exposure at home, and paternal and maternal educational levels.
Results: Compared with yogurt consumption at the lowest tertile (&lt;1 time/week), its intake at the highest level (&gt;= 4 times/week) was significantly associated with a lower prevalence of dental caries, showing a clear dose-response relationship (adjusted prevalence ratio = 0.78, 95% confidence interval: 0.62-0.98, P for trend = 0.04). There were no material associations between intake of cheese, bread and butter, or milk and the prevalence of dental caries.
Conclusions: These data suggest that a high consumption of yogurt may be associated with a lower prevalence of dental caries in young children. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jdent.2010.04.009

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This case-control study investigated the associations of a history of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes mellitus with the risk of Parkinson's disease (PD) in Japan. Included were 249 cases within 6 years of onset of PD. Controls were 368 inpatients and outpatients without a neurodegenerative disease. Data on the vascular risk factors and confounders were obtained from a self-administered questionnaire. The vascular risk factors were defined based on drug treatment. Adjustment was made for sex, age, region of residence, pack-years of smoking, years of education, leisure-time exercise, body mass index, dietary intake of energy, cholesterol, vitamin E. alcohol, and coffee and the dietary glycemic index. The proportions of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes mellitus prior to the onset of PD were 23.7%, 9.6%, and 4.0%, respectively, in cases. Hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes mellitus were significantly associated with a decreased risk of PD: the adjusted ORs were 0.43 (95% CI: 0.29-0.64), 0.58 (95% CI: 0.33-0.97), and 0.38 (95% CI: 0.17-0.79), respectively. No significant differences were observed in the association of vascular risk factors with the risk of PD between men and women. We found evidence of significant inverse associations of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes mellitus with the risk of PD in Japan. Further well-designed investigations of the association of vascular risk factors with the risk of PD are needed, particularly large-scale prospective studies in Asia. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jns.2010.03.002

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P&gt;Background:
Two previous cohort studies showed inverse relationships between maternal vitamin E and zinc intake during pregnancy and the risk of wheeze and/or asthma in the offspring. We investigated the association between maternal intake of vegetables, fruit, and selected antioxidants during pregnancy and the risk of wheeze and eczema in the offspring aged 16-24 months.
Methods:
Subjects were 763 Japanese mother-child pairs. Data on maternal intake during pregnancy were assessed with a diet history questionnaire. Data on symptoms of wheeze and eczema were based on criteria of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood.
Results:
Higher maternal intake of green and yellow vegetables, citrus fruit, and beta-carotene during pregnancy was significantly associated with a reduced risk of eczema, but not wheeze, in the offspring {adjusted odds ratios (ORs) between extreme quartiles [95% confidence intervals (CIs)] = 0.41 (0.24-0.71), 0.53 (0.30-0.93), and 0.52 (0.30-0.89), respectively}. Maternal vitamin E consumption during pregnancy was significantly inversely related to the risk of infantile wheeze, but not eczema [adjusted OR (95% CI) = 0.54 (0.32-0.90)]. No statistically significant exposure-response associations were observed between maternal intake of total vegetables, vegetables other than green and yellow vegetables, total fruit, apples, alpha-carotene, vitamin C, or zinc and the risk of wheeze or eczema in the children.
Conclusions:
Higher maternal consumption of green and yellow vegetables, citrus fruit, and beta-carotene during pregnancy may be protective against the development of eczema in the offspring. Higher maternal vitamin E intake during pregnancy may reduce the risk of infantile wheeze.

DOI： 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02267.x

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：EUROPEAN RESPIRATORY SOC JOURNALS LTD  

The present prospective study examined the association between maternal consumption of dairy products, calcium, and vitamin D during pregnancy and the risk of wheeze and eczema in the infants aged 16-24 months.
Subjects were 763 Japanese mother-child pairs. Data on maternal intake during pregnancy were assessed with a diet history questionnaire. Symptoms of wheeze and eczema were based on criteria of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood.
Higher maternal intake of total dairy products, milk, cheese and calcium during pregnancy was significantly related to a decreased risk of infantile wheeze, but not eczema (adjusted ORs (95% CI) between extreme quartiles were 0.45 (0.25-0.79), 0.50 (0.28-0.87), 0.51 (0.31-0.85), and 0.57 (0.32-0.99), respectively). When maternal vitamin D consumption during pregnancy was categorised into two groups using a cut-off point at the 25th percentile, children whose mothers had consumed &gt;= 4.309 mu g day(-1) had a significantly reduced risk of wheeze and eczema (adjusted ORs (95% CI) were 0.64 (0.43-0.97) and 0.63 (0.41-0.98), respectively).
Higher consumption of calcium and dairy foods other than yoghurt during pregnancy may reduce the risk of infantile wheeze. Higher vitamin D intake during pregnancy may be protective against childhood wheeze and eczema.

DOI： 10.1183/09031936.00100609

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：BIOMED CENTRAL LTD  

Background: Secondhand smoke exposure (SHSe) is perhaps one of the most important toxic exposures in childhood. However, epidemiological studies on the relation between SHSe and dental caries are limited and have yielded inconsistent results. The present cross-sectional study examined the potential association between SHSe at home and the prevalence of dental caries in children.
Methods: Subjects were 20,703 schoolchildren aged 6 to 15 years in Okinawa, Japan. Information on SHSe at home and potential confounding factors was obtained through questionnaires. Data on dental caries were obtained from school records. Children were classified as having decayed and/or filled teeth (DFT) if a dentist diagnosed these conditions. Additionally, we analyzed decayed teeth (DT) and filled teeth (FT) separately. Adjustment was made for sex, age, region of residence, toothbrushing frequency, use of fluoride, sugar intake, and paternal and maternal educational level.
Results: The prevalence of DFT was 82.0%. Compared with never smoking in the household, former and current household smoking were independently associated with an increased prevalence of DFT (adjusted prevalence ratios [95% confidence intervals] for former household smoking and current light and heavy household smoking were 1.03 [1.00-1.05], 1.04 [1.02-1.05], and 1.04 [1.03-1.06], respectively); when analyzed separately there was an increased prevalence of DT (adjusted prevalence ratios [95% confidence intervals] for former household smoking and current light and heavy household smoking were 1.06 [1.02-1.11], 1.10 [1.06-1.13], and 1.10 [1.07-1.14], respectively) but not FT. A statistically significant dose-response relationship between cumulative smoking in the household and the prevalence of DFT and DT (P for trend &lt; 0.0001), but not FT, was observed. In an analysis of 2 subgroups, subjects who had at least 1 deciduous tooth and subjects who had at least 1 permanent tooth, household smoking exposure was associated with an increased prevalence of DFT and DT not only in those with deciduous but also those with permanent dentition.
Conclusion: Our findings suggested that household smoking might be associated with an increased prevalence of dental caries in children.

DOI： 10.1186/1471-2458-10-335

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Objective: High glycemic index (GI) or glycemic load (GL) carbohydrates might be expected to decrease the risk of Parkinson&apos;s disease (PD) by an insulin-induced increase in brain dopamine We conducted a hospital-based case-control study in Japan to examine associations between dietary GI and GL and other dietary carbohydrate variables, including intake of available carbohydrate and dietary fiber, and PD
Methods: Patients with PD diagnosed using the U K Parkinson&apos;s Disease Society Brain Bank criteria (n = 249) and controls without neurodegenerative diseases (n = 368) were recruited Dietary intake during the preceding month was assessed at the time of study recruitment using a validated, self-administered. semiquantitative, comprehensive diet history questionnaire.
Results: After adjustment for potential dietary and non-dietary confounding factors. dietary Cl was significantly Inversely associated with the risk of PD. Multivariate odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for PD in the first. second. third, and fourth quartiles of dietary GI were 1.00 (reference). 1.03 (0 64-1 66). 0 68 (0 4 1-1.15), and 0 61 (0 34-1.09). respectively (P for trend = 0 04) Conversely. 110 significant association was observed for other dietary carbohydrates, including dietary GL (P for trend = 0 77). available carbohydrate intake (P for trend = 0 28), or dietary fiber intake (P for trend = 0 73).
Conclusion: This preliminary case-control study based on current dietary habits found an independent inverse relation between dietary GI and PD Considering the plausibility of the putative mechanism. further investigation using a case-control design with accurate assessment of past dietary habits or a prospective design is warranted. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc All rights reserved

DOI： 10.1016/j.nut.2009.05.021

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：INT UNION AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS LUNG DISEASE (I U A T L D)  

SETTING: Data on the association between breastfeeding and allergies are conflicting.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between the duration and exclusivity of breastfeeding and the prevalence of wheeze, asthma and eczema in young Japanese children.
DESIGN: Study subjects were 1957 children aged 3 years. Data on breastfeeding, allergic symptoms and potential confounders were collected using a questionnaire. Outcomes were defined according to the criteria of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood. Adjustment was made for sex, number of siblings, household smoking, paternal and maternal history of asthma, atopic eczema and allergic rhinitis, and paternal and maternal educational levels.
RESULTS: The prevalence values of symptoms of wheeze, asthma and eczema in the previous 12 months were respectively 22.1%, 8.9% and 17.3%. Exclusive breastfeeding for &gt;= 4 months vs. &lt; 4 months was associated with a lower prevalence of asthma. The duration of breastfeeding, regardless of exclusivity, for &gt;= 6 months tended to be associated with a lower prevalence of asthma. There was no appreciable association between breastfeeding and wheeze or eczema.
CONCLUSIONS: Data from this study indicate that breastfceding may be associated with a lower prevalence of asthma among young Japanese children.

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Interest has increased in the possibility that maternal dietary intake during pregnancy might influence the development of allergic disorders in children. The present prospective study examined the association of maternal intake of selected foods high in fatty acids and specific types of fatty acids during pregnancy with the risk of suspected atopic eczema among Japanese infants aged 3-4 months. Subjects were 771 mother-child pairs. Information on maternal dietary intake during pregnancy was assessed with a validated self-administered diet history questionnaire. The term &apos;suspected atopic eczema&apos; was used to define an outcome based on results of our questionnaire completed by mothers 3-4 months postpartum. The risk of suspected atopic eczema was 8.4% (n = 65). Higher maternal intake of meat during pregnancy was significantly associated with an increased risk of suspected atopic eczema in the offspring: the multivariate odds ratio (OR) for the highest vs. lowest quartile was 2.59 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.15-6.17, p for trend = 0.01]. The positive association was strengthened when the definition of the outcome was confined to a definite physician&apos;s diagnosis of atopic eczema (n = 35): the multivariate OR between extreme quartiles was 3.53 (95% CI: 1.19-12.23, p for trend = 0.02). No material exposure-response relationships were observed between maternal intake of eggs, dairy products, fish, total fat, saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, alpha-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, linoleic acid, arachidonic acid and cholesterol and the ratio of n-3 to n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid consumption and the risk of suspected atopic eczema. Higher maternal meat intake may increase the risk of infantile atopic eczema, whereas we found no evidence that maternal intake of fish and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are preventive against infantile atopic eczema.

DOI： 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2009.00897.x

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The role of traffic-related air pollution in the initiation of allergic disorders in children is still not clearly understood. The present prospective study examined the relation between proximity of the home during pregnancy to the nearest main road, which was used as a surrogate for traffic-related air pollutants, and the risk of allergic disorders in Japanese infants in an urban area. Subjects were 756 mother-child pairs. Distance of each subject&apos;s home during pregnancy from the center line of all of the 235 main roads in Osaka Prefecture was computed using geographical information system software. The first survey during pregnancy and the second survey between 2 and 9 months post-partum collected information on potential confounding factors. In the third survey, which was from 16 to 24 months post-partum, a self-administered questionnaire included questions on allergic disorders. In the third survey, 22.1% and 18.7% of infants became positive for wheeze and atopic eczema based on criteria of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC), respectively. The risk of doctor-diagnosed asthma and doctor-diagnosed atopic eczema was 4.4% and 8.9%, respectively. A shorter distance of the residence during pregnancy from the nearest main road was associated with an increased risk of doctor-diagnosed asthma and atopic eczema (adjusted odds ratios for comparison of &lt; 50 m with 200 m or more = 4.01 and 2.26, 95% confidence intervals: 1.44-11.24 and 1.08-4.59, p for trend = 0.02 and 0.03, respectively). No evident relationships were observed between the distance of the residence during pregnancy from the nearest main road and the risk of wheeze or atopic eczema based on the ISAAC criteria. It was difficult to distinguish the effect of the pre-natal from the post-natal exposure because most subjects lived at the same home address both before and after childbirth. Our results are likely to support the hypothesis that intrauterine exposure to traffic-related air pollutants and/or such exposure after birth may increase the risk of more extreme manifestations of allergic disorders in infants.

DOI： 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2009.00951.x

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Language：English   Publisher：LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS  

A number of environmental factors appear to be involved in the etiology of dental caries in Japanese children. Several reports have suggested an association between environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and the occurrence of dental caries. However, other studies in Japan as well as Western nations have failed to show this association and it is unclear whether there is such a relationship. The role of maternal smoking during pregnancy on the etiology of dental caries in Young children is also unclear. The only 2 cross-sectional epidemiological studies addressing this issue had conflicting results.
The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate whether maternal smoking during pregnancy and postnatal exposure to ETS were associated with an increased prevalence of dental caries among young Japanese children. Data were obtained from dental examination of 2015 children, age 3 years, and use of postal questionnaires completed by parents or guardians of those children on the extent of maternal smoking during pregnancy and postnatal ETS exposure at home. Based on their smoking history, women and their children were placed in one of 3 groups for analysis: women who smoked throughout pregnancy, those who stopped at some time during pregnancy, and those who did not smoke during pregnancy.
A total of 419 (20.8%) of the 2015 children had dental caries, and the mean number of dental caries was 0.71. The prevalence of dental caries in the children of women who did not smoke at all during pregnancy was considered the background rate; compared to this group, the prevalence of dental caries was significantly higher in the children of women who smoked throughout pregnancy without stopping (adjusted prevalence ratio: 1.43; 95% CI: 1.07-1.91). The prevalence of dental caries was not significantly increased in the children of women who smoked but then stopped at some time during pregnancy. With respect to postnatal ETS, current smoking at home was independently associated with an increased prevalence of dental caries, whereas former smoking in the household had no effect on prevalence. There was a statistically significant dose-response relationship between cumulative household postnatal ETS and the prevalence of dental caries in the children (P for linear trend = 0.006).
The investigators conclude from these findings that both maternal smoking during pregnancy and postnatal exposure to ETS at home may be independently associated with an increased prevalence of dental caries in young Japanese children.

DOI： 10.1097/01.ogx.0000367508.10794.6b

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The present case-control study examined the relationship between dietary intake of individual fatty acids and the risk of Parkinson&apos;s disease (PD) in Japan. Included were 249 cases within 6 years of onset of PD. Controls were 368 inpatients and outpatients without a neurodegenerative disease. Information on dietary factors was collected using a validated self-administered diet history questionnaire. Compared with arachidonic acid intake in the first quartile, consumption of that in the fourth quartile was significantly related to an increased risk of PD: the adjusted odds ratio between extreme quartiles was 2.09 (95% confidence interval: 1.21-3.64, P for trend = 0.008). Cholesterol intake was also significantly positively associated with the risk of PD: the adjusted odds ratio between extreme quartiles was 1.78 (95% confidence interval: 1.04-3.05, P for trend = 0.01). Consumption of total fat, saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, alpha-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and linoleic acid and the ratio of n-3 to n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake were not associated with PD. Higher consumption of arachidonic acid and cholesterol may be related to an increased risk of PD. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jns.2009.09.021

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人 日本アレルギー学会  

DOI： 10.15036/arerugi.59.392_4

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DOI： 10.15036/arerugi.59.393_1

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人 日本アレルギー学会  

DOI： 10.15036/arerugi.59.1405_3

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：B M J PUBLISHING GROUP  

Background: One factor capable of modulating antenatal immune responses is diet. This prospective study examined the association between maternal intake of specific types of fatty acids, cholesterol, fish and meat during pregnancy and the risk of wheeze and eczema in the offspring.
Methods: Subjects were 763 mother-child pairs. Data on maternal intake during pregnancy were assessed with a diet history questionnaire. Data on wheeze and eczema based on criteria of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood were obtained from a questionnaire completed by mothers 16-24 months postpartum.
Results: Higher maternal intake of alpha-linolenic acid and docosahexaenoic acid during pregnancy was independently associated with a reduced risk of wheeze, but not eczema, in the offspring (adjusted odds ratios (ORs) between extreme quartiles 0.52 (95% CI 0.28 to 0.97) and 0.37 (95% CI 0.15 to 0.91), respectively). Higher maternal intake of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and linoleic acid during pregnancy was independently related to an increased risk of infantile eczema but not wheeze (adjusted ORs 2.25 (95% CI 1.13 to 4.54) and 2.11 (95% CI 1.06 to 4.26), respectively). No significant exposure-response relationships were observed between maternal consumption of total fat, saturated fatty acids, mono-unsaturated fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid, arachidonic acid, cholesterol, meat and fish and the ratio of n-3 to n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid consumption during pregnancy and infantile wheeze or eczema.
Conclusions: Maternal intake of alpha-linolenic acid and docosahexaenoic acid during pregnancy may be preventive against infantile wheeze. Maternal intake of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially linoleic acid, during pregnancy may increase the risk of childhood eczema.

DOI： 10.1136/thx.2009.115931

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：MOSBY-ELSEVIER  

Objective We investigated the effect of maternal smoking during pregnancy and postnatal household smoking on the prevalence of dental caries.
Study design Study subjects were 2015 children, age 3 years. Information on maternal smoking during pregnancy and postnatal exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) at home was obtained through questionnaires. Children were classified as having caries if 1 or more of the deciduous teeth had decayed, were missing, or had been filled.
Results Compared with nonsmoking during pregnancy, maternal smoking throughout pregnancy, but not ceasing to smoke at some time during pregnancy, was associated with an increased prevalence of caries. Regarding postnatal ETS, current but not former ETS exposure at home was independently positively associated with the prevalence of dental caries. A dose-response relationship was observed between cumulative postnatal ETS exposure at home and dental caries.
Conclusions Both in utero exposure to maternal smoking and postnatal exposure to ETS may be associated with an increased prevalence of dental caries in young children. (J Pediatr 2009,155:410-5).

DOI： 10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.03.032

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A number of epidemiological studies have reported an inverse association between increasing sibship size and allergic disorders. The present cross-sectional study assessed the association between the number of siblings and the prevalence of allergic disorders during the past 12 months in Japanese schoolchildren. Study subjects were 22,750 children aged 6-15 yr in Okinawa. The outcomes were based on diagnostic criteria from the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood. Adjustment was made for age, gender, maternal age at childbirth, duration of breastfeeding, region of residence, smoking in the household, paternal and maternal history of asthma, atopic eczema, and allergic rhinitis, and paternal and maternal educational level. Significant exposure-response associations were observed between increasing total sibship size and all outcomes under investigation. Having two or more older siblings was significantly inversely related to the prevalence of atopic eczema and allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, but not wheeze or asthma. Having two or more younger siblings was independently associated with a decreased prevalence of atopic eczema, but not wheeze, asthma, or allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. The inverse relationships between sibship size and the prevalence of allergic disorders under study were weakened with advancing age, although the interactions between age groups were not statistically significant. No significant interactions were found in the association of having three or more siblings with allergic disorders between children with a positive or negative parental allergic history. These results are likely to support the in utero programming hypothesis because it is probable that the in utero environment would change with parity, although our observations could not refute the hygiene hypothesis.

DOI： 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2008.00804.x

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC  

Epidemiological studies associated with breastfeeding have provided conflicting results about whether it is preventive or a risk factor for atopic eczema in children. The current prospective study investigated the relationship between breastfeeding and the risk of atopic eczema in Japan. A birth cohort of 763 infants was followed. The first survey during pregnancy and the second survey between 2 and 9 months postpartum collected information on potential confounding factors and atopic eczema status. Data on breastfeeding and symptoms of atopic eczema were obtained from questionnaires in the third survey from 16 to 24 months postpartum. The following variables were a priori selected as potential confounders: maternal age, maternal and paternal history of asthma, atopic eczema, and allergic rhinitis, indoor domestic pets (cats, dogs, birds, or hamsters), family income, maternal and paternal education, maternal smoking during pregnancy, baby&apos;s sex, baby&apos;s birth weight, baby&apos;s older siblings, household smoking in the same room as the infant, and time of delivery before the third survey. In the third survey, 142 infants (18.6%) were revealed to have developed atopic eczema based on criteria of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood. In an overall analysis, neither exclusive nor partial breastfeeding was significantly related to the risk of atopic eczema. After excluding 64 infants identified with suspected atopic eczema in the second survey, both exclusive breastfeeding for 4 months or more and partial breastfeeding for 6 months or more were independently associated with an increased risk of atopic eczema only among infants with no parental history of allergic disorders [multivariate odds ratios were 2.41 (95% confidence interval, 1.10-5.55) and 3.39 (95% confidence interval, 1.20-12.36), respectively]. The authors found that, overall, neither exclusive nor partial breastfeeding had a strong impact on the risk of atopic eczema. However, a parental allergic history may affect the risk.

DOI： 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2008.00778.x

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

Objectives: ADAM33, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 33, gene has been identified as,in asthma Susceptibility gene. The relationship between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in ADAM33 and atopic dermatitis (AD) in Japanese children was examined using case-control design.
Methods: Seven SNPs of ADAM33 (rs2853209, rs2787094, rs2280091, rs2280090, rs628977, rs597980, and rs528557) were analyzed in 140 At) cases and 258 controls aged 3 years.
Results: Only rs2853209 (T &gt; A) was significantly associated with AD risk. Sex-adjusted odds ratio (OR) for the AA versus the TT genotype was 0.55 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.30-0.997). Consistent with the results of genotyping analysis, a haplotype carrying rs2853209 A allele was significantly associated with decreased risk of AD compared to all the other haplotypes combined (OR=0.26, 95% CI=0.08-0.69).
Conclusion: This is the first study to provide evidence for an association of the ADAM33 polymorphism with AD risk but the strength of this evidence is limited by our small sample size. (C) 2008 The Canadian Society of Clinical Chemists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2008.12.014

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Although a large body of epidemiologic data accumulated in Western countries show that individuals with a higher socioeconomic position consume higher quality diets, information on such socioeconomic differences in the diets of non-Western populations, including Japanese, is absolutely lacking. This cross-sectional study examined the association of socioeconomic position with dietary intake in a group of pregnant Japanese women. Subjects were 1002 Japanese women during pregnancy. Socioeconomic position was assessed by education, occupation, and household income. Dietary intake was estimated using a validated, self-administered, comprehensive diet history questionnaire. Education was associated positively with intake of protein; total n-3 and marine-origin n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids; dietary fiber; cholesterol; potassium; calcium; magnesium; iron; vitamins A, D, E, and Q and folate 9 and inversely with that of carbohydrate. No associations were seen between education and intake of total fat; saturated, monounsaturated, and total and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids; alcohol; or sodium. Regarding food, higher education was associated with a higher intake of vegetables, fish and shellfish, and potatoes and lower intake of rice. Education was not associated with intake of bread, noodles, confectioneries and sugars, fats and oils, pulses and nuts, meat, eggs, dairy products, or fruit. For occupation, housewives had a higher intake of dietary Fiber, magnesium, iron, vitamin A, folate, and pulses and nuts than working women. Household income was not associated with any nutrient or food examined. In conclusion, education, but not occupation or household income, was positively associated with favorable dietary intake patterns in a group of pregnant Japanese women. (c) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.nutres.2009.02.002

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人 日本アレルギー学会  

DOI： 10.15036/arerugi.58.374_4

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DOI： 10.15036/arerugi.58.375_1

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An association has been suggested between environmental tobacco smoke and oral disease. The present study examined the relationship between early childhood caries (ECC) and parental smoking, particularly paternal smoking, using records of 711 36-month-old children. The smoking status of parents as an independent variable was entered in the multivariable logistic regression model for caries experience as the dependent variable with confounders: sex, residential location, and possible risks of ECC such as order of birth, type of main drink, frequency of daily intake of sugar-containing snacks, daily toothbrushing by parents and use of fluoridated toothpaste.
About 65% of children were caries free. Children whose parents did not smoke (CN), those in whom only the father smoked (CF), and those whose mother smoked regardless of the smoking status of the father (CM) comprised 33%, 33% and 34% respectively. The adjusted mean number [95% CI] of decayed teeth and caries experience prevalence for CN, CF and CM were 1.2 [0.8, 1.6], 1.6 [1.2, 2.0] and 2.1 [1.7, 2.5], and 25.6%, 35.3% and 45.7% respectively. The relationship between caries experience and parental smoking was significant on multivariable analysis. The adjusted OR [95% CI] of CF and CM relative to CN was 1.52 [1.01, 2.30] and 2.25 [1.51, 3.37] respectively. These results indicate the association of ECC with parental smoking, although the association with paternal smoking was weaker than with maternal smoking.

DOI： 10.1111/j.1365-3016.2008.00950.x

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY-BLACKWELL  

Background It has been hypothesized that increased consumption of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and decreased consumption of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids have contributed to the recent increased prevalence of asthma.
Objectives The present cross-sectional study examined the association of intake of specific types of fatty acids with the prevalence of asthma symptoms using data from the Ryukyus Child Health Study.
Methods Study subjects were 25033 schoolchildren aged 6-15 years in Okinawa, Japan. Symptoms of wheeze and asthma were defined according to diagnostic criteria from the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood. Information on dietary factors was collected using a self-administered brief diet history questionnaire for children. Adjustment was made for age, sex, number of siblings, smoking in the household, body mass index, paternal and maternal history of allergic diseases, and paternal and maternal educational level.
Results Intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids, n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and linoleic acid (18 : 2 n-6) was independently associated with an increased prevalence of wheeze - the multivariate odds ratios for the highest quintile were 1.19 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05-1.35), 1.17 (95% CI, 1.03-1.34), 1.19 (95% CI, 1.04-1.35), and 1.20 (95% CI, 1.06-1.37), respectively. There was no measurable relationship of consumption of alpha-linolenic (18 : 3 n-3), eicosapentaenoic (20 : 5 n-3), docosahexaenoic (22 : 6 n-3) or arachidonic acid (20 : 4 n-6) or the ratio of n-3 to n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids with the prevalence of wheeze. Consumption of total fat, saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol were not evidently related to wheeze. No material dose-response association was found between the intake of any of the types of fatty acids considered and the prevalence of asthma.
Conclusions The findings suggest that consumption of both n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially linoleic acid, may be associated with an increased prevalence of wheeze.

DOI： 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2008.03074.x

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY-BLACKWELL  

Epidemiological evidence for an effect of breastfeeding on asthma continues to be inconclusive. The present prospective study examined the relationship between breastfeeding and the risk of wheeze and asthma in Japanese infants. A birth cohort of 763 infants was followed. The first survey during pregnancy and the second survey between 2 and 9 months postpartum collected information on potential confounding factors. Data on breastfeeding, wheeze, and asthma were obtained from questionnaires in the third survey from 16 to 24 months postpartum. Adjustment was made for maternal age, maternal and paternal history of asthma, atopic eczema, and allergic rhinitis, indoor domestic pets (cats, dogs, birds, or hamsters), family income, maternal and paternal education, maternal smoking during pregnancy, baby&apos;s sex, baby&apos;s older siblings, household smoking in the same room as the infant, and time of delivery before the third survey. By the third survey, the cumulative incidence of wheeze and asthma was 22.1% and 4.3%, respectively. Neither exclusive breastfeeding for 4 months or more nor partial breastfeeding for 6 months or more were materially related to the risk of wheeze. No measurable association was observed between exclusive breastfeeding for 4 months or more and the risk of asthma. Partial breastfeeding for 6 months or more was inversely related to the risk of asthma although the adjusted odds ratio (OR) was not statistically significant. When infants were stratified according to whether there was a negative or positive allergic history in at least 1 parent, a nearly 40% and 60% decrease, respectively, in the ORs were found for exclusive and partial breastfeeding only in infants without a parental allergic history, although the ORs were not statistically significant. The present prospective study showed no statistically significant relationship between breastfeeding duration and the risk of wheeze or asthma in Japanese infants.

DOI： 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2007.00701.x

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

Background: Given suggestions that postpartum depression may be due to the sudden fall in insulin levels occurring after delivery via a decrease in serotonergic function, this condition might be alleviated by a high-glycemic index (GI) diet, which would stimulate the secretion of insulin and thereby facilitate the transport of tryptophan, the precursor of serotonin, in the brain. We examined the association between dietary GI and glycemic load (GL) and postpartum depression.
Methods: Subjects were 865 Japanese women. Dietary GI and GL were assessed during pregnancy using a validated, self-administered, comprehensive diet history questionnaire. Postpartum depression was defined as present when the subject had an Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale score of &gt;= 9 at 2-9 months postpartum.
Results: A total of 121 women (14.0%) were classified as having postpartum depression. After adjustment for potential confounding factors, no evident dose-response association between dietary GI and postpartum depression was observed (P for trend = 0.18). However, compared with dietary GI in the first quartile, dietary GI in the third quartile, but not the fourth quartile, was significantly associated with a decreased risk of postpartum depression (multivariate odds ratio: 0.56, 95% confidence interval: 0.32-0.995). There was no evident independent association for dietary GL (P for trend = 0.13).
Limitations: Dietary data collected during pregnancy rather than postpartum were used.
Conclusions: This preliminary study failed to substantiate a clear inverse relationship between dietary GI and GL and postpartum depression. Considering the plausibility of the proposed mechanism, however, further investigation using postpartum dietary data is warranted. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jad.2007.12.230

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Background Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination triggers a T-helper type 1 response. Whether BCG vaccination and positive tuberculin reactivity are preventive against allergic disorders remains controversial.
Objective The current cross-sectional study investigated the relationship of BCG vaccination and tuberculin reactivity with the prevalence of allergic disorders using data from the Ryukyus Child Health Study (RYUCHS).
Methods Subjects were 5717 schoolchildren aged 8-11 years in Okinawa, Japan. The RYUCHS collected information on symptoms of allergic disorders and potential confounding factors. The outcomes were based on diagnostic criteria from the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood. Data on BCG vaccination and tuberculin tests were obtained from school records. Allowance was made for grade, sex, sibship size, smoking in the household, paternal and maternal history of asthma, atopic eczema, and allergic rhinitis, and paternal and maternal educational level.
Results No measurable relationship was found between BCG vaccination in infants and the prevalence of allergic disorders. Among 5567 BCG-vaccinated children, positive tuberculin reactivity (induration &gt;= 10 mm) in the first grade was independently associated with a decreased prevalence of wheeze, asthma, and atopic eczema: the multivariate odds ratios for wheeze, asthma, and atopic eczema were 0.80 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.67-0.94), 0.78 (95% CI, 0.64-0.95), and 0.77 (95% CI, 0.62-0.95), respectively. The inverse associations were more pronounced in children with a negative parental allergic history than in those with a positive parental allergic history. There was no significant relationship between tuberculin reactivity and allergic rhinoconjunctivitis.
Conclusions The findings suggest that positive tuberculin reactivity may be inversely associated with the prevalence of wheeze, asthma, and atopic eczema, but not allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, especially among Japanese children without a parental allergic history.

DOI： 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2007.02869.x

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PURPOSE: The effects of formaldehyde (FA) exposure on allergic disorders are not clearly understood. This cross-sectional study examined the relationship between FA exposure and the prevalence of allergic disorders in Japan.
METOHDS: Subjects were 998 pregnant women, Participants were considered to have asthma, atopic eczema, or allergic rhinitis (including cedar pollinosis) if they had received any medical treatment for any of these allergic disorders during the previous 12 months. Passive air sampling tubes were worn for 24 hours and analyzed for FA.
RESULTS: When FA levels were categorized into four groups, there was a tendency for a positive exposure-response relationship between FA levels and the prevalence of atopic eczema, although the adjusted odds ratio for highest vs. lowest FA categories did not reach statistical significance. When FA levels were categorized into two groups to assess the effects of exposure to high levels of FA on allergic disorders, FA levels of 47 ppb or more were independently associated with an increased prevalence of atopic eczema (adjusted odds ratio = 2125; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-5.01). The positive association was more pronounced in women with a negative familial allergic history than in those with a positive familial allergic history. No clear association was found between FA levels and the prevalence of asthma or allergic rhinitis.
CONCLUSIONS: FA exposure may be associated with an increased prevalence of atopic eczema in Japanese pregnant women.

DOI： 10.1016/j.annepidem.2007.07.095

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Background: Much research has shown that soy products inhibited various diseases. However, no published studies have examined the effects of consumption of soy and isoflavones on periodontal disease. The aim of this study was to investigate whether soy and isoflavone intake is associated with the prevalence of periodontal disease.
Methods: The subjects were 3956 Japanese female students, aged 18 to 22 years, who were taking a dietetic course. Periodontal disease was defined as present when a subject reported diagnosis of the disorder by a dentist. Information on dietary factors was collected using a validated diet history questionnaire. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the odds ratios and their confidence intervals of periodontal disease. Adjustment was made for cigarette smoking, toothbrushing frequency, region of residence, and body mass index.
Results: The prevalence of periodontal disease was 8.0%. Intake of total soy product and tofu was independently associated with a decreased prevalence of periodontal disease; multivariate odds ratios in comparison of the highest with the lowest quintile were 0.68 and 0.68, respectively ( 95% confidence intervals = 0.47-0.97 and 0.47-0.98, P for trend = 0.01 and 0.004, respectively). A significant inverse dose-response relationship between the intake of isoflavones and the prevalence of periodontal disease was observed, although the difference in the adjusted odds ratio between the extreme quintiles was of borderline significance ( P for trend = 0.04). There were no measurable dose-response relationships between consumption of tofu products, fermented soybeans, boiled soybeans, miso, or miso soup and the prevalence of periodontal disease.
Conclusion: Our findings suggest that soy and isoflavone intake may decrease the likelihood of periodontal disease. Further investigations with objective measures for periodontal disease are needed to confirm our findings.

DOI： 10.1186/1471-2458-8-39

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Language：English   Publisher：Fukuoka Medical Association  

DOI： 10.15017/10765

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：INFORMA HEALTHCARE  

Background. Dental caries is an infectious disease and is highly prevalent among children. In the etiology of allergic diseases, the hygiene hypothesis contends that infections might confer protection against the development of allergic diseases. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the association between dental caries and the prevalence of allergic disorders. Methods. Study subjects were 21,792 children 6 to 15 years of age in Okinawa, Japan. Outcomes were based on diagnostic criteria from the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood. Data on dental caries were obtained from school records. Children were classified as having dental caries if one or more teeth had decayed and/or had been filled. Adjustment was made for sex, age, region of residence, number of siblings, smoking in the household, paternal and maternal history of asthma, atopic eczema, or allergic rhinitis, and paternal and maternal educational level. Results. The prevalence of wheeze, asthma, atopic eczema, and allergic rhinoconjunctivitis in the previous 12 months was 10.8%, 7.6%, 6.8%, and 7.6%, respectively. In an overall analysis, no measurable relationship was found between dental caries and the prevalence of wheeze, asthma, atopic eczema, or allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. However, dental caries was significantly inversely associated with the prevalence of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis only among children with a positive parental allergic history: The adjusted odds ratio was 0.84 (95% confidence interval: 0.72, 0.99). Conclusions. The present findings do not support the hypothesis that dental caries was protective against allergic diseases. However, a parental allergic history may affect the association between dental caries and allergic rhinoconjunctivitis.

DOI： 10.1080/02770900802252119

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Purpose. It remains controversial whether environmental tobacco smoke increases the risk of allergic diseases. The present prospective cohort study examined whether in utero exposure to maternal smoking and postnatal exposure to environmental tobacco smoke were associated with the development of wheeze, asthma, and atopic eczema in Japanese infants. Methods. Study subjects included 763 infants. Data were obtained through the use of questionnaires completed by the mother during pregnancy and at 2 to 9 and 16 to 24 months postdelivery. Information regarding maternal smoking during pregnancy and postnatal exposure to environmental tobacco smoke was collected at 2 to 9 months postdelivery, and information on allergic symptoms was collected when the infant was between 16 to 24 months of age. Cases were defined according to criteria of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood for wheeze and atopic eczema. Additionally, doctor-diagnosed asthma and atopic eczema were identified. Adjustment was made for maternal age, family income, maternal and paternal education, parental history of asthma, atopic eczema, allergic rhinitis, indoor domestic pets, baby&apos;s older siblings, baby&apos;s sex, birth weight, and time of surveys. Results. The cumulative incidence of wheeze, atopic eczema, doctor-diagnosed asthma, and doctor-diagnosed atopic eczema was 22.1%, 18.6%, 4.3%, and 9.0%, respectively. Maternal smoking during pregnancy was not related to the risk of wheeze, whereas postnatal maternal smoking in the same room as the child increased the risk of wheeze. No significant association was observed between perinatal tobacco smoke exposure and the development of asthma and atopic eczema. Conclusions. Our findings suggest that postnatal maternal smoking might be associated with an increased risk of wheeze in Japanese infants.

DOI： 10.1080/02770900802339742

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人 日本アレルギー学会  

DOI： 10.15036/arerugi.57.449_2

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Language：English   Publisher：Japanese Society of Allergology  

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder with an increasing prevalence in industrialized countries. AD belongs to the group of allergic disorders that includes food allergy, allergic rhinitis, and asthma. A multifactorial background for AD has been suggested, with genetic as well as environmental factors influencing disease development. Recent breakthroughs in genetic methodology have greatly augmented our understanding of the contribution of genetics to susceptibility to AD. A candidate gene association study is a general approach to identify susceptibility genes. Fifty three candidate gene studies (50 genes) have identified 19 genes associated with AD risk in at least one study. Significant associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in chemokines (chymase 1-1903A &gt
G), cytokines (interleukin13 Arg144Gln), cytokine receptors (interleukin 4 receptor 1727 G &gt
A) and SPINK 1258 G &gt
A have been replicated in more than one studies. These SNPs may be promising for identifying at-risk individuals. SNPs, even those not strongly associated with AD, should be considered potentially important because AD is a common disease. Even a small increase in risk can translate to a large number of AD cases. Consortia and international collaborative studies, which may maximize study efficacy and overcome the limitations of individual studies, are needed to help further illuminate the complex landscape of AD risk and genetic variations. ©2008 Japanese Society of Allergology.

DOI： 10.2332/allergolint.R-07-150

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：H E C PRESS, HEALTHY EATING CLUB PTY LTD  

Dietary factors may be important in the development of atopic eczema. It remains controversial whether n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake is preventive against allergic disorders and whether n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake increases the risk of allergic disorders. The current cross-sectional study examined the association between intake of fatty acids and foods high in fatty acids and the prevalence of atopic eczema. Study subjects were 1002 pregnant Japanese females. Current atopic eczema and atopic eczema after age 18 were defined as present if subjects had been treated with medications at some time in the previous 12 months and after reaching the age of 18, respectively. Information on dietary factors was collected using a validated self-administered diet history questionnaire. Docosahexaenoic acid intake was statistically significantly related to a decreased prevalence of atopic eczema after age 18 and current atopic eczema. Inverse dose-response relationships with regard to consumption of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid, and fish and the ratio of n-3 to n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids with atopic eczema were not observed although these dietary variables in the second tertile were inversely significantly associated with atopic eczema after age 18. Intake of total fat, saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, cholesterol, meat, eggs, or dairy products was not related to either of the outcomes for atopic eczema. Docosahexaenoic acid intake may be associated with a reduced prevalence of atopic eczema in pregnant Japanese females.

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Epidemiological evidence regarding dental status and its relationship to diet and nutritional status has been limited. The present cross-sectional study examined the relationship between intake of vegetables, fruit. grains, antioxidants, and fiber and the prevalence of tooth loss. Study subjects were 1,002 pregnant Japanese women. Tooth loss was defined as the previous extraction of 1 or more teeth. Adjustment was made for age, gestation. parity. cigarette smoking, passive smoking at home and at work, family income, education, changes in diet in the previous 1 mo, season when data were collected, and body mass index. Of the 1,002 subjects, 256 women had lost 1 or more teeth. Compared with intake of vegetables other than green and yellow vegetables in the lowest quartile, consumption of the other vegetables in the highest quartile was independently associated with a decreased prevalence of tooth loss. showing a clear inverse dose-response relationship. There was a marginally significant inverse dose-response relationship between the intake of insoluble fiber and tooth loss. No association was observed between intake of green and yellow vegetables, soluble fiber. or antioxidant nutrients and tooth loss. These findings suggested that consumption of vegetables other than green and yellow vegetables and insoluble fiber may be related to a decreased prevalence of tooth loss among young Japanese women.

DOI： 10.3177/jnsv.53.522

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC  

PURPOSE: Evidence remains inconclusive as to whether environmental tobacco smoke is a risk factor for allergic disorders in childhood. The present large-scale cross-sectional study examined the relationship between passive smoking at home and the prevalence of allergic disorders in Japanese schoolchildren.
METHODS: Study subjects were 23,044 children aged 6 to 15 years in Okinawa, Outcomes were based on diagnostic criteria from the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood. Adjustment was made for sex, age, region of residence, number of siblings, paternal and maternal history of asthma, atopic eczema, or allergic rhinitis, as well as paternal and maternal educational level.
RESULTS: The prevalence of wheeze, asthma, atopic eczema, and allergic rhinoconjunctivitis in the previous 12 months was 10.7%, 7.6%, 6.8%, and 7.7%, respectively. Current heavy passive smoking and 7.0 or more pack-years of smoking in the household were independently related to an increased prevalence of wheeze and asthma, especially in children 6 to 10 years of age and children with a positive parental allergic history. There was no dose-response relationship between pack-years of smoking in the household and atopic eczema or allergic rhinoconjunctivitis.
CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggested that environmental tobacco smoke might be associated with an increased prevalence of wheeze and asthma in Japanese children.

DOI： 10.1016/j.annepidem.2007.07-108

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Background: Various factors affect tooth loss in older age including cigarette smoking; however, evidence regarding the association between smoking and tooth loss during young adulthood is limited. The present study examined the association between cigarette smoking and tooth loss experience among adults aged 20 -39 years using linked data from two national databases in Japan.
Methods: Two databases of the National Nutrition Survey (NNS) and the Survey of Dental Diseases (SDD), which were conducted in 1999, were obtained from the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare with permission for analytical use. In the NNS, participants received physical examinations and were interviewed regarding dietary intake and health practices including cigarette smoking, whereas in the SDD, participants were asked about their frequency of daily brushing, and received oral examinations by certified dentists. Among 6,805 records electronically linked via household identification code, 1314 records of individuals aged 20 to 39 years were analyzed. The prevalence of 1+ tooth loss was compared among non-, former, and current smokers. Multiple logistic regression models were constructed including confounders: frequency of tooth brushing, body mass index, alcohol consumption, and intake of vitamins C and E.
Results: Smoking rates differed greatly in men (53.3%) and women (15.5%). The overall prevalence of tooth loss was 31.4% (31.8% men and 31.1% women). Tooth loss occurred more frequently among current smokers (40.6%) than former (23.1%) and non-smokers (27.9%). Current smoking showed a significant association with 1+ tooth loss in men (adjusted OR = 2.21 [1.40 -3.50], P = 0.0007) and women (1.70 [1.13 -2.55], P = 0.0111). A significant positive exposure-related relationship between cigarette smoking status and tooth loss was observed (P for trend &lt; 0.0001 and 0.0004 in men and women, respectively). Current smoking was also associated with the prevalence of decayed teeth (1.67 [1.28 -2.20], P = 0.0002).
Conclusion: An association between cigarette smoking and tooth loss was evident among young adults throughout Japan. Due to limitations of the available variables in the present databases, further studies including caries experience and its confounders should be conducted to examine whether smoking is a true risk of premature tooth loss in young adults.

DOI： 10.1186/1471-2458-7-313

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：BLACKWELL PUBLISHING  

Uncertainties remain as to whether breastfeeding is protective against childhood allergic disorders. Positive relationships of breastfeeding with asthma and atopic eczema were observed in two previous Japanese studies. This cross-sectional study investigated the association between the feeding pattern after birth and the prevalence of allergic disorders during the past 12 months in Japanese schoolchildren. Study subjects were 24,077 children aged 6-15 yr in Okinawa. The outcomes were based on diagnostic criteria from the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood. Allowance was made for age, sex, number of siblings, smoking in the household, paternal and maternal history of asthma, atopic eczema, and allergic rhinitis, and paternal and maternal educational level. Breastfeeding, regardless of exclusivity, for 13 months or longer and exclusive breastfeeding for 4-11 months were independently associated with a higher prevalence of atopic eczema, particularly among children without a parental allergic history. A clear positive dose-response relationship was observed between prolonged duration of breastfeeding, regardless of exclusivity, but not exclusive breastfeeding, and the prevalence of atopic eczema. We found a significant positive trend for atopic eczema across the three categories (formula milk, partial and exclusive breastfeeding) in the first 4 months of life although the odds ratio for exclusive breastfeeding was not statistically significant. No material association was found between the feeding pattern after birth and the prevalence of wheeze or allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. Prolonged breastfeeding may be associated with a higher prevalence of atopic eczema in Japanese children.

DOI： 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2007.00547.x

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本口腔衛生学会  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：BLACKWELL PUBLISHING  

Atopic eczema is most commonly diagnosed in children under the age of 5 yr. Environmental factors during pregnancy or in early life may confer risk for childhood atopic eczema. The present prospective study examined the relationship of the perinatal home environment and the risk of suspected atopic eczema among Japanese infants under the age of 1. Study subjects were 865 parent-child pairs. The term 'suspected atopic eczema' was used to define an outcome based on our questionnaire at 2-9 months postpartum. Adjustment was made for maternal age, gestation, family income, maternal and paternal education, maternal and paternal history of asthma, atopic eczema, and allergic rhinitis, time of delivery before the second survey, baby's older siblings, baby's sex, and baby's birth weight. A high mite allergen level from maternal bedclothes and mold in the kitchen during pregnancy were significantly associated with an increased risk of suspected atopic eczema. Frequent vacuuming practices during pregnancy and giving the infant a bath or shower at least once a day were significantly inversely related to the risk of suspected atopic eczema. Maternal smoking, maternal use of a synthetic duvet and pillow, carpet use in the living room and maternal bedroom, indoor domestic pets, no ducted heating appliance, and gas use for cooking during pregnancy and household smoking in the same room as the infant, infant's synthetic duvet, carpet use in the infant's room, or vacuuming the infant's room were not related to the risk of suspected atopic eczema. High house dust mite allergen levels and mold in the kitchen during pregnancy may increase the risk of infantile atopic eczema, whereas frequent vacuuming practices during pregnancy and giving the infant a bath or shower at least once a day may protect against infantile atopic eczema.

DOI： 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2007.00545.x

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