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Grant amount：\18460000 （ Direct Cost: \14200000 、 Indirect Cost：\4260000 ）

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Grant amount：\6240000 （ Direct Cost: \4800000 、 Indirect Cost：\1440000 ）

日本には欧米のアーケオメタラジー（考古金属学。考古資料などから金属と人の歴史を総合的に明らかにする学問領域）に直接対応する研究領域が存在しておらず、複数の既存の学問領域のニッチとして存在している。そこで幕末の近代産業化遺跡（とくに反射炉）の学際的研究などを実践し、出土金属資料に対する考古学・冶金学・鉱山鉱床学・文化財科学の専門家がそれぞれの専門性を活かしながら実証的な学術研究に取り組む。また海外の研究者と共同研究を活発に実施し、人と金属の歴史に関する研究成果を国内外に積極的に発信することで、アーケオメタラジーに対応する研究領域を国際的に展開することを目的とする。
秋に採択されたため今年度は国際的な協働を行なうための準備期間と位置づけ、まずオンラインで研究内容の打ち合わせを実施した上で、それぞれの研究を進めるととともに、一部の成果を学会等で発表した。具体的には佐賀県佐賀市や山口県萩市などで幕末の産業革命遺産の調査を実施すると共に長登銅山跡等で古代銅生産に関する調査研究も開始した。3月の日本鉄鋼協会春季大会では田中と中西がそれぞれ口頭発表を行なうなど、多角的な議論、学際的な交流を深めることができた。

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Grant amount：\17550000 （ Direct Cost: \13500000 、 Indirect Cost：\4050000 ）

さまざまな遊牧国家の勃興の地であるモンゴル高原への鉄の伝播ならび適応の実態はいまだに不明であり、鉄の存在が遊牧国家にも大きな影響を与えたことが想定されながらもその具体的な様相は不明であった。そこで本研究では、モンゴルの共同研究者たちと発見し発掘してきたホスティン・ボラグ製鉄遺跡（匈奴、BC2c～AD1c）を研究の中心に据え、新たに発見された製鉄遺跡の発掘調査を実施することで、匈奴の製鉄システムの時期差や地域差を明らかにする。そして東アジア最初の遊牧帝国である匈奴がどのような戦略で鉄を獲得し、鉄生産を彼らの伝統的な遊牧システムの中に取り入れていったのか、そして匈奴が鉄をどのように管理していたのかを明らかにすることを目的としている。
今年度はゴビ地域に焦点をあてて調査を実施した。９月にゴビ地域西部（バヤンホンゴル県・ゴビアルタイ県）の踏査を実施した。残念ながら鉄生産に関連する遺跡を見つけることはできなかった。その代わりに銅生産に関する遺跡を発見・調査した。そしてゾーフ遺跡の調査成果から、この地域に青銅器文化が伝播する紀元前15世紀ごろに、時を置かずに銅生産の技術もこの地域に伝播したことが明らかとなった。ゴビ地域には鉄生産の痕跡が希薄であり、逆にそれがこの地域の特色であることが明らかとなった。
調査の成果はFacebookページ” History of Ancient Mongolian Craft Production”に速やかにアップするとともに、国際シンポジウム等で発表した。

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Grant amount：\17550000 （ Direct Cost: \13500000 、 Indirect Cost：\4050000 ）

さまざまな遊牧国家の勃興の地であるモンゴル高原への鉄の伝播ならび適応の実態はいまだに不明であり、鉄の存在が遊牧国家にも大きな影響を与えたことが想定されながらもその具体的な様相は不明であった。そこで本研究では、モンゴルの共同研究者たちと発見し発掘してきたホスティン ボラグ製鉄遺跡（匈奴、BC2c～AD1c）を研究の中心に据え、新たに発見された製鉄遺跡の発掘調 を実施することで、匈奴の製鉄システムの時期差や地域差を明らかにする。そして東アジア最初の遊牧帝国である匈奴がどのような戦略で鉄を獲得し、鉄生産を彼らの伝統的な遊牧システムの中に取り入れていったのか、そして匈奴が鉄をどのように管理していたのかを明らかにすることを目的としている。
今年度はモンゴル東北部のオノン川流域に焦点をあてて調査を実施した。９月にヘンティ県ダダル近郊のハジュー・ボラグ遺跡の発掘調査を実施した。発掘調査で検出された3基の製鉄炉は、これまでモンゴル草原で見つかっていた製鉄炉とは構造を大きく異なっており、類例はアルタイ地域で確認されている。製鉄炉の炉内から採取した木炭の年代は、紀元後3～5世紀ごろであり、出土した土器はロシア連邦側で設定されたブルフォトイ文化の土器であった。オノン川流域はテムジン（チンギス・カン）を輩出したモンゴル族（蒙古室韋）の故地であり、その地域で製鉄に関する初めての資料である。目的とした匈奴の製鉄炉では無かったが、モンゴル史を考える上で重要な発見であることから、次年度も継続してこの地域の調査を実施する予定である。
調査成果はFacebookページ” History of Ancient Mongolian Craft Production”に速やかにアップするとともに、国際シンポジウム等で発表した。

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Grant amount：\17160000 （ Direct Cost: \13200000 、 Indirect Cost：\3960000 ）

弥生集落の立地選定原理から大きく逸脱した標高1000ｍを超える四国山地山稜の弥生遺跡に着目し、その実態解明に取り組んだ。その結果、縄文時代晩期・弥生時代前期・後期後半に山稜に沿って遺跡が点在していることがわかり、発掘調査からキャンプ地としての様相を明らかにした。さらに山稜沿いに分布する遺跡の延長には谷部があり、同時期の岩陰遺跡が点在することが判明した。
具体的には愛媛県赤蔵ヶ池東遺跡、高知県坂本大平岩陰遺跡、徳島県山間部岩陰遺跡踏査・試掘を実施した。赤蔵ヶ池東遺跡の調査では縄文時代晩期・弥生時代早期の遺物を確認、弥生文化稲作開始期の山稜部での活動実態が明らかになった。またAT火山灰層以降の堆積が良好に残存しており、2つの黒ボク層を確認した。火山灰による環境変化や畑作などの人間活動に伴う植生変化を検証することができる良好な研究成果である。坂本大平岩陰遺跡では縄文時代前期・後期・弥生時代前期・後期の遺物が出土、とくに弥生時代の遺物が良好で岩陰を利用した人間活動が明らかになった。徳島県山間部の岩陰遺跡の踏査と試掘では残念ながら人間活動の痕跡を確認することができなかった。今後は河岸段丘などの平坦部も踏査することにした。
岩陰遺跡や洞窟遺跡が歩行ルートの逗留地となることは多くの研究者がすでに指摘していたが、その多くは点としての調査研究に留まっていた。本研究ではこうした遺跡を点・線・面でとらえることができた。
今後も発掘調査や踏査、出土遺物の分析を通じて、その実態や相関性を実証的に解明する。そして多義で多様な弥生社会の実像を明らかにする。

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Grant amount：\17160000 （ Direct Cost: \13200000 、 Indirect Cost：\3960000 ）

弥生集落の立地選定原理から大きく逸脱した標高1000ｍを超える四国山地山稜の弥生遺跡に着目し、その実態解明に取り組んだ。その結果、縄文時代晩期・弥生時代前期・後期後半に山稜に沿って遺跡が点在していることがわかり、発掘調査からキャンプ地としての様相を明らかにした。さらに山稜沿いに分布する遺跡の延長には谷部があり、同時期の岩陰遺跡が点在することが判明した。こうした成果を8月21日高知県にて「四国山地の山稜・山間部に展開した弥生時代遺跡について」と題し科研検討会を実施した。
発掘調査は山稜部の弥生遺跡として愛媛県赤蔵ヶ池東遺跡の継続調査、猿楽遺跡第2地点の試掘調査を行った。関連する高知平野の遺跡として高知県居徳遺跡の調査を行い、縄文晩期出土遺物の実態を検証した。徳島県では山間部の先史時代遺跡の調査として、那賀町鮎川所在西宮遺跡の第１次調査をおこなった。特に猿楽遺跡第2地点では弥生時代後期の遺物が発見され、弥生文化稲作開始期及び後期の山稜部での活動実態が明らかになった。
2023年7月8・9日、第2回科研研究会を広島県庄原市時悠館で実施し、中国地方山間部の弥生時代遺跡と弥生土器の様相を明らかにすることができた。また帝釈峡遺跡群の弥生土器出土地点を踏査し、立地環境を確認することができた。
岩陰遺跡や洞窟遺跡が歩行ルートの逗留地となることは多くの研究者がすでに指摘していたが、その多くは点としての調査研究に留まっていた。本研究ではこうした遺跡を点・線・面でとらえることができた。
今後も発掘調査や踏査、出土遺物の分析を通じて、その実態や相関性を実証的に解明する。そして多義で多様な弥生社会の実像を明らかにする。

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Grant amount：\29640000 （ Direct Cost: \22800000 、 Indirect Cost：\6840000 ）

本研究は、モンゴル北東部国境、大興安嶺北部両麓地域を対象として、ウイグル可汗国期を中心とした時期の北東境界の様相について考古資料と史料の検討から、実証的に跡付けることを目的としている。そのためには、遺跡・遺物の所在するモンゴル、ロシア、中国各国に実際に赴き、分析する必要がある。しかし2021年度は、世界的な新型コロナウイルスの蔓延によって、渡航することは困難であった。そのため、まず調査再開が可能となった時期に向けて、効率的な調査研究環境を整えることとした。そして国内でも収集可能なウイグル可汗国の城郭データ収集を行った。作業は各国の研究協力者の協力を得ながら実施した。また既にある調査データに、分析を加え、成果の公表を行った。現地調査は、予算を繰り越し、2022年度に以下の調査を実施した。
ウイグル可汗国の本拠地であるオルホン川流域にある同国の城郭の踏査を行い、幾つかの城では高精度GPSとUAV測量を行った。結果、ウイグル可汗国の城郭に特有な特徴を見出すことが出来た。得られたデータは当該期の城郭分布図の基礎作成に向けてArcGIS上で展開させている。またモンゴル国北東部ドルノド県に在するシャルツ・オール1遺跡の発掘調査を行った。2017年からの継続調査であるが、本年は、東門址を発掘調査した。その結果、井桁状の地覆で門の上屋を支える基礎構造を検出した。これまでに類例のない城門構造である。また調査の結果、同遺跡の構造をより正確に把握できた。想定した城の設計尺は、妥当なものであることが分かるとともに、施工もかなり正確に行われていることが分かった。また同遺跡の資料整理・分析とともに、モンゴル科学アカデミー、国立博物館に収蔵されている突厥からウイグルの瓦を分析を加えた。その分析については、現在整理中である。尚、上記の遺跡踏査、発掘調査の内容の幾つかは成果刊行している。

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Grant amount：\6240000 （ Direct Cost: \4800000 、 Indirect Cost：\1440000 ）

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Grant amount：\17550000 （ Direct Cost: \13500000 、 Indirect Cost：\4050000 ）

Excavations at the Khostin Borag site in Mongolia revealed several iron-making furnaces, an ore-roasting furnace, and a waste soil pit. Radiocarbon dating revealed that the iron manufacturing site dates from the 2nd century B.C. to the 1st century A.D. In addition, an examination of the furnace shape, the excavation of clay tuyeres, and metallurgical analysis of the iron slag revealed some of the characteristics of the iron manufacturing technology. As a result, it is clear that the Xiongnu in the 2nd century B.C. already possessed iron production technology, and that the technological genealogy of the Xiongnu can be traced back to southern Siberia. This was a major discovery that overturned the previous image of the Xiongnu, as it was not mentioned in any Chinese historical texts. This achievement led to the discovery of Xiongnu iron production sites throughout the steppe region, with the exception of the Gobi.

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Grant amount：\42770000 （ Direct Cost: \32900000 、 Indirect Cost：\9870000 ）

In this study, we analyzed sites and artifacts related to ceramic production in the upper Kherlen River basin, where castle and production sites are concentrated and is considered one of the centers of the Xiongnu state. As a result, we excavated rooftile and ceramic kilns and workshop remains at the KBS site group, the complex workshop base for iron and ceramic production, and clarified their characteristics and production techniques, and compared them with Chinese ceramic techniques. We also compared the excavated tiles with those from neighboring castle sites, and clarified the relationship between the production sites and castle sites. As a result, one aspect of the Xiongnu's ceramic management was elucidated. Dating of samples collected from the kilns established a fixed point in the middle of the 1st century A.D. for the date of workshop sites and the castles. Also we excavated a kiln in the Orkhon River basin and compared with the sites in the Khelen River basin.

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Grant amount：\17160000 （ Direct Cost: \13200000 、 Indirect Cost：\3960000 ）

This study aims to present archaeological aspects of the northern foot of Daxing'anling through a review of the archaeological cultures of the northern foot of Daxing'anling and field excavations during the period when the Xiongnu, Sunbei, Rouran, old Turk, and Uighur reigned on the Mongolian plateau.
As a result of the research, we were able to clarify the regional and inheritance characteristics of each period in the region, as well as some aspects of the negotiation relationships among adjacent regions. In addition, field research in eastern Mongolia revealed many new archaeological sites. Especially, the excavation of the Xiongnu iron site and the Uyghur Kahan State's local government offices yielded many results.

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Grant amount：\17550000 （ Direct Cost: \13500000 、 Indirect Cost：\4050000 ）

1The study examined the social complexity of mobile pastoralists and nomads, primarily in the eastern steppe region, concerning the development of trade networks and changes in the burial system. The results indicate that a trade route spanning east to west across the Altai Mountains was established in the northern Mongolian Plateau by 1100 BC, while a north-south route from the Minusinsk Basin to the Great Wall area also emerged. This trade network further expanded westward during the Xiongnu period. In contrast to the development of this trade network, the study revealed that high-rank burials with abundant funeral goods only became prevalent during the Xiongnu era. Large cemeteries at strategic transport locations suggest that controlling transportation routes held significant importance for mobile pastoralists, and that the extent of their power could not be determined solely based on their funeral possessions.

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Authorship：Principal investigator  Grant type：Competitive

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Grant amount：\17160000 （ Direct Cost: \13200000 、 Indirect Cost：\3960000 ）

We excavated the Iron smelting furnaces and roasters, belonging to the Xiongnu Age (209BC-155AD),in Mongolia. The radiocarbon date of the iron smelting site is between the 2nd century BC and 1st century AD. In addition, the characteristics of iron smelting technology were clarified by examining the furnace shape and clay pipes, as well as the metallurgical analysis of iron slag. With the promotion of this study, we have shown that the Xiongnu in the 2nd century B.C. already had the capacity to produce ironware, and the origin of the technology was revealed to be sought in southern Siberia. This was a major discovery that was not even mentioned in Chinese histories and was a major revelation that challenged the previous image of the Xiongnu.

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Grant amount：\3510000 （ Direct Cost: \2700000 、 Indirect Cost：\810000 ）

We have done the precision Iron Manufacturing Experiments during these 2 years at the Tatara iron making place, Okayama. In 2016, the experiment was carried out with supposing the Iron manufacturing technique of the Kofun period. On the other hand, the experiment of the 2nd year (2017) assumed the Ancient techniques derived from central Eurasia, especially in Korean peninsula.
After the completion of the experiments, we have successfully got the suitable samples for making a comparison of Iron Antiquities with detailed analyses of trace element compositions and multi-isotope.

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Grant amount：\31980000 （ Direct Cost: \24600000 、 Indirect Cost：\7380000 ）

How was the Mongol empire (1206-1388 AD) established in the cold and dry environment of the Mongolian Plateau? This is a major research topic in world history. In this research, we urged the elucidation of this problem not from historical materials but from archeology. As the main research method, the materials excavated from the Avraga site where the first base of the Mongol empire was located were analyzed. As a result, we were able to clarify the early period of the Mongol empire, making good use of the natural environment and local resources.

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Grant amount：\13650000 （ Direct Cost: \10500000 、 Indirect Cost：\3150000 ）

This research project focused on the South Indian Megalithic culture that developed over the Indian Peninsula between 1400 BCE and the beginning of CE to better understand the developments and significance of this culture. This project conducted a series of field surveys at Megalithic sites in Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala, and brought out the new information and data regarding Megalithic sites that had not been well examined. Along with the field surveys, the project carried out documentation and analyses on the ceramics and stone beads of this culture to examine the spatio-temporal developments of the material culture of this prehistoric culture. As a result of these works, a number of new information and data regarding the spatio-temporal developments of this culture were obtained to presume that this culture entailed developments of regional societies and interregional interaction network, a part of which was connected to North India.

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Grant amount：\33150000 （ Direct Cost: \25500000 、 Indirect Cost：\7650000 ）

In this research for the purpose of elucidating the production activities in the Xiongnu empire and their significance in the nomadic society, the field survey of the ceramic workshop sites in Khostyn Burag site group(KBS) and the research on the technique of Xiongnu ceramic production of potteries, roof tiles and bricks were conducted. As a result, The distribution of various production workshops and their each scale in KBS, and the characteristics of kilns and related features were clarified.
Furthermore, the excavated goods unearthed from neighboring fort sites were compared with the products of ceramic kilns, and the supply relationship between production area and consumption places were examined .
In addition, the research on the production technologies of the roof tiles, bricks, and potteries and the comparative study on them with the surrounding areas were advanced, and the relationship with the northern peripheral area of China was clarified.

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Grant amount：\42900000 （ Direct Cost: \33000000 、 Indirect Cost：\9900000 ）

As the international joint project with the Mongolian Historical and Archaeological Institute of Mongolian Academy of Science, during the periods from 2015 to 2017, we excavated the Dongoin Shiree site in the Tevshinshiree county, Suchbaatar province of Eastern Mongolia.
As the result of this project, we could find 14 inscriptions and several archaeological materials such as fragments of several animal bones and vessels at the center and surroundings of the mound of this site.
From the research of the inscriptions, at this present we can say that this is built for the prince titled Yabgu, later Tolis Shad of the governor of the Eastern Mongolia in the reign of the Bilge Qaghan (716-735) of the Second Old Turkic Qaghanate.

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Authorship：Principal investigator  Grant type：Competitive

Grant amount：\3640000 （ Direct Cost: \2800000 、 Indirect Cost：\840000 ）

In this research, specialists in archeology, metallurgy, geology, and cultural properties science are working on empirical academic research on excavated metal materials, and actively present their research activities both in Japan and abroad. It was aimed to create a new research area corresponding to European and American Archeometallurgy in Japan as well. In the study of the modern industrialization of the Saga clan, we held the symposium "Interdisciplinary Research of the Saga Clan at the Mietsu Naval Dock", and it became clear that not only Western technology but also conventional technology and wisdom were utilized. On the other hand, we founded "Interdisciplinary and International workshop of Iron Artifact and its indigenous Technology" in the Japan Iron and Steel Institute and actively acted as a research organization. In collaboration with overseas, we were able to deepen collaboration with archaeo - metallurgists in India and France.

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Authorship：Principal investigator  Grant type：Competitive

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Grant amount：\44720000 （ Direct Cost: \34400000 、 Indirect Cost：\10320000 ）

The aim of this archaeological study is to clarify routes of the transmission of iron smelting technique from the Near and Middle East to the eastwards and epochal change in the transmission. It became clear that iron in the Bronze Age represented by Hittite was transmitted to Central Asia via the Caucasus area in around B.C. 12th century. This is called the 1st wave of technological spread of iron. The 2nd wave indicates the eastwards tranmission from the northern coastal area of the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, where famous Scythian flourished. The oldest technique of iron smelting in the East Asia was established on the first wave and 2nd wave didn't reach there.
It could be assumed now that spread of ironmaking technology in the Northern Eurasia was caused by lifestyle of the nomadic people who purchases iron mine.

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Authorship：Principal investigator  Grant type：Competitive

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Grant amount：\16900000 （ Direct Cost: \13000000 、 Indirect Cost：\3900000 ）

In order to elucidate the aspects of the inter-regional exchange and social change in Satsumon culture, we carried out excavations of the pit dwellings of Satsumon culture at Kitami Oshima 2 site. Oshima 2 site is under somewhat peculiar environment of high altitude ridge on, but from the other settlements that are on the lowland and sand dunes have been expected to have different characteristics. As a result of excavation, it became clear that a characteristic to hark back to connection with Okhotsk culture and the Tobinitai culture in marine mammal hunting and animal rituals, the extinction rituals of the pit dwellings, choice of the building wood, the aspect of wooden goods.

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Authorship：Principal investigator  Grant type：Competitive

Grant amount：\10790000 （ Direct Cost: \8300000 、 Indirect Cost：\2490000 ）

The first archeological evidence in Mongolia of an iron-smelting site has been discovered at Khustyn Bulag. This site belongs to the Xiongnu age. Our excavation contained many interesting structures (smelting furnaces, roasters, and slag disposal pits). We could categorize the furnaces into three types, but all of them had slag pits. These characteristics of iron smelting are related not to China. We also performed metallurgical and mineralogical analyses, clarified the processes of direct steel-making, roasting of iron ore. We consider our research results sufficient to undertake a comparative study on Eurasia scale. This technology was introduced into ancient Mongolia from the West through the Steppe-Taiga area and was adjusted and locally developed, even though iron production was in conflict with the traditional nomadic life-style. We will continue our research, to clarify the interesting process that led nomadic society to produce political system and establish a nomadic state.

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Grant amount：\13910000 （ Direct Cost: \10700000 、 Indirect Cost：\3210000 ）

We examined the characteristics of Akitajo, which is the northern rule base of the nation under the Ritsuryo Codes; after that we discussed actual state and influence of the rule for or communication with the northern area and considered commerce which was conducted only inside of the northern world being independent from Akitajo. By this study, we elucidated that the rule for northern area by Akitajo was, contrary to general expectation, limited and subjective commerce based on the logic of the northern world was superior to that of Akitajo. On Akitajo, we showed that it would be not a Kokufu by an interpretation of historical documents and might be a Kokufu as a result of deciphering of unearthed materials. We will continue to examine this subject to come to a conclusion.

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Authorship：Principal investigator  Grant type：Competitive

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Grant amount：\37180000 （ Direct Cost: \28600000 、 Indirect Cost：\8580000 ）

Our aim is to clarify the background to the growth of the Mongol empire. The view that aspects of the environment such as climate are related to the rises of dynasties has existed for quite some time. There is also a possibility that the climate in the beginning of the 13th century was largely involved in the sudden rise to power of the Mongol empire. A prominent hypothesis in research to date was that Chinggis Khan unified the Mongolian people, amassed power, and set out for world conquest during a period of cooling after the Medieval Warm Epoch, in which there was warming on a global scale. We examined the hypothesis by using the paleo-environmental methods. Our results indicate that the regional climate during the rise of Chinggis khan was cold and dry, and during the conquests was warm and wet. We think that the reason for the Mongol empire's expansion may be hidden in the Mongolian Plateau's successful farming and stock raising due to its tendency toward warming and humidity.

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Authorship：Principal investigator  Grant type：Competitive

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Authorship：Collaborating Investigator(s) (not designated on Grant-in-Aid)  Grant type：Competitive

Grant amount：\15470000 （ Direct Cost: \11900000 、 Indirect Cost：\3570000 ）

In the Chengdu Plain, anciently called Shu, in Sichuan province, excavations on sites of iron production were carried out. At Tienucun site located in Pujiang prefecture of Chengdu city, features related with iron production were found and they are dated to Western and Eastern Han period. At Gushishan site, ruin of smelting furnace was found. After these excavations, characteristics of furnace and products dated to Han period in the Chengdu Plain are clarified

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Authorship：Principal investigator  Grant type：Competitive

Grant amount：\3300000 （ Direct Cost: \2700000 、 Indirect Cost：\600000 ）

I researched iron and iron artifacts in Medieval North-East Asia (Mongolia, Far East in Russia, and Hokkaido in Japan). From the viewpoints of "Production" and "Trade", the archaeological and metallurgical research ware carried. As a result, I revealed that various production and trade systems were constructed in each area against the background of the concentration of Iron-Production center and the establishment of distribution channels.

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