Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：MDPI AG  

The disposal of tea leaves discarded in the tea beverage market and clinker from coal-fired power plants has an impact on the environment; however, there are no reported cases of their combination for composting. Therefore, this study evaluated the effect of adding clinker from a coal-fired power plant to compost based on tea leaves, an organic waste product, on the composting rate and quality. The tea leaves-only compost was designated as Clinker 0%, and composts with 20% (w/w), 40% (w/w), and 60% (w/w) tea leaves supplemented with clinker were designated as Clinker 20, 40, and 60%, respectively. Each mixed material was placed in a 35 L polypropylene container with a lid and allowed to compost for 95 days. The composting rate was evaluated by the chemical oxygen demand (COD) in hot water extract and plant tests using juvenile komatsuna (Brassica rapa var. perviridis). The addition of clinker reduced the COD at the beginning of composting by 52.0, 74.3, and 86.7% in Clinker 20, 40, and 60%, respectively, compared to Clinker 0%. Furthermore, root elongation one month after composting was inhibited by Clinker 0% (60.1% relative to distilled water), but not by the addition of clinker (91.7–102.7% relative to distilled water). This suggests that the addition of clinker to tea leaf compost may accelerate composting.

DOI： 10.3390/waste2010004

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The liquid waste (LW) discharged during bioethanol production needs treatment. In this study, LW was applied to corn, and its effects on corn growth, yield, and nitrogen (N) content, as well as on soil chemical properties, were evaluated. Five treatments were applied during corn cultivation: no fertilizer (NF), chemical fertilizer (CF), LW at a standard application rate (LW1.0), LW at 1.7 times the rate of LW1.0 (LW1.7), and split application of LW1.7 (S-LW1.7) in six replications. The amount of N applied was 30 kg 10a−1 for CF and LW1.0, and 51 kg 10a−1 for LW1.7 and S-LW1.7. N was applied separately three times in CF, LW1.0, and LW1.7 and six times in S-LW1.7. A higher corn yield, corn ear weight, and number of leaves was observed in LW treatments than in CF. N content of the corn plant top was higher in S-LW1.7 than in LW1.7; N availability was 56.9% and 40.5% higher, respectively, indicating that split application improved N availability. Soil total N content increased significantly in LW treatments, and soil total carbon content tended to increase in S-LW1.7. Therefore, application of LW could increase corn yield and soil fertility, and its effect could be enhanced by split application.

DOI： 10.3390/agronomy13122904

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.20710/dojo.94.5_404

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：MDPI AG  

Organic matter, fertilizers, and soil amendments are essential for sustainable agricultural practices to guarantee soil productivity. However, these materials can increase the emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) such as CH4 and N2O. Thus, technologies for reducing GHG emissions in concert with the increase in rice production from rice fields are needed. The objectives of this study were to determine the best chicken manure (CM) and steel slag (SS) combination to mitigate CH4, N2O, and CO2 emissions in an incubation experiment, to identify the best CM:SS ameliorant mixture to mitigate CH4 and N2O, and to evaluate dry biomass and grain yield in a pot experiment. A randomized block design was established with four treatments, namely conventional (chemical fertilizer only) and three combinations of different ratios of CM and SS (1:1, 1:1.5, and 1:2.5), with five replications in a pot experiment. CM:SS (1:2.5) was identified as the best treatment for mitigating CH4, N2O, and CO2 in the incubation experiment. However, CM:SS (1:1.5) was the best CM and SS ameliorant for mitigating CH4 and N2O in the pot experiment. The global warming potential of CH4 and N2O revealed that CM:SS (1:1.5) had the lowest value. None of the combinations of CM and SS significantly increased dry biomass and grain yield.

DOI： 10.3390/agriculture11070661

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Taylor and Francis Ltd.  

Organic rice farming is acknowledged as a safe and environmentally friendly rice production method. However, the application of fresh organic matter as fertilizer can increase methane (CH4) emissions during the rice-growing period because it is a carbon (C) source for CH4 under anaerobic conditions. In this study, we evaluated the CH4 emissions and net greenhouse gas emissions (NGHGE) from rice paddy fields managed by long-term organic farming. We also assessed the effect of early incorporation of green manure and mid-season drainage (to reduce CH4 emission and NGHGE) on the rice grain yield. In the first year, we measured CH4 and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, C budget, and yield in conventionally managed (CF) and organically managed (GM) rice paddy fields, in which white clover was grown in the fallow period. In the second year, we set up four treatments with dried hairy vetch (Vicia villosa) as green manure, incorporated in the conventional season (G), one week (GE1), and three weeks (GE3) earlier, and early mid-season drainage (GED), in which green manure was incorporated in the same way as in G. In the second year, we measured the same factors as in the first year. In the first year, C was accumulated in GM due to the application of C from green manure, despite C being lost in CF. On the other hand, the large amount of CH4 emission induced in GM contributed to global warming due to high NGHGE compared to CF. Early incorporation of green manure in rice paddy fields did not increase CO2 or decrease CH4 emissions before rice transplanting in the second year. A significant reduction in grain yield in GE3 suggested that three weeks earlier incorporation of green manure is not appropriate in terms of stable agricultural management. Meanwhile, early mid-season drainage reduced CH4 emissions, which contributed to both soil C sequestration and NGHGE reduction. These results indicate that mid-season drainage a week earlier than conventional practice could be a workable way of maintaining the brown rice yield and soil C sequestration and mitigating global warming in rice paddy fields receiving green manure.

DOI： 10.1080/00380768.2021.1927832

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Nitrogen (N) is the most important and limiting factor in crop production. Thus, a clear understanding of its cycle is important to improve its efficiency, as well as reducing environmental pollution related to leaching and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. A 2-year experiment was conducted to investigate the N flows on a winter-wheat field from November 12, 2017, until June 3, 2018, and from November 12, 2018, until May 27, 2019, in Ehime Prefecture, Japan. We also evaluated N budgets based on N input and N output among different N flows in a N dynamic model. Full fertilizer (coated urea at 120 N kg ha-1) application was used to study the N budget. Two additional treatments: no (NF) and low (LF) fertilizer N were set up in a randomized block design with four replications to estimate N sources of plant N uptake and emitted N2O. Direct N2O emission was measured using a closed chamber technique. Indirect N2O emission was estimated by an emission factor. N leaching and soil mineralized N were estimated using microlysimeters. Bulk N deposition were also measured using the rain trap collection method. Total plant N uptake (208 kg N ha-1) and aboveground yield (190 kg N ha-1) were major N outflows from the field. N in plants originated from fertilizer and soil N were 58.1% and 41.9%, respectively. Leached N (30.1 kg N ha-1) from the surface soil (to 30 cm depth) was also a major N outflow. Mineralized soil N was estimated as 104 kg N ha-1 in the surface soil and contributed to 91% of leached N. Higher mean N use efficiency (101%) of fertilizer N was possibly because of the utilization of coated fertilizer and climatic conditions in the field. Indirect and direct N2O emissions were quite low. A negative N budget (-86.8 kg N ha-1) suggested that supplementation of N by organic matter, such as compost and biochar, which can suppress N leaching, would be required to maintain soil N status and environmentally friendly farming.

DOI： 10.1080/00380768.2020.1806004

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：MDPI AG  

The rising cost of inorganic fertilizers, coupled with their adverse effects on soil conditions, has resulted in increasing interest in organic amendments. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of organic amendments (OAs) with different C/N ratios on nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and recovery rate, as well as on the growth and yield of Zea mays and soil properties. A precise pot experiment was conducted on a low-fertile, sandy-loam soil, and the dynamics of nitrogen (N) were also analyzed by the A-value method, using 15N tracer. The plant height of the treatment groups decreased in the following order: inorganic fertilizer (IF) = rapeseed waste (RW) > chicken manure (CnM) > bamboo tealeaf (BTL) > cow manure (CwM) > bamboo compost (BC). Furthermore, the maize fertilized with RW only took up half of the N in IF, despite producing the same yield, which indicates that the physiological nitrogen efficiency (PUE) of RW was twice as high as that of IF. RW and CnM were regarded as valuable fertilizers that could be used to replace inorganic fertilizers. A linear relationship between the N mineralization of the OAs was obtained by an incubation test and the pot experiments, estimating the effect of OA application on the maize. Maize plants mainly absorbed N derived from fertilizers; however, for the both sources of N (fertilizer and soil), N was mainly accumulated in grains followed by the leaves, stem, and root, suggesting that studies should be conducted to improve soil N use efficiency.

DOI： 10.3390/agriculture10070272

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

This study investigated the effect of floating balls （diameter in 80 mm, white color） made of polyester on lotus growth and lotus root yield in a shallow soil cultivation system from April to September 2018. Lotus growth was improved by the increased soil temperature owing to the utilization of floating balls on paddy water, because sensible heat inflow was induced through a thermal insulation effect and by suppressing evaporation of paddy water. Furthermore, increasing soil temperature may enhance the subterranean stem division, thereby, increasing the number of lotus roots resulting in increased lotus root yield. Covering the surface area of the paddy field also contributed to reducing irrigation water requirement. In addition to the utilization of floating balls, application of supplemental nitrogen fertilizer after the blooming stage might further increase lotus root yield, because increasing leaf chlorophyll content in emergent leaves increased lotus root during the thickening stage.

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Green manure application helps maintain soil fertility, reduce chemical fertilizer use, and carbon sequestration in the soil. Nevertheless, the application of organic matter in paddy fields induces CH 4 and N 2 O emissions. Prolonging mid-season drainage reduces CH 4 emissions in paddy fields. Therefore, the combined effects of green manure application and mid-season drainage prolongation on net greenhouse gas emission (NGHGE) were investigated. Four experimental treatments were set up over a 2-year period: conventional mid-season drainage with (CMG) and without (CM) green manure and prolonged (4 or 7 days) mid-season drainage with (PMG) and without (PM) green manure. Astragalus sinicus L. seeds were sown in autumn and incorporated before rice cultivation. No significant difference in annual CH 4 and N 2 O emissions, heterotrophic respiration, and NGHGE between treatments were observed, indicating that green manure application and mid-season drainage prolongation did not influence NGHGE. CH 4 flux decreased drastically in PM and PMG during mid-season drainage under the hot and dry weather conditions. However, increasing applied carbon increases NGHGE because of increased CH 4 and Rh. Consequently, combination practice of mid-season drainage prolongation and green manure utilization can be acceptable without changing NGHGE while maintaining grain yield in rice paddy fields under organically managed rice paddy fields.

DOI： 10.3390/agriculture9020029

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Other Link： http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5000-6409

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Taylor and Francis Ltd.  

To examine the effects of phenolic acids, which are generated by the decomposition of cell walls in plant residues, and other constituents on the stability of soil aggregates, phenolic acids and carbohydrates were mixed into three different types of soil. After a 1-month incubation, the plot containing soil mixed with phenolic acids showed the greatest mean weight diameter of all the soils. In the treated soils, before incubation, the decline of saturated water permeability during continuous water percolation was mitigated in the plot containing soil mixed with phenolic acids compared with that in the other plots. Soil aggregates were synthesized with the addition of phenolic acids and carbohydrates using two methods (mixing and surface brushing) and were incubated for 153 days. The aggregate stability was greatest in the plots surface-brushed with phenolic acids for Andosol and gray lowland soil, whereas the aggregate stability was most stable in the plots mixed with phenolic acids for yellow soil. This difference in the effectiveness of application methods is rationalized by the densities of the active Al and Fe contents, the carbon content, and the specific surface area of the soils. The phenolic acids also affected sandy soil. In a similar experiment using a gray lowland soil, mixing a portion of p-coumaric acid into synthetic aggregates was found to shift the molecular weight distribution of substances to larger molecular weights, as determined by size exclusion chromatography of the liquid extracted from the aggregates, which was likely accompanied by an increase in aggregate stability. The effects of fungi and bacteria on soil long-term stability were not greater than those of phenolic acids. Our findings and previous results show that microorganisms aid in soil-aggregate formation during the early stages, and phenolic acids not only aid in the formation of aggregates but also strongly stabilize them.

DOI： 10.1080/00380768.2018.1431011

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人 日本土壌肥料学会  

<p>Nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O) is one of the important greenhouse gases emitted from agricultural field. We investigated nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O) emissions following the application of coated urea (CU) and calcium nitrate in autumn broccoli cultivation field. The experiment was conducted in Ehime University Farm from September to November 2016 and comprised four treatments: non-fertilized (C), urea (U), CU, and coated calcium nitrate (CN) applications. In CU and CN treatments, we applied only 80％ of the nitrogen (N) fertilizer used in treatment C; of this, 40％ was replaced with coated fertilizer. We measured the N<sub>2</sub>O flux and N<sub>2</sub>O emission factor (EF) induced by applied N as well as soil environmental factors including soil temperature at 5-cm-depth, soil pH, and soil ammonium and nitrate concentrations. We also measured yield, concentration of N leaching from the top 20-cm soil layer, N uptake by plant, and N use efficiency. EFs of the CU (0.62％) and CN (0.23％) treatments were higher than that of the U (0.06％) treatment. Application of CU or CN instead of U did not reduce N<sub>2</sub>O emissions from the autumn cultivation of broccoli. In the early stages of the experiment, N elution from the coated fertilizer following nitrification and denitrification might have been enhanced due to higher temperatures and precipitation. In addition, N<sub>2</sub>O emission from the applied supplemental N was low because of lower temperature and precipitation conditions following the supplemental fertilization in U. Lower yield and higher levels of leached N in CN treatment may have been due to the loss of N with higher precipitation after basal fertilization. Our study demonstrates that application of coated U could increase N<sub>2</sub>O emissions relative to the application of U under higher temperature and precipitation conditions following the application. Furthermore, application of CN may decrease the yield and increase leaching of N.</p>

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：International Society for Horticultural Science  

Fresh market tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) are mainly grown in plastic house in Japan and usually a large amount of nitrogen fertilizer was applied for getting high yield. One of the ways to establish an organic system, no chemical N fertilizer, is the use of cover crops. The application effect of a legume cover crop, hairy vetch (Vicia villosa R., HV), on N dynamics in fresh market tomatoes, 'House Momotaro', was investigated using the 15N-labeling method in 2011 and 2012. Before transplanting of tomato, the 15N-labeled HV (1.319 mg N pot-1, 260 kg N ha-1), and chemical N fertilizers were incorporated into the soil. Tomato seedlings were transplanted into a 1/2000 a Wagner pot with 0 and 240 kg ha-1 of N application (N0HV and N240HV) in plastic house early June, 2011. Only 240 kg ha-1 of N fertilizer was applied in conventional plot. There was no significant difference in fruit yield among the plots. In organic plot, N0HV, total N uptake in tomato plant was smaller than that in N240HV, however, the rate of N uptake derived from HV to total N uptake in tomato plants (%Ndfhv) in N0HV (37.1%) was larger than that in N240HV (24.8%) at 12 weeks after transplant. Nitrogen use efficiency from HV-derived N (NUE
N uptake derived from HV in tomato/amount of N applied in HV) was 44.4% in N240HV and 49.4% in N0HV. About half of HV-N including organic and inorganic type remained in the soil. Tomato was cultivated in the soil used 2011 with unlabelled HV and N fertilizer in 2012. There was no difference in the uptake amount of N derived from HV applied in 2011 (HV2011) into tomato between N240HV and N0HV, 57.7 mg plant-1 on average, so nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) derived from HV2011 was 4.4% on average 2012. It was recognized HV could be available for not only short-term N source, but also long-term N source.

DOI： 10.17660/ActaHortic.2017.1164.17

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本土壌肥料学会 ; 1927-  

DOI： 10.20710/dojo.88.3_272

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：MDPI AG  

Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from agricultural fields are an important source of the increasing atmospheric N2O concentration. We conducted a two-year investigation of soil N2O emissions induced by the application of combined organic and synthetic fertilizer (COS) and distilled silage waste (DSW). Three experimental treatments were applied to a Citrus unshiu field in January 2013 in Ehime, Japan: no fertilizer (NF), COS, and DSW. The applied nitrogen (N) from DSW was 192 and 244 kg N ha-1 in the first and second years, respectively, although the N application in COS was 192 kg N ha-1 in both years. The main N forms in COS and DSW were ammonium- and nitrate-N, respectively. Soil N2O and carbon dioxide fluxes, soil chemical properties, and mineral N leaching from topsoil were measured. The soil N2O flux increased after fertilization in COS and DSW, and a higher N2O efflux after supplemental fertilization was induced by warm and wet soil conditions. The emission factor of N2O was higher in COS (2.02%) than in DSW (1.18%), while N leaching was higher in DSW than in COS. The organic materials remaining after the application possibly increased the N2O emissions in the summer season. Therefore, to mitigate N2O emissions in citrus orchards, fertilizer containing organic materials should be applied during a cool and dry season.

DOI： 10.3390/agriculture7020010

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人 日本土壌肥料学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：愛媛大学農学部附属農場  

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：愛媛大学農学部附属農場  

CiNii Books

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD  

Agricultural fields, including rice (Oryza sativa L.) paddy fields, constitute one of the major sources of atmospheric methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). Organic matter application, such as straw and organic fertilizer, enhances CH4 emission from paddy fields. In addition, rice straw management after harvest regulates CH4 emissions in the growing season. The interaction of tillage times and organic fertilizer application on CH4 and N2O emissions is largely unknown. Therefore, we studied the effects of fallow-season tillage times and fertilizer types on CH4 and N2O emissions in paddy fields in Ehime, southwestern Japan. From November 2011 to October 2013, four treatments, two (autumn and spring) or one (spring) in the first year, or two (autumn and spring) or three (autumn, winter, and spring) in the second year times of tillage with chemical or organic fertilizer application, were established. Gas fluxes were measured by the closed-chamber method. Increasing the number of tillage times from one to two decreased succeeding CH4 emission and the emission factor for CH4 (EFCH4) in the rice-growing season, suggesting that the substrate for CH4 production was reduced by autumn and spring tillage in the fallow season. Higher EFCH4 [1.8-2.0kgcarbon (C)ha(-1) d(-1)] was observed when more straw was applied (6.9-7.2Mgha(-1)) in the second year. Organic fertilizer application induced higher CH4 emission just after the application as basal and supplemental fertilizers, especially at a lower straw application rate. This indicated that EFCH4 in the organically managed fields should be determined individually. Organic fertilizer application with two tillage times induced N2O efflux during the rice-growing season in the second year, but N2O emissions were not affected by winter tillage. Although paddy fields can act as an N2O sink because of reduced soil conditions when straw application was high, application of organic C and nitrogen as fertilizer can enhance N2O production by the denitrification process during the growing season, especially in the ripening stage when soil anaerobic conditions became moderate. These results suggest that negative emission factors for N2O (EFN2O) can be applied, and EFN2O of organic fertilizer should be considered during the estimation of N2O emission in the paddy field.

DOI： 10.1080/00380768.2015.1109999

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD  

Biochar application can reduce global warming via carbon (C) sequestration in soils. However, there are few studies investigating its effects on greenhouse gases in rice (Oryza sativa L.) paddy fields throughout the year. In this study, a year-round field experiment was performed in rice paddy fields to investigate the effects of biochar application on methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and C budget. The study was conducted on three rice paddy fields in Ehime prefecture, Japan, for 2 years. Control (Co) and biochar (B) treatments, in which 2-cm size bamboo biochar (2 Mg ha(-1)) was applied, were set up in the first year. CH4 and N2O emissions and heterotrophic respiration (Rh) were measured using a closed-chamber method. In the fallow season, the mean N2O emission during the experimental period was significantly lower in B (67 g N ha(-1)) than Co (147 g N ha(-1)). However, the mean CH4 emission was slightly higher in B (2.3 kg C ha(-1)) than Co (1.2 kg C ha(-1)) in fallow season. The water-filled pore space increased more during the fallow season in B than Co. In B, soil was reduced more than in Co due to increasing soil moisture, which decreased N2O and increased CH4 emissions in the fallow season. In the rice-growing season, the mean N2O emission tended to be lower in B (-104 g N ha(-1)) than Co (-13 g N ha(-1)), while mean CH4 emission was similar between B (183 kg C ha(-1)) and Co (173 kg C ha(-1)). Due to the C release from applied biochar and soil organic C in the first year, Rh in B was higher than that in Co. The net greenhouse gas emission for 2 years considering biochar C, plant residue C, CH4 and N2O emissions, and Rh was lower in B (5.53 Mg CO(2)eq ha(-1)) than Co (11.1 Mg CO(2)eq ha(-1)). Biochar application worked for C accumulation, increasing plant residue C input, and mitigating N2O emission by improving soil environmental conditions. This suggests that bamboo biochar application in paddy fields could aid in mitigating global warming.

DOI： 10.1080/00380768.2016.1235961

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人 日本土壌肥料学会  

DOI： 10.20710/dohikouen.62.0_16_2

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：JAPAN SOC HORTICULTURAL SCI  

Utilization of cover crops helps the establishment of environmentally friendly agriculture due to their nutrition supplying ability mainly in the current year of application, but cover crop-derived N also remains until the following year. In the present study, the nutritional effect of a cover crop on tomato production in a greenhouse in the following year was investigated using the N-15-labeling method. Hairy vetch (Vicia villosa R., HV) was used as a cover crop. N-15-labeled HV (1319 mg N/pot) was applied to a 1/2000 a Wagner pot, and a fresh market tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), 'House Momotaro' was cultivated in it at 0, 80, and 240 kg.ha(-1) of N application in 2011 (N0HV, N80HV, and N240HV). After the tomato cultivation in 2011, the soil was stored in a greenhouse (the temperature varied from -4.1 degrees C to 26.5 degrees C) without any water or fertilizer. Tomatoes were cultivated again in the Wagner pots containing the soil used in 2011, to which was added the same rate of N fertilizer (0, 80, and 240 kg.ha(-1) of N) and unlabeled HV (935 mg N/pot) in 2012. Total N uptake of tomato plants was higher in N240HV (2377 mg/plant), followed by N80HV (1760 mg/plant), N0HV (1498 mg/plant). On the other hand, the uptake of N derived from HV applied in 2011 (HV2011, 1319 mg N/pot) was not different among the treatments (57.7 mg/plant on average); thus, nitrogen use efficiency derived from HV2011 in 2012 was 4.4% on average. This value was much lower than that in 2011 (47.1% on average), but HV2011-N also remained in the soil after the tomato cultivation in 2012 (500 mg N/pot). The distribution ratios of HV2011-N to the fruit in 1st and 2nd fruit clusters that developed in the early growth period were higher than those of N derived from soil, fertilizer, and HV applied in 2012. These results showed that although the N supplying effect of HV was small, HV could be available not only as short-term N source, but also long-term N source, and HV-derived N applied in the previous year was absorbed by tomato plants during a relatively early growth period in the following year.

DOI： 10.2503/hortj.MI-073

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人 日本土壌肥料学会  

DOI： 10.20710/dohikouen.62.0_124_3

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：JAPAN SOC HORTICULTURAL SCI  

Utilization of cover crops helps the establishment of environmentally friendly agriculture due to their nutrition supplying ability mainly in the current year of application, but cover crop-derived N also remains until the following year. In the present study, the nutritional effect of a cover crop on tomato production in a greenhouse in the following year was investigated using the N-15-labeling method. Hairy vetch (Vicia villosa R., HV) was used as a cover crop. N-15-labeled HV (1319 mg N/pot) was applied to a 1/2000 a Wagner pot, and a fresh market tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), 'House Momotaro' was cultivated in it at 0, 80, and 240 kg.ha(-1) of N application in 2011 (N0HV, N80HV, and N240HV). After the tomato cultivation in 2011, the soil was stored in a greenhouse (the temperature varied from -4.1 degrees C to 26.5 degrees C) without any water or fertilizer. Tomatoes were cultivated again in the Wagner pots containing the soil used in 2011, to which was added the same rate of N fertilizer (0, 80, and 240 kg.ha(-1) of N) and unlabeled HV (935 mg N/pot) in 2012. Total N uptake of tomato plants was higher in N240HV (2377 mg/plant), followed by N80HV (1760 mg/plant), N0HV (1498 mg/plant). On the other hand, the uptake of N derived from HV applied in 2011 (HV2011, 1319 mg N/pot) was not different among the treatments (57.7 mg/plant on average); thus, nitrogen use efficiency derived from HV2011 in 2012 was 4.4% on average. This value was much lower than that in 2011 (47.1% on average), but HV2011-N also remained in the soil after the tomato cultivation in 2012 (500 mg N/pot). The distribution ratios of HV2011-N to the fruit in 1st and 2nd fruit clusters that developed in the early growth period were higher than those of N derived from soil, fertilizer, and HV applied in 2012. These results showed that although the N supplying effect of HV was small, HV could be available not only as short-term N source, but also long-term N source, and HV-derived N applied in the previous year was absorbed by tomato plants during a relatively early growth period in the following year.

DOI： 10.2503/hortj.MI-073

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Language：English   Publisher：一般社団法人 日本土壌肥料学会  

DOI： 10.20710/dohikouen.62.0_286_1

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：CROP SCIENCE SOC JAPAN  

Sweet sorghum bagasse (SSB) is a soil amendment with potential for biofuel production. This study was conducted to determine the appropriate techniques for application of SSB and the effect of incorporation of inorganic fertilizer (IF) on the production of komatuna (Brassica rapa) plants. SSB was applied to the surface of the plant or incorporated into soil. The N fate of IF was evaluated by using N-15-labeled IF. The combination of surface application of SSB and incorporation of IF to soil decreased the N uptake by komatsuna plants but increased dry weight, whereas the incorporation of IF and SSB gave lower komatsuna dry weight than IF treatment alone. Moreover, the application of SSB tended to increase the N distribution from IF to komatsuna with decreased N loss from the plant-soil system. These results showed that surface application of SSB is effective for increasing crop production due to reduction of N loss and improved N use efficiency.

DOI： 10.1626/pps.18.535

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：愛媛大学農学部附属農場  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japanese Society of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition  

Much effort for harvesting rhizome of lotus has been required on the lotus cultivation. In our study, growth of lotus, yield and quality of rhizome, soil nutrient dynamics and irrigation were evaluated on the shallow soil cultivation system. Chemical (C) and organic (O) fertilizer application plots were set up at the pool installed 10-cm depth of soil in 2011 and 2012. Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus application rate were same between two plots, while potassium (K) application in O plot was only 30% of that in C plot due to low concentration of K in organic fertilizer. Yields of rhizome (3.15 to 3.93 kg m^<-2>) were larger than that in conventional cultivation, and there was no difference in the yield between the plots. In C plot, rhizome of 100〜200 g was tended to larger than in O plot might be due to much K application in C plot. That is supported by the result more than 50% of K in lotus was concentrated in the rhizome. Color of the rhizome was almost same between two plots. However, color of the rhizome in 2013 was significantly white compared with that in 2012, because soil iron oxide, which was causal material for brown color of rhizome, might be reduced during the winter. Cation exchange capacity, soil total carbon and N concentration, and exchangeable K concentration reduced 14〜55% after two cultivations. This showed that soil nutrient reduced by plant uptake should be supplied by organic matter or other materials. Irrigation amount of water during the cultivation was approximately 1,000 mm. However, water should be supplied when evapotranspiration was greater than precipitation, especially in August and September. This study showed that high yield and quality of lotus rhizome was promising at the soil shallow cultivation system, though management for maintaining soil fertility would be required.

DOI： 10.20710/dojo.86.2_89

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Abandoned agricultural land could potentially accumulate soil organic carbon (SOC) when it is no longer used for cultivation and is allowed to revert to natural vegetation. In Japan, no tillage with weed mulching will be adopted in marginal farmland as a new organic farming system because this system minimizes the disturbance of the soil ecosystem and reduces the cost for crop production. The present study aimed to compare the effects of two organic farming systems, namely no-tillage with weed cover mulching and conventional tillage (CT), and two organic fertilizer application modes, namely no fertilizer (N-) and organic fertilizer (N+; 50 kg N ha(-1) during 2010 and 2011 and 80 kg N ha(-1) during 2012) on greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes, soil carbon sequestration, net global warming potential (GWP), and nitrate leaching. Pumpkin (Cucurbita spp.) was cultivated as the main crop in 2010 and 2011, whereas mixed cropping of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.), bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), and eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) was implemented in 2012. Tillage management increased CH4 uptake immediately after the tillage; however, the effects did not continue in the long term. On the contrary, NTW increased CH4 uptake, and the soil carbon content at the soil surface linearly increased every year after conversion to NTW indicating that improving soil physics by continuing NTW contributed to enhanced CH4 uptake. N2O emissions in NTW were higher only immediately after a weed mowing; however, NTW did not increase the annual N2O emission. In addition, the difference between initial and final SOC (Delta SOC) was greater in NTW than in CT, which significantly decreased net GWP in NTW in comparison with CT. Nitrate leaching was 48.6% and 47.3% lower in NTW than in CT at soil depths of 30-60 and 60-90 cm, respectively. These results show that no-tillage with weed cover mulching contributed to conserve the regional and global environment by reducing nitrate leaching and net GWP from the agro-ecosystem by increasing the annual CH4 uptake and soil carbon sequestration. This system will be adopted for abandoned agricultural land because it reduces net GWP shortly after conversion to this management. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.agee.2014.09.011

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：愛媛大学農学部附属農場  

レンコンの栽培は収穫時に多大な労力が必要なことが問題となっている。近年確立された省力で収穫が可能な浅床栽培法を用いてハスの栽培を行い、生育・収量・土壌化学性の変化および灌漑水量について評価を行った。2012年と2013年に、作土を10cmに充填した枠を用い化学肥料(C区)または有機肥料(O区)を用いた2処理区を設けた。窒素とリンの施用量はC区とO区で同等であったが、O区には油かすと鶏糞を用いためにカリウムはC区の3割程度であった。肥大茎の収穫量(3.15～3.93kg m-2)は処理区間の違いはなく、一般的な栽培体系での収量より大きかった。一方、C区で一節あたり100～200gがO区よりも多くなる傾向が見られた。ハスに吸収されたカリウムの約50%が肥大茎にあったことから、カリウム施用量が多いC区で肥大茎の生長に影響したと考えられた。肥大茎の色は2013年が2012年よりも有意に白かった。これは非栽培期間に土壌を湛水状態に保ったため2013年の栽培期の土壌がより還元的になり、肥大茎に付着する酸化鉄が減少したためと考えられた。陽イオン交換容量、土壌全炭素・窒素含量および交換性カリウム含量は2作付け後に14～55%低下しており、有機物の施用などによって土壌有機物の分解やハスの生長による土壌養分の減少を補う必要がある。栽培に必要な灌漑水量は1,000mm程度であり比較的水の必要量は少なかったが、7～9月の繁茂期には蒸発散量が降水量を上回るために灌漑が必要である。以上より、浅床栽培法によるハスの省力栽培は収量の増加や品質の向上が見込まれるが、土壌肥沃度を保つために有機物施用等を含めた栽培体系の確立が必要であることが明らかとなった。

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In order to improve the use efficiency of a cover crop, hairy vetch (Vicia villosa R., HV), and supplemental chemical N fertilizer, N release and uptake patterns from HV, fast-release N fertilizer (Fast), and slow-release N fertilizer (Slow) in fresh market tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) production were investigated using the N-15-labeling method. In the incubation of soil-added N at two mix rates, 20% Fast + 80% Slow (FS) and 100% Slow (S), a large amount of inorganic N, mainly NH4+-N, was released by FS in 4 weeks. Tomato 'House momotaro' was grown in 1/2000 a Wagner pots incorporating such N fertilizer and N-15-labeled HV residue (30 g DW/pot, about 200 kg N.ha(-1)). Plant biomass in tomato grown with HV was larger than that grown without HV. HV-derived N (N-dfhv,) was taken up by the tomatoes mainly until 4 weeks after transplant (WAT). The uptake amount of N-dfhv, was the same in the pot with HV-FS and HV-S. The rate of N uptake derived from HV to total N uptake in tomato plants (%N-dfhv) was 43% in HV-S, higher than that in HV-FS (34%) in 4 WAT; however, such a difference disappeared after 4 WAT. N uptake by tomato plants continued until 12 WAT. Based on these results, HV acted as a fast-release fertilizer. There was competition in N uptake between chemical fertilizer N and ITV-released N in the early stage of tomato cultivation. A large amount of chemical fertilizer tended to suppress the uptake of N-dfhv. N uptake by tomato plant continued until the late stage. These results can be applied to establish a suitable combination of HV and chemical fertilizer for tomato production.

DOI： 10.2503/jjshs1.CH-061

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In order to improve the use efficiency of a cover crop, hairy vetch (Vicia villosa R., HV), and supplemental chemical N fertilizer, N release and uptake patterns from HV, fast-release N fertilizer (Fast), and slow-release N fertilizer (Slow) in fresh market tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) production were investigated using the N-15-labeling method. In the incubation of soil-added N at two mix rates, 20% Fast + 80% Slow (FS) and 100% Slow (S), a large amount of inorganic N, mainly NH4+-N, was released by FS in 4 weeks. Tomato 'House momotaro' was grown in 1/2000 a Wagner pots incorporating such N fertilizer and N-15-labeled HV residue (30 g DW/pot, about 200 kg N.ha(-1)). Plant biomass in tomato grown with HV was larger than that grown without HV. HV-derived N (N-dfhv,) was taken up by the tomatoes mainly until 4 weeks after transplant (WAT). The uptake amount of N-dfhv, was the same in the pot with HV-FS and HV-S. The rate of N uptake derived from HV to total N uptake in tomato plants (%N-dfhv) was 43% in HV-S, higher than that in HV-FS (34%) in 4 WAT; however, such a difference disappeared after 4 WAT. N uptake by tomato plants continued until 12 WAT. Based on these results, HV acted as a fast-release fertilizer. There was competition in N uptake between chemical fertilizer N and ITV-released N in the early stage of tomato cultivation. A large amount of chemical fertilizer tended to suppress the uptake of N-dfhv. N uptake by tomato plant continued until the late stage. These results can be applied to establish a suitable combination of HV and chemical fertilizer for tomato production.

DOI： 10.2503/jjshs1.CH-061

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：愛媛大学農学部附属農場  

再生紙マルチ水稲移植栽培において、シロクローバーやヘアリーベッチ施用を行い、水稲生育と収量および土壌特性に与える変化について、無肥料区と化学肥料区を対照として調査した。緑肥を施用すると、栽培初期に急速な有機物分解が生じ、電気伝導度とpHが高くなる傾向が見られた。しかしながら、この時期の酸化還元電位への影響はわずかであり、遅れて酸化還元電位が低下した。水稲生育については、草丈、茎数、葉色値とも同様な傾向が見られ、クローバー区が最も高く、ついで化学肥料区、ベッチ区、無処理区の順になった。これは生育初期の水溶性窒素の供給速度に大きく関与していると考えられた。水稲収量は、ベッチ区が最も高かった。クローバー区と化学肥料区では、コブノメイガの食害が顕著であり、それに伴い登熟歩合が極端に減少したため、低収量となった。シロクローバーやヘアリーベッチは養分供給面で、再生紙マルチ移植栽培に適した緑肥であると考えられるが、施用量が過度にならないように注意するとともに、害虫管理も留意する必要があると考えられる。

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再生紙マルチ水稲移植栽培において、シロクローバーやヘアリーベッチ施用を行い、水稲生育と収量および土壌特性に与える変化について、無肥料区と化学肥料区を対照として調査した。緑肥を施用すると、栽培初期に急速な有機物分解が生じ、電気伝導度とpHが高くなる傾向が見られた。しかしながら、この時期の酸化還元電位への影響はわずかであり、遅れて酸化還元電位が低下した。水稲生育については、草丈、茎数、葉色値とも同様な傾向が見られ、クローバー区が最も高く、ついで化学肥料区、ベッチ区、無処理区の順になった。これは生育初期の水溶性窒素の供給速度に大きく関与していると考えられた。水稲収量は、ベッチ区が最も高かった。クローバー区と化学肥料区では、コブノメイガの食害が顕著であり、それに伴い登熟歩合が極端に減少したため、低収量となった。シロクローバーやヘアリーベッチは養分供給面で、再生紙マルチ移植栽培に適した緑肥であると考えられるが、施用量が過度にならないように注意するとともに、害虫管理も留意する必要があると考えられる。

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シロクローバーを緑肥として施用している有機水田(松山三井)と、慣行の栽培管理を行っている水田(ヒノヒカリ)において、水稲の生育・収量・品質およびCH4とN2O発生量の違いを検証した。調査は愛媛大学附属農場の試験水田にて2012年に実施した。慣行水田の2011年の水稲収穫後に圃場に残された稲わらの炭素量は72.1 kg C ha-1であり、有機水田に2012年春にすき込まれたシロクローバの炭素量は368 kg C ha-1であった。慣行水田には基肥と穂肥で8 g N m-2を化学肥料で施用したが、有機水田では緑肥の窒素が201 g N m-2すき込まれた。両水田において、水稲の草丈、茎数、葉色値の他、CH4およびN2Oフラックスを週に1回から10日に1回程度測定した。さらに、同日に0-10cm深の土壌を採取しpHや無機態窒素等の化学性を測定した。有機水田にて茎数が抑えられる傾向が見られたが、無効分げつが少なく穂数にも違いが見られず、玄米収量には有意差は無かった。しかしながら、有機水田で登熟期の高温の影響による腹白粒割合の増加や中干し後の高い土壌硝酸含量の影響によるタンパク質含量の上昇により、品質は慣行水田よりも劣っていた。CH4フラックスは両水田共に定植後から中干しまで上昇し中干し後に低下したが、CH4発生量は有機水田で高く、シロクローバーのすき込みによる易分解性炭素からの多量のCH4生成が示唆された。N2Oフラックスも両水田で中干し後の水稲生育後半に上昇する傾向が見られたが、積算N2O発生量に有意な差は無く、緑肥の施用が必ずしもN2O生成の増加には影響しないことが明らかとなった。

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：誠文堂新光社  

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One of the ways to reduce chemical fertilizer application is the use of cover crops, which improve soil properties and supply nutrition to subsequent crops. The application effect of a legume cover crop, hairy vetch (Vicia villosa R., HV), on N dynamics in fresh market tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.), 'House Momotaro,' was investigated using the N-15-labeling method. Tomato seedlings were transplanted into a 1/2000 a Wagner pot at 0, 80, and 240 kg.ha(-1) of N application (N0HV, N80HV, and N240HV) on June 9, 2011. Before transplanting, the labeled HV and chemical fertilizers were incorporated into the soil. Five tomato plants were collected 6 times in each treatment and then separated into leaves, stems, and roots. Fruits were harvested at maturity. HV-derived N uptake was recognized mainly in the first 4 weeks after transplant (WAT). Especially in N240HV, HV-derived N uptake ceased at 4 WAT. The uptake amounts of HV-derived N at 10 WAT were 587, 657, and 729 mg.plant(-1) in N240HV, N80HV, and N0HV, respectively, and were increased by decreasing N fertilizer application. The rate of N uptake derived from HV to total N uptake in tomato plants (%N-dfhv) was the highest at 2 WAT, and %N-dfhv in N80HV (52.1%) and N0HV (51.5%) were significantly higher than in N240HV (43.6%). After 2 WAT, %N-dfhv, decreased gradually in all N rates as tomatoes grew and decreased to 24.8%, 34.4%, and 37.1% in N240HV, N80HV, and N0HV, respectively, until 12 WAT. Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) from HV-derived N was the highest at 10 WAT, and N0HV (55.3%) was significantly higher than N240HV (44.5%) and N80HV (49.8%). The partition rate of HV-derived N into fruits was 63.9%, and 39.7% of HV-derived N was distributed into 1st and 2nd fruit clusters. From these results, it was clarified that HV can be expected to be an alternative N fertilizer because HV-derived N was absorbed effectively with a small amount of N fertilizer. Further research on fertilizer management in tomato's early stage will be needed for an N-reduction system because HV-derived N was mainly absorbed for 4 WAT.

DOI： 10.2503/jjshs1.82.30

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One of the ways to reduce chemical fertilizer application is the use of cover crops, which improve soil properties and supply nutrition to subsequent crops. The application effect of a legume cover crop, hairy vetch (Vicia villosa R., HV), on N dynamics in fresh market tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.), 'House Momotaro,' was investigated using the N-15-labeling method. Tomato seedlings were transplanted into a 1/2000 a Wagner pot at 0, 80, and 240 kg.ha(-1) of N application (N0HV, N80HV, and N240HV) on June 9, 2011. Before transplanting, the labeled HV and chemical fertilizers were incorporated into the soil. Five tomato plants were collected 6 times in each treatment and then separated into leaves, stems, and roots. Fruits were harvested at maturity. HV-derived N uptake was recognized mainly in the first 4 weeks after transplant (WAT). Especially in N240HV, HV-derived N uptake ceased at 4 WAT. The uptake amounts of HV-derived N at 10 WAT were 587, 657, and 729 mg.plant(-1) in N240HV, N80HV, and N0HV, respectively, and were increased by decreasing N fertilizer application. The rate of N uptake derived from HV to total N uptake in tomato plants (%N-dfhv) was the highest at 2 WAT, and %N-dfhv in N80HV (52.1%) and N0HV (51.5%) were significantly higher than in N240HV (43.6%). After 2 WAT, %N-dfhv, decreased gradually in all N rates as tomatoes grew and decreased to 24.8%, 34.4%, and 37.1% in N240HV, N80HV, and N0HV, respectively, until 12 WAT. Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) from HV-derived N was the highest at 10 WAT, and N0HV (55.3%) was significantly higher than N240HV (44.5%) and N80HV (49.8%). The partition rate of HV-derived N into fruits was 63.9%, and 39.7% of HV-derived N was distributed into 1st and 2nd fruit clusters. From these results, it was clarified that HV can be expected to be an alternative N fertilizer because HV-derived N was absorbed effectively with a small amount of N fertilizer. Further research on fertilizer management in tomato's early stage will be needed for an N-reduction system because HV-derived N was mainly absorbed for 4 WAT.

DOI： 10.2503/jjshs1.82.30

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Nitrogen (N) use efficiency for grain yield (the grain yield per absorbed N) in Chinese high-yielding rice cultivars grown with different types of slow release fertilizers (linear and sigmoid types) was analyzed. The amount of N absorbed and dry weight in Yangdao 4 (YD), Wuyugen 3 (WY) and Hinohikari (HH) were significantly increased by applying slow release fertilizers. With increasing amount of absorbed N, the N use efficiency for grain yield was lowered, but the N use efficiency for grain yield in YD and WY grown with sigmoid type slow release fertilizer tended to be higher than that with split application of ammonium chloride irrespective of the amount of N absorbed, due to higher percentage of grain filling. YD had a lower percentage of immature grains than HH, probably due to the high specific gravity of the heavy grains. In addition, the decrease in the amount of straw dry matter during the ripening stage was significantly larger in YD than in HH. These traits may result in the stably high percentage of grain filling.

DOI： 10.1626/jcs.82.337

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Crop Science Society of Japan  

DOI： 10.20768/jcskanto.27.0_38

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Sole use of chemical fertilizers as a nutrient source for intensive paddy rice production has likely caused a decline in soil fertility and rice yields. This study examined the effects of poultry manure and sewage sludge application on nitrogen (N) uptake, dynamics and efficiency of usage. A 15N isotope dilution method was used to estimate the amount of N in rice plants derived from the poultry manure and sewage sludge. The results showed that the percentage of 15N recovered from sewage sludge and poultry manure was 19 and 36%, respectively. Most of the N uptake by rice was from the soil and varied from 54-64%. The relative efficiency of poultry manure and sewage sludge was 80 and 85%, respectively. No significant difference was observed in the N loss rate and the N residual into soil post harvesting between the poultry manure and sewage sludge. © 2012 Academic Journals Inc.

DOI： 10.3923/ajes.2012.63.69

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DOI： 10.4035/jsfwr.44.127

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The effects of (15)N-labelled green manure (GM) application on rice yield and N uptake were investigated and compared with those of inorganic fertilizer (IF) and no fertilizer (NF) application. Nine GMs (white clover, Chinese milk vetch, hairy vetch, crimson clover, oats, rye, Italian ryegrass, white mustard, lacy phacelia) were either incorporated into or surface-applied on paddy soil. Among the nine GM treatments, the rice yield and N uptake tended to be higher in the white clover and hairy vetch treatments. The rice N uptake efficiency from the applied N source was highest in the incorporated hairy vetch (56%), followed by IF (52%), and incorporated white clover (44%), whereas for the other treatments there were no significant differences. The mineral fertilizer equivalent values of hairy vetch and white clover in case of the incorporation were 108% and 84%, respectively. Therefore, hairy vetch and white clover seem to be the most efficient organic N source as alternatives to inorganic N fertilizers. The N uptake efficiency of rice and residual N in soil derived from GM were higher in the incorporation treatments than that in the surface-applied treatments, indicating that N losses from the soil-plant system were lower with the incorporation.

DOI： 10.1007/s11104-009-9913-4

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：JAPAN INT RESEARCH CENTER AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES  

We examined 40 accessions of maize collected from Shikoku (36) and Kyushu (4) for 18 characteristics of growth, yield, and car morphology. Nested ANOVA revealed significant variations among the accessions in most of the characteristics. Principal component analysis of I I representative characteristics revealed that the first 4 principal components (Eigenvalues &gt; 1) accounted for 75.2% of the total variation. These 4 components indicated earliness of growth, car morphology, yield ability, and seed size in decreasing order of effects. Using cluster analysis based on the 4 components, we identified at least 8 cultivars, which we tentatively assigned to 5 cultivar groups defined in the 1960s. The accessions from Shikoku are rich in phenotypic variations and include landraces that have not been mentioned before.

DOI： 10.6090/jarq.43.213

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The effects of the beginning time of flooding on legume decomposition, N release, growth and yield of rice cultivated with white clover living mulch were investigated by field and pot experiments. The effects of the beginning timepoints of flooding were examined in the living mulch plot : the beginning of flooding at 10 days before transplanting (LMSTD) and at 10 and 30 days after transplanting of the rice (LM10 DAT and LM30 DAT, respectively). Peaks of NH4-N in the flood water were observed at 15, 4, and 10 days after flooding in LMSTD, LM10 DAT and LM30 DAT plots, respectively
this showed that flooding can stimulate the decomposition of the legumes and control the time of N release from the legumes. The height of the rice plant in the LM30 DAT plot was higher than that in the LMSTD and LM10 DAT plots in the field experiment. In the pot experiment, the tiller number in the LM30 DAT plot was higher than that in the LMSTD and LM10 DAT plots. In both the field and pot experiments the dry weights of the roots, stems leaves, and panicles were significantly or insignificantly heavier in the LM30 DAT plot than in the LMSTD and LM10 DAT plots. Moreover, the yield in the LM30 DAT plot was higher than that in the LMSTD and LM10 DAT plots. The dry weights of the weeds in the legume-treated soil were significantly lighter than that in the chemical fertilizer-treated. Thus, the growth and yield of rice with legume living mulch may be improved by delaying the flooding time.

DOI： 10.1626/jcs.78.27

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The fates of nitrogen-15 (15N)-labeled biogas slurry (BS) and chemical fertilizer (CF) applied to soil with low fertility cropped with rice were investigated. The 15N dilution method was used to estimate N uptake and recovery
potted soil was labeled with 1.0 atom % excess [ 15N] ammonium chloride ([15N]NH4Cl). Certain select soil characteristics were also measured in soil amended with the slurry to explain N losses. The values of the % N derived by fertilizer application to the plant exhibited significant differences among different plant parts. N uptake from the CF applied to rice grain, straw and the roots was significantly (p&lt
0.05) higher than that from BS, but the highest proportion of N uptake by rice was from the soil. At harvest, an average of 6.2 and 13.2% of applied N remained in the soil treated with the CF and BS, respectively. Fertilizer use efficiency calculated by the 15N dilution method tended to be higher for CF than BS. A significant amount of N fertilizer (average: 30%) was apparently lost from the soil-plant system by ammonia (NH3) volatilization. Following BS application, the pH increased by 1 to 1.2 units in the top 5 cm of the soil, resulting in high NH3 volatilization in the first 2 days of the experiment. The NH3 volatilization accounted for the decrease in soil ammonium-N (NH4 +-N) content. © 2008 Academic Journals Inc.

DOI： 10.3923/ijss.2008.11.19

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An incubation study was conducted to assess the effect of composted tea leaves, coffee waste and kitchen garbage on the kinetics of net nitrogen mineralization and P, K, Ca and Mg availability. NH4-N, NO 3-N, Bray II P, the exchangeable cations, EC and pH were determined after 0, 7, 14, 21, 42 and 63 day. Inorganic N concentration in the amended soils was analyzed by a first-order model. The pH of the soil increased after 14-21 day of incubation and gradually decreased thereafter. EC values showed the following trend: composted tea leaves &gt
kitchen garbage &gt
coffee waste. The composts were highly variable in their N mineralization characteristics, but the peaks for mineralized N content were observed at early incubation times in all the composts, i.e., after 14-21 day because the composts had undergone maturation. Potential respective mineralizable N (N0) content of the composted tea leaves, coffee waste and kitchen garbage was 18.8, 6.30 and 22.4 mg kg-1 dry soil and the respective rate constant (k) was 0.101, 0.199 and 0.255 day-1. Rate of N mineralization for the composted tea leaves, coffee waste and kitchen garbage was 5.25, 9.10 and 38.6%, respectively, of the total N content. Composted kitchen garbage displayed the highest value for N release rate. P, K and Ca showed the following trend: composted tea leaves &gt
kitchen garbage &gt
coffee waste and Mg was composted tea leaves &gt
coffee waste &gt
kitchen garbage. © 2007 Academic Journals.

DOI： 10.3923/ijss.2007.96.106

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To study the short term effects of rice residue management in comparison with mineral fertilizer on rice growth, yield, N uptake, changes of ammonia concentration, pH and EC of flooded water. Biomass yield was significantly higher in the mineral fertilizer and rice residue than in the control treatment. Total N uptake by rice was not significantly affected by rice residue incorporation. A lower N uptake in the rice residue plots can be attributed to relatively high C/N ratios. The result suggests that the application of rice residue at a suitable time is crucial for maximizing the beneficial effects of rice residue application. In particular, the increased immobilization process in early stages and the subsequent gradual remineralization allowed plant to utilize N more efficiently. Rice residue application noticeably reduced the pH of the flooded water as compared with mineral fertilizer alone. © 2007 Academic Journals Inc.

DOI： 10.3923/ijar.2007.1030.1036

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Efficient liquid slurry land application requires knowledge of nutrient content, proper application rate and crop needs. An improved understanding of the cycling of biogas slurry N is a prerequisite for making better use of this N source. The efficiency of nitrogen (N) derived from biogas slurry must be determined to optimize use of N and reduce impact on the environment. Keeping in view, a pot experiment was initiated to estimate crop N uptake from biogas slurry and chemical fertilizer that applied to Komatsuna (Brassica campestris L.) using 15N isotope dilution method. In this experiment 180 kg N ha-1 of 1.0 atom % 15N excess ammonium chloride was used. Nitrogen derived from biogas slurry (Ndfs) and recovered-N (N rfs) in Komatsuna was measured to know the effects of applied slurry on the performance of the crop and nutrient dynamics in a Brown Lowland Soil, Fluvisols west Japan. It was found out that 15N uptake was slightly higher in chemical fertilizer compared to slurry application. In addition, N uptake derived from chemical fertilizer (Ndfc) was better than that taken from soil (Ndfs). Fertilizer use efficiency (FUE- 15N) was lower in slurry treatment (47.2%) than chemical fertilizer (65.9%). The relative efficiency (slurry use efficiency/chemical use efficiency *100) was varied in Komatsuna roots and leaves. © 2006 Asian Network for Scientific Information.

DOI： 10.3923/pjbs.2006.2426.2431

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DOI： 10.4035/jsfwr.40.191

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SPRINGER  

Knowledge of N availability from organic amendments is a key to improve N use efficiency and reduce environmental pressure from agriculture. Nitrogen mineralization from N-15-labeled cattle dung compost and rapeseed cake was investigated under flooded and upland (60% of water holding capacity) conditions in an incubation experiment for 63 d at 25degreesC. The relative abundance of N in the cattle dung compost by the simple step-wise acid hydrolysis method was in the following order: labile N (37% of total N, refluxing with 1 M HCl for 3 h, H1-N) &gt; non-hydrolyzable N (32%) &gt; recalcitrant N (18%, 3 M HCl for 3 h, H2-N). There was no significant difference in the N-15 abundance between total N and N in each fraction of the cattle dung compost. For the rapeseed cake, the H1-N accounted for 81% of total N and the N-15 abundance of total N and H1-N was higher than the N-15 abundance of H2-N and non-hydrolyzable N. In the cattle dung treatment, inorganic N-15 was the highest at 21 d of incubation and then decreased thereafter under flooded conditions, whereas it remained constant from 21 to 63 d under upland conditions. In the rapeseed cake treatment, inorganic N-15 was the highest at 42 d under flooded conditions and inorganic N-15 increased until 42 d and remained stable thereafter under upland conditions. The N mineralization rate from the cattle dung compost was slow both under flooded and upland conditions. More than half of N in the rapeseed cake was mineralized during the incubation period both under flooded and upland conditions. There was no significant difference in N-15 recovery in the soil between flooded and upland conditions at 63 d in the cattle dung treatment, while the N-15 recovery in the soil at 63 d was higher under upland than under flooded conditions in the rapeseed cake treatment. Although N mineralization from the rapeseed cake was greater under flooded conditions than upland conditions, there was no significant difference in N mineralization from the cattle dung compost between both conditions. Therefore, N mineralization from organic amendments is not always more rapid under flooded than upland conditions depending on the amendment type.

DOI： 10.1023/B:PLSO.0000020976.12389.f7

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DOI： 10.4035/jsfwr.39.165

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD  

Nitrogen and carbon dynamics in paddy and upland soils for rice cultivation and in upland soil for corn cultivation was investigated by using C-13 and N-15 dual-labeled cattle manure compost (CMC). In a soil with low fertility, paddy and upland rice took up carbon and nitrogen from the CMC at rates ranging from 0.685 to 1.051% of C and 17.6-34.6% of N applied. The C-13 concentration was much higher in the roots than in the plant top, whereas the 15 N concentration differed slightly between them, indicating that organic carbon taken up preferentially accumulated in roots. The C-13 recovery in the plant top tended to be higher in upland soil than in paddy soil, whereas N-15 applied was recovered at the same level in both paddy and upland soils. In the experiment with organic farming soil, paddy rice took up C and N from the CMC along with plant growth and the final recovery rates of C-13 and N-15 were 2.16 and 17.2% of C and N applied. In the corn experiment, a very large amount of carbon from the CMC was absorbed, accounting for at least 7 times value for rice. The final uptake rates of C-13 and N-15 reached about 13 and 10% of C and N applied, respectively. Carbon emission from the CMC sharply increased by 2 weeks after transplanting and the nitrogen emission was very low. It is concluded that rice and corn can take up an appreciable level of carbon and nitrogen from the CMC through roots.

DOI： 10.1080/00380768.2002.10408704

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Pot experiments that lasted for 3 y were conducted to investigate the dynamics of nitrogen derived from plant residues (rice root, hull, straw, corn root, and rapeseed pod-wall), and composts (rice straw compost, cattle manure compost, and cattle manure sawdust compost), which were labeled with N-15. The rates of nitrogen uptake by rice (=N efficiency), denitrification, and immobilization derived front the organic materials incorporated before the first year of cultivation were investigated throughout 3 y of cultivation. At the end of the first year of cultivation, relatively high rates of N efficiency were obtained for rapeseed pod-wall (24.6%), rice straw (19.1%), and rice hull (18.6%), while corn root and cattle manure sawdust compost displayed a noticeably high denitrification rate. Corn root, cattle manure sawdust compost, rice hull, and rapeseed pod-wall exhibited remarkably high N mineralization rates ranging from 60 to 75% of the organic materials N applied. Cumulative rates of N efficiencies from the organic materials applied before the first year of cultivation fitted well to a first-order kinetic model and their asymptotes were compared among the organic materials. The asymptotic rates of N efficiency tended to depend on the rates at the end of the first year of cultivation.

DOI： 10.1080/00380768.2001.10408439

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japanese Society of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition  

In rice cultivation, assimilation rate of carbon dioxide at ripening stage is considered to be one of the most important factors which influences the percentage of ripened grain. By using two different rice plants, Oryza sativa L., cv. Hoshiyutaka and Akenohoshi, that had a high and a low percentage of ripened grain, respectively, the ^<13>C-tracer method was examined for its suitability as an evaluation method for the capacity of carbon dioxide assimilation and the translocation of the products. At the heading stage, it was observed in the both varieties that the higher order of the leaf assimilated a larger amount of ^<13>CO_2. Hoshiyutaka had a higher rate of^<13>CO_2,assimilation and translocation to its leaf sheath, culm and ear than Akenohoshi. In particular, Hoshiyutaka kept a higher assimilation rate even in its lower leaf. At the ripening stage, a higher amount of photosynthetic product remained in Hoshiyutaka, which had been assimilated and translocated for 4 d. In the case of Akenohoshi, a preferential translocation of the products was performed in the superior spikelets of the upper and lower rachilla in spite of nearly reaching to their ripening capacity. In contrast, a low translocation rate in the inferior spikelets led to an insufficient restoration of the product. On the other hand, in the case of Hoshiyutaka, a reasonable translocation of the products was performed. It was considered that the differences in these characteristics on the capacity of CO_2 assimilation and translocation reflected the percentages of their grain ripened. These results indicated the usefulness of the CO_2 exposing method in the evaluation of rice plant species which varied in the capacity of assimilation and translocation of photosynthetic products, especially, at the ripening stage.

DOI： 10.20710/dojo.72.3_379

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japanese Society of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition  

In rice cultivation, assimilation rate of carbon dioxide at ripening stage is considered to be one of the most important factors which influences the percentage of ripened grain. By using two different rice plants, Oryza sativa L., cv. Hoshiyutaka and Akenohoshi, that had a high and a low percentage of ripened grain, respectively, the ^<13>C-tracer method was examined for its suitability as an evaluation method for the capacity of carbon dioxide assimilation and the translocation of the products. At the heading stage, it was observed in the both varieties that the higher order of the leaf assimilated a larger amount of ^<13>CO_2. Hoshiyutaka had a higher rate of^<13>CO_2,assimilation and translocation to its leaf sheath, culm and ear than Akenohoshi. In particular, Hoshiyutaka kept a higher assimilation rate even in its lower leaf. At the ripening stage, a higher amount of photosynthetic product remained in Hoshiyutaka, which had been assimilated and translocated for 4 d. In the case of Akenohoshi, a preferential translocation of the products was performed in the superior spikelets of the upper and lower rachilla in spite of nearly reaching to their ripening capacity. In contrast, a low translocation rate in the inferior spikelets led to an insufficient restoration of the product. On the other hand, in the case of Hoshiyutaka, a reasonable translocation of the products was performed. It was considered that the differences in these characteristics on the capacity of CO_2 assimilation and translocation reflected the percentages of their grain ripened. These results indicated the usefulness of the CO_2 exposing method in the evaluation of rice plant species which varied in the capacity of assimilation and translocation of photosynthetic products, especially, at the ripening stage.

DOI： 10.20710/dojo.72.3_379

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The inductive production of chitinolytic enzymes (chitinase and N-acetylglucosaminidase) in soil microcosms by the amendment with various carbon sources and/or inoculation of chitinase producing Streptomyces sp., was examined. Chitinase activity in soil was measured by using 4-methylumbelliferyl (4MU) derivatives of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) oligomers as substrates, i.e., 4MU-chitobiose and 4MU-chitotriose, and N-acetylglucosaminidase activity by using 4MU-GlcNAc. The highest chitinase activity was attained by the amendment with chitin powder. GlcNAc and yeast extract also increased the chitinase activity significantly and incubation with glucose increased the chitinase activity only for 4MU-chitobiose. In contrast, the increase of the chitinase activity by other carbon sources including cellulose, xylan, laminarin, chitosan, and xylose was negligible. The ratio of chitinase activity for 4MU-chitobiose to that for 4MU-chitotriose in the soil varied with the substrate applied, suggesting that different types of chitinases were produced depending on the carbon-source added. Inoculation of Streptomyces sp, S-84, which produces a large amount of chitinase, stimulated the synthesis of chitinolytic enzymes in soil.

DOI： 10.1080/00380768.2000.10409152

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Direct and indirect (=through decomposition) uptakes of free amino acids (FAA) by rice and tomato plants were investigated by using ^<13>C- and ^<15>N-labeled aspartic and glutamic acids, serine, leusine and ammonium as tracers. 1) One week after the surface application of amino acid-N or NH_4-N to paddy soil, the amounts of ammonium remaining in the soil, assimilated ammonium, denitrificated ammonium and amounts taken up by plants were similar. 2) From 5.5 to 7.7% of the FAA applied was absorbed directly by rice plants, and from 42.5 to 47.2% of that was indirectly absorbed as ammonium after decomposition. It is suggested that the FAA degraded to ammonium around 2 or 3 d and the 1-^<13>C absorption rates of the FAA (RCH(NH_2)^<13>COOH) were high in proportion to the number of carbon atoms of the R side-chain. 3) The absorption rate of N derived from the FAA by tomato plants was lower than that by rice plants, namely, from 0.4 to 1.9% in direct-uptake and from 16.0 to 29.8% in indirect-uptake. Percentage of direct-uptake of the FAA in upland soil was much lower than that in the paddy field.

DOI： 10.20710/dojo.70.6_739

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Crop Science Society of Japan  

We developed a new direct hill seeding method, paper-mulched direct seeding (PMDS). In this method, recycled-paper sheets with rice ( Oryza Saliva L.) seeds affixed are spread over a flooded paddy field just after puddling and leveling. Three or five rice seeds were sandwiched between biodegradable gauze or non-woven mesh, fixed to a hole (25 mm diameter) arranged on the sheet at a distance corresponding to the planting density. The sheet gave a very high percentage (98.3%) of germination in water culture of cultivar, Koshihikari. Koshihikari sown by the PMDS method showed a relatively high percentage of seedling establishment, ranging from 70 to 80%. Moreover, a high stability of seedling establishment was obtained by the PMDS method as compared with lowland hill seeding of non-germinated seeds without use of the oxygen supplying chemical, calcium peroxide. Frequencies of vacant hills in the PMDS plot of 5 cultivars, Akitakomachi, Dontokoi, Hinohikari, Hitomebore and Koshihikari, were very low, ranging from 0.40 to 2.33%. Although no herbicide was applied in the PMDS plot, only a few weeds, i.e., Scripus juncoides Roxb. var. ohwians T. koyama and Eleocharis kuroguwai Ohwi were observed, indicating that herbicides are not required in the PMDS. Little lodging was seen in the PMDS plot. The brown rice yield by the PMDS was 615 g m~z. These results clearly demonstrate that the PMDS is useful for hill seeding in flooded paddy fields.

DOI： 10.1626/pps.2.53

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Direct and indirect (=through decomposition) uptakes of free amino acids (FAA) by rice and tomato plants were investigated by using ^<13>C- and ^<15>N-labeled aspartic and glutamic acids, serine, leusine and ammonium as tracers. 1) One week after the surface application of amino acid-N or NH_4-N to paddy soil, the amounts of ammonium remaining in the soil, assimilated ammonium, denitrificated ammonium and amounts taken up by plants were similar. 2) From 5.5 to 7.7% of the FAA applied was absorbed directly by rice plants, and from 42.5 to 47.2% of that was indirectly absorbed as ammonium after decomposition. It is suggested that the FAA degraded to ammonium around 2 or 3 d and the 1-^<13>C absorption rates of the FAA (RCH(NH_2)^<13>COOH) were high in proportion to the number of carbon atoms of the R side-chain. 3) The absorption rate of N derived from the FAA by tomato plants was lower than that by rice plants, namely, from 0.4 to 1.9% in direct-uptake and from 16.0 to 29.8% in indirect-uptake. Percentage of direct-uptake of the FAA in upland soil was much lower than that in the paddy field.

DOI： 10.20710/dojo.70.6_739

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SOC FERMENTATION BIOENGINEERING, JAPAN  

Streptomyces lividans 66 has three distinct chitinase genes. The nucleotide sequence of one gene for chitinase (chiB) from S. lividans was determined, and the structure and expression of the gene were analyzed. The structural gene consisted of 1,830 bp encoding 610 amino acid residues. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence of chitinase B with those of chitinases of other bacteria revealed a domain structure from N-terminal to C-terminal of the following order: signal peptide, substrate-binding domain, type III repeating unit, and catalytic domain. When the three chitinase genes from S. lividans (chiA, chiB, chiC) were compared with one another, the overall similarities between the nucleotide sequences of chiA and chiB and between the amino acid sequences deduced from them were found to be 49% and 59%, respectively, whereas chiC showed no relatedness to either chiA of chiB. It is, therefore, suggested that chiA and chiB diverged relatively recently, chiB of S. lividans was found to be more than 90% similar of chi01 of Streptomyces olivaceoviridis in both nucleotide and amino acid sequences, and chiC of S. lividans was found to be almost identical to chiA and S. plicatus. Southern hybridization studies conducted using chiA, chiB, and chiC of S. lividans as probes against genomic DNA from several Streptomyces strains revealed that these genes of S. lividans are distributed and highly conserved among the genus Streptomyces. Although a pair of direct repeat sequences similar to those found in the promoter region of other chitinase genes of Streptomyces are present in chiB, the motif is least conserved in chiB. The level of expression of chiB was shown to be lower than that of either chiA or chiC. It is assumed that chitinases A and C play a major role in chitin degradation in S. lividans.

DOI： 10.1016/S0922-338X(97)87322-9

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DOI： 10.20710/dohikouen.61.0_285_2

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DOI： 10.14829/jcsproc.231.0.106.0

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持続的農業の重要性が叫ばれて久しい昨今ではあるが、最近ではリン酸やカリウムなどが、世界的な資源枯渇問題から肥料価格が何倍にも上昇し、農家経営が圧迫されている。この問題は決して一過性ではなく、現代農業技術が大幅な見直しを迫られるほど大きな局面にあると言っても過言ではないほどであり、長期的見通しに立った持続型農業技術システムの構築が危急の課題となっている。次世代型肥培管理技術は、（1）有限資源の投入量削減、（2）未利用有機物の活用、（3）土壌残存養分の可給態化、（4）肥料利用率の向上、（5）環境への流出低減、（6）総合的な地力維持などが基本となると考えられるが、最も期待されるのは、有機物供給による総合的な土壌改良技術であろう。本稿では、緑肥を利用した水稲栽培技術体系について概説するとともに、筆者らが西南暖地の低肥沃度水田において行った栽培研究等について紹介する。

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本作物学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本作物学会  

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本作物学会  

温州ミカン栽培における綿マルチの雑草抑制効果および敷設栽培による果実品質への効果を検証するために&#039;日南1号&#039;を供試し,雑草個体数,乾物重および果実糖度,酸度,果皮色を調査した.1.綿マルチ敷設区の雑草個体数および乾物重は,非敷設区より有意に低く,綿マルチシートの雑草抑制効果が示された.2.非敷設区の雑草一個体当たり乾物重は,雑草種間に差が見られたのに対し,敷設区では差は見られず,綿マルチによる雑草抑制効果は,確認された雑草種全般に有効であることが明らかとなった.3.敷設区の雑草一個体当たり乾物重は,全ての雑草種において非敷設区より低くなっており,綿マルチ敷設区では,たとえ雑草が発生したとしても一個体が小さくなることが示された.4.綿マルチ敷設による果実品質への影響は顕著ではないが,若干の食味向上と,有意な果梗部の紅着色の向上が確認できた.5.以上のことから,温州ミカン栽培における綿マルチ敷設は,雑草抑制効果の面で有効な技術であり,果実品質も向上する傾向が認められた.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本作物学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本作物学会  

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施肥,耕起を行った畑状態の水田において布マルチ水稲直播シートを敷設して水稲を栽培し,生育,収量,品質に与える効果および圃場内における不均一性について,移植-機械除草栽培体系と比較を行うとともに,マルチシート分解過程における養分動態の解析を行った.1.布マルチ栽培の茎数と葉色値は,移植栽培に比べて圃場内でのバラツキが大きく.茎数の変動係数は30%前後となった.2.布マルチ栽培では,移植栽培に比べて収量が低く,圃場内のバラツキも高くなった.これは,穂数と一穂籾数が低く,変動係数が高いことに起因していた.3.布マルチ栽培の精玄米外観品質,白度および粒大においては,移植栽培より高くなり,高品質生産に有効であることが示された.4.食味値および食味関連数値は,布マルチ栽培,移植栽培とも同様な値となった.5.布マルチシートの分解過程において,栽培中期までにシート中に窒素を中心とした多量の養分が蓄積されることが明らかとなった.また,水口周辺のシートは,非水口よりも養分蓄積が遅く,分解が遅くなることが確認された.

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J-GLOBAL

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：CROP SCIENCE SOCIETY OF JAPAN  

DOI： 10.14829/jcsproc.227.0.62.0

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Toyama College  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：富山短期大学  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本作物学会  

The effects of the beginning time of flooding on legume decomposition, N release, growth and yield of rice cultivated with white clover living mulch were investigated by field and pot experiments. The effects of the beginning timepoints of flooding were examined in the living mulch plot : the beginning of flooding at 10 days before transplanting (LMSTD) and at 10 and 30 days after transplanting of the rice (LM10 DAT and LM30 DAT, respectively). Peaks of NH4-N in the flood water were observed at 15, 4, and 10 days after flooding in LMSTD, LM10 DAT and LM30 DAT plots, respectively
this showed that flooding can stimulate the decomposition of the legumes and control the time of N release from the legumes. The height of the rice plant in the LM30 DAT plot was higher than that in the LMSTD and LM10 DAT plots in the field experiment. In the pot experiment, the tiller number in the LM30 DAT plot was higher than that in the LMSTD and LM10 DAT plots. In both the field and pot experiments the dry weights of the roots, stems leaves, and panicles were significantly or insignificantly heavier in the LM30 DAT plot than in the LMSTD and LM10 DAT plots. Moreover, the yield in the LM30 DAT plot was higher than that in the LMSTD and LM10 DAT plots. The dry weights of the weeds in the legume-treated soil were significantly lighter than that in the chemical fertilizer-treated. Thus, the growth and yield of rice with legume living mulch may be improved by delaying the flooding time.

DOI： 10.1626/jcs.78.27

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本農作業学会  

The effects of cover crop on rice growth, yield, and nitrogen in soil were investigated and compared with those of chemical fertilizer (CF) and no fertilizer (NF) application in the Shikoku region of Japan. White clover (WC) was incorporated into paddy soil (WCIN) or used as living mulch without tillage (WCLM). A field experiment was conducted in 2004 and 2006. The NH&lt;SUB&gt;4&lt;/SUB&gt;-N level in the soil of WCIN was higher than that in NF at 1 day after transplanting (DAT). Rice height, number of tillers and leaf chlorophyll content (SPAD value) at 50, 97, and 114 DAT, the number of spikelets and yield per unit area at 114 DAT in WCIN were higher than those in NF. These findings indicate the positive effects of WC incorporation on soil nitrogen, rice yield, and nitrogen uptake. In WCLM, the NH&lt;SUB&gt;4&lt;/SUB&gt;-N level in soil was lower than that in NF at 1 DAT. The yield per unit area in WCLM was lower than that in CF and WCIN. This may be due to the lower numbers of panicles and spikelets per unit area in WCLM. These suggest that effects of WC living mulch on nitrogen supply to rice, increase of the numbers of panicles and spikelets were lower than those of WC incorporation. In order to increase rice yield in cultivation with a cover crop, it is necessary to increase yield of cover crop and improve methods of fertilization suitable for each application with cover crop (incorporation, living mulch).

DOI： 10.4035/jsfwr.44.127

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本作物学会  

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落ち綿マルチは、綿製品製造過程において排出される繊維長2cm以下の落ち綿をシート状に加工したもので、省力的な水稲栽培のための土壌被覆資材として実用化されている。現在、更に高温高圧処理を加えて薄状化した畑作用の落ち綿マルチが研究開発されており、実用化試験が進んでいる。本研究では、試作された落ち綿マルチ6種類を用いて夏播きレタスの栽培を行い、その生育及び収量に与える影響を調査した。

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本作物学会  

近年,エチゼンクラゲやミズクラゲが日本近海で大量発生し水産業に甚大な被害を与えている.著者らは,クラゲを脱塩・乾燥して作られた細片(クラゲ)に,水稲に対する生育促進効果とともに雑草の発生を抑制する効果のあることを見出し,これを水稲有機栽培の雑草対策に活用すべく検討している(杉本ら2008日作紀別号2:26-27).クラゲのN含有率は13.2%と化成肥料並みに高いが,PやKの含有率は極めて低い.米ぬかは雑草の抑制を目的に移植後に田面に散布されるが,米ぬかにはPとKがそれぞれ3.04%,2.30%含まれている.クラゲは土壌に混合した場合に雑草抑制効果が高いので,代かき時にこれを土壌に混合し,移植後に米ぬかを田面に散布することで,クラゲに不足する肥料成分を補うとともに雑草抑制の相乗効果も期待できる.ここでは,クラゲと米ぬかの施用割合を変えた場合における雑草抑制効果,水稲に対する肥料効果について調査した.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本作物学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：CROP SCIENCE SOCIETY OF JAPAN  

DOI： 10.14829/jcsproc.226.0.18.0

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本作物学会  

DOI： 10.14829/jcsproc.226.0.26.0

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：CROP SCIENCE SOCIETY OF JAPAN  

DOI： 10.14829/jcsproc.226.0.26.0

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本作物学会  

DOI： 10.14829/jcsproc.226.0.18.0

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人日本土壌肥料学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：愛媛大学農学部附属農場  

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DOI： 10.1626/pps.11.361

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A pot experiment was conducted to determine the effects of the application of C-13 (1.256 atom%) and N-15 (1.098 atom%) dual-labeled maize residue compost (MRC) on the nitrogen and carbon uptake by radish, komatsuna, and chingensai as compared with the effect of inorganic fertilizer (IF). The vegetables were grown over three consecutive growing seasons over 4 months; compost was applied at the rate of 24 g kg(-1) soil. Nonlabeled nitrogen fertilizer was applied to the compost treatments in the second and third crops to compare the effects of blends of compost with N fertilizer to fertilizer alone. The N uptake and yield of vegetables were significantly higher with the recommended inorganic N treatment. The vegetables took up significantly (P &lt; 0.05) lower amounts of N from MRC than from IFs during the three cultivations. The values of the N uptake derived by fertilizer application to the plant exhibited significant differences among different vegetables. Nitrogen recovered by komatsuna and chingensai from MRC was 7.3 (6.6%), 2.7 (1.8%), and 2.3, (1.7%) in the first, second, and third crops, respectively. Radish, komatsuna, and chingensai recovered significant amounts of C from MRC in the first and second crops, with negligible C recovery in the third crop. The initial loss of fertilizer C in soil at the first crop indicates that the microbial decomposition decoupled substantial amounts of C-13/N-15-labeled compounds early in plant development, thus giving the microorganisms a preemptive competitive advantage in the acquisition of easily available C-13/N-15-labeled substrates. It is concluded that a combination of compost and inorganic N did not supply sufficient plant-available N to increase vegetables yields or N uptake over those of fertilizer alone. The data suggested that higher productivity of vegetables might be achieved after the accumulation of a certain amount of residual compost N.

DOI： 10.1007/s11104-008-9543-2

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Language：English   Publisher：TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC  

By using the indirect (15)nitrogen (N) method, the application effects of sewage sludge (SS) on growth indices, yield, and nutrient uptake in Komatsuna (Brassica campestris var. perviridis) grown in a low fertility soil were investigated and compared with those of chemical fertilizer (CF) and no-fertilizer (NF) treatments. The N-use efficiencies of CF and SS were 19.7% and 12.1%, respectively, of the applied N. Therefore, the relative efficiency of the sewage sludge to chemical fertilizer was 61.5%. In comparison to NF and CF, the application of SS apparently increased the soil microbial activity, which was evaluated by measuring hydrolysis of fluorescein diacetate. After cultivation, the electrical conductivity (EC) of CF soil (0.175dSm-1) was significantly higher than those of NF (0.067dSm(-1)) and SS soils (0.057dSm(-1)). The concentrations of phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) in SS leaves were significantly higher than those in CF leaves; however, the concentration of potassium (K) was significantly lower in SS than in CF.

DOI： 10.1080/00103620802134685

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A pot experiment was conducted to determine the effects of the application of composted tea leaves (TC), coffee waste (CC), and kitchen garbage (KC) on the nitrogen and nitrate accumulated in radish (Raphanus sativus L. cv. ‘radicula pers’), Chingensai (Brassica campestris L. cv. ‘Choyo No. 2’), and spinach (Spinacia oleracea L. cv. ‘Ban chu paruku’) as compared with the effect of inorganic 15N labeled fertilizer (IN) application. The compost was applied at the rate of 24 g kg−1 soil, corresponding to about 250 to 300 kg N ha−1
the A value method was used to estimate nitrogen uptake. Dry matter production was significantly higher in the IN and TC treatments than in the KC and CC treatments for all the species and tissue. Of the composts used, TC was most effective in increasing N uptake and N content in the vegetables. The composts derived N recovery as a percentage of total N uptake varied with plant species, 50.8%-62.9% in radish root, 35.3%-60.4% in radish leaf, 29.9%-48.2% in spinach leaf, and 31.3%-54.8% in Chingensai leaf. The N-use efficiencies of IN, TC, CC, and KC were 6.3%, 6.3%, 5.3%, and 6.6% in radish root
13.6%, 9.7%, 8.4%, and 6.7% in radish leaf
22.4%, 14.4%, 3.6%, and 5.8% in spinach leaf
and 61.2%, 39.5%, 25.5%, and 21.5% in Chingensai leaf, respectively. Nitrate accumulation in edible portions was highest in plants provided with IN as compared with those grown with composts, and nitrate content in radish root was markedly higher than that in the leaf. It is observed that the fate of compost derived N differed noticeably with vegetable species, plant part, and compost source. © 2008 by The JG Press, Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1080/1065657X.2008.10702373

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The effect of a combination of inorganic fertilizer and organic inputs on nitrogen uptake and utilization efficiency was compared with that of only inorganic fertilizer. The treatments involved the addition of equivalent amounts of N (80 kg N ha-1) through inorganic fertilizer or three organic inputs (rice straw, rice root, or rice hull), in addition to a control treatment for rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars Koshihikari and Sakha 102. Rice straw was applied at two rates that corresponded to 5 and 10 Mg ha-1, the application rate of rice hull was 5 Mg ha-1 and rice root was 2.5 Mg ha-1 The rates of N utilization efficiency after 100th days after transplanting with 5 Mg ha-1 rice straw were relatively higher and ranged from 18.5 to 20.5%, while that with 10 Mg ha-1 ranged from 14.6 to 15.6%. The results show that a combination of inorganic fertilizers and rice straw enhanced N utilization efficiency. It is suggested that rice straw integrated with 40 kg N ha-1 of inorganic fertilizers and applied at a suitable time had a positive effect on N uptake derived from rice straw, whereas higher rates of rice straw application had an adverse affect on N uptake by the rice crop. © 2008 Asian Network for Scientific Information.

DOI： 10.3923/jas.2008.3261.3266

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本作物学会  

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近年,食の安全や環境保全に対する高まりから,水稲においても有機栽培が広まりつつある。農業法人が多数の水田を賃借し,有機栽培により高品質で安定的な生産を行うには,土壌特性や肥沃度に着目し,適切な栽培管理を行う必要がある。本研究では,愛媛県中予地域の有機栽培水田における土壌特性と栽培管理が水稲収量および品質に与える影響を解明し,当地域の水稲有機栽培技術に資することを目的とした。

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本作物学会  

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Language：English   Publisher：愛媛大学農学部附属農場  

トウモロコシ残渣堆肥（MRC）の土壌への施用が、コマツナ（Brassica rapa L.cv.Rakuten&#039;）ハツカダイコン（Raphanus sativus L.cv.Radicula Pers&#039;）およびチンゲンサイ（Brassica campestris L.cv.Choyo No.2&#039;）の生育、収量および土壌特性に与える影響を無施肥（Control）または化学肥料（IF）を施用した場合と比較した。栽培は3回、連続して行った。MRC区にトウモロコシ残渣堆肥を30Mg／ha、IF区に化学肥料Nを150kg／ha、さらにP、Kを各120kg／ha施用した。IF区の各野菜生育、葉色値および窒素吸収インデックスは、3回の栽培ともMRC区およびControl区より高かった。さらにIF区のN吸収量および収量は、MRC区、Control区に比べ有意に高かった。IF区の土壌ECは、MRC区に比べ有意に高かった。これは、IF施用により土壌中に余剰の化学肥料窒素が硝酸態窒素の形態で残存したためと考えられた。MRCはIFに比べ土壌中で緩効的に無機化したため、土壌ECに与える影響が比較的低かったと推察された。

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Language：English   Publisher：愛媛大学農学部附属農場  

トウモロコシ残渣堆肥（MRC）の土壌への施用が、コマツナ（Brassica rapa L.cv.Rakuten&#039;）ハツカダイコン（Raphanus sativus L.cv.Radicula Pers&#039;）およびチンゲンサイ（Brassica campestris L.cv.Choyo No.2&#039;）の生育、収量および土壌特性に与える影響を無施肥（Control）または化学肥料（IF）を施用した場合と比較した。栽培は3回、連続して行った。MRC区にトウモロコシ残渣堆肥を30Mg／ha、IF区に化学肥料Nを150kg／ha、さらにP、Kを各120kg／ha施用した。IF区の各野菜生育、葉色値および窒素吸収インデックスは、3回の栽培ともMRC区およびControl区より高かった。さらにIF区のN吸収量および収量は、MRC区、Control区に比べ有意に高かった。IF区の土壌ECは、MRC区に比べ有意に高かった。これは、IF施用により土壌中に余剰の化学肥料窒素が硝酸態窒素の形態で残存したためと考えられた。MRCはIFに比べ土壌中で緩効的に無機化したため、土壌ECに与える影響が比較的低かったと推察された。

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人日本土壌肥料学会  

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Language：English   Publisher：Academic Journals Inc.  

To study the short term effects of rice residue management in comparison with mineral fertilizer on rice growth, yield, N uptake, changes of ammonia concentration, pH and EC of flooded water. Biomass yield was significantly higher in the mineral fertilizer and rice residue than in the control treatment. Total N uptake by rice was not significantly affected by rice residue incorporation. A lower N uptake in the rice residue plots can be attributed to relatively high C/N ratios. The result suggests that the application of rice residue at a suitable time is crucial for maximizing the beneficial effects of rice residue application. In particular, the increased immobilization process in early stages and the subsequent gradual remineralization allowed plant to utilize N more efficiently. Rice residue application noticeably reduced the pH of the flooded water as compared with mineral fertilizer alone. © 2007 Academic Journals Inc.

DOI： 10.3923/ijar.2007.1030.1036

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Publisher：CROP SCIENCE SOCIETY OF JAPAN  

DOI： 10.14829/jcsproc.222.0.2.0

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J-GLOBAL

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Language：English   Publisher：一般社団法人日本土壌肥料学会  

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Language：English   Publisher：Japanese Society of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition  

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DOI： 10.14829/jcsproc.221.0.24.0

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人日本物理学会  

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Language：English  

J-GLOBAL

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本農作業学会  

The herbicidal mechanism and its effect was elucidated in a paddy rice field by applying distilled spirit waste (DSW) and rice bran (RB) to flooded waters, immediately after transplantation. Release of nutrients from organic materials and their soil concentration were also investigated.&lt;br&gt;1) Application of RB (2000kg ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;) and DSW (3000kg ha&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;) significantly decreased (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;=0.05) the dry weight of weeds when compared with the untreated control. Between the two most common weeds, &lt;i&gt;Echinochloa crus-galli&lt;/i&gt; Beauv. var. &lt;i&gt;oryzicola&lt;/i&gt; Ohwi and &lt;i&gt;Scirpus juncoides&lt;/i&gt; Subsp., DSW application decreased the dry weight weeds, whereas RB application affected only the former.&lt;br&gt;2) Organic materials decreased the redox potential of the soil 3-19 days after application, suggesting a deficiency of dissolved oxygen (essential for weed growth) in soil.&lt;br&gt;3) Anaerobic fermentation of organic material by soil microorganisms resulted in production of isobutyric acid in flooded water. A sharp concentration peak of isobutyrate was observed 7 days postapplication. A high negative correlation (&lt;i&gt;r&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;=0.808, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;=0.0024) was observed between the integrated concentration of isobutyrate and the dry weight of weeds. Production of the organic acid was considered as an important factor in the herbicidal mechanism.&lt;br&gt;4) After amendment with organic materials, the electrical conductivity of soil sharply increased, indicating the release of a large amount of water-soluble substances. Furthermore, application of organic materials markedly increased the soil concentration of ammonia, potassium, calcium, and magnesium. The usefulness of DSW and RB as nutrient amendment can be confirmed 20 days after application.

DOI： 10.4035/jsfwr.40.191

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人 日本体育学会  

DOI： 10.20693/jspehss.56.394_1

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本作物学会  

CiNii Books

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Language：English   Publisher：日本作物学会  

CiNii Books

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Language：English   Publisher：日本作物学会  

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本作物学会  

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本作物学会  

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本作物学会  

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Crop Science Society of Japan  

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本作物学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japanese Society of Farm Work Research  

DOI： 10.4035/jsfwr.39.165

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J-GLOBAL

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Language：Japanese  

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J-GLOBAL

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人日本土壌肥料学会  

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人日本土壌肥料学会  

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人日本土壌肥料学会  

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese  

CiNii Books

J-GLOBAL

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Language：Japanese  

J-GLOBAL

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人日本土壌肥料学会  

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese  

J-GLOBAL

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本作物学会  

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本作物学会  

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本作物学会  

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人日本土壌肥料学会  

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人日本土壌肥料学会  

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人日本土壌肥料学会  

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人日本土壌肥料学会  

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人日本土壌肥料学会  

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人日本土壌肥料学会  

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese  

J-GLOBAL

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Language：Japanese  

CiNii Books

J-GLOBAL

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